Research Methodology, Research Terminologies and Techniques. These slides are based on the lectures delivered in Research Academy Karachi. These are useful for the researchers and academicians.
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
Scientific research deals with verifiable methods of collecting and analysing information regarding two or more variables (phenomena) with the primary aim of determining how they relate. In the Social Sciences, there are several ways of gathering these information. Depending on the problem under investigation and research design, data could be collected through various sources: primary and secondary using varied approaches and methods.
This study attempts an in-depth explication of the various known techniques and methods of data collection especially at its primary source (in keeping with the tenets of survey and descriptive researches). In specific terms, the study discussed in extenso the use of observation, interview and in practical terms questionnaires as instruments for data collection
Research Methodology, Research Terminologies and Techniques. These slides are based on the lectures delivered in Research Academy Karachi. These are useful for the researchers and academicians.
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
Scientific research deals with verifiable methods of collecting and analysing information regarding two or more variables (phenomena) with the primary aim of determining how they relate. In the Social Sciences, there are several ways of gathering these information. Depending on the problem under investigation and research design, data could be collected through various sources: primary and secondary using varied approaches and methods.
This study attempts an in-depth explication of the various known techniques and methods of data collection especially at its primary source (in keeping with the tenets of survey and descriptive researches). In specific terms, the study discussed in extenso the use of observation, interview and in practical terms questionnaires as instruments for data collection
A funding proposal written for The Young Americans, a 501(c)3 based in California. The funding proposal asks for support for a music outreach program. This document was written by me and three other students for an assignment.
EU funding for startups and SMEs - How to write a proposal that doesn't suck?ICKE Consult
EU funding for startups and SMEs - How to write a proposal that doesn't suck?
Workshop by ICKE Consult, Berlin (DE)
- Louna Sbou & Nina Martin
- Contact and Info: www.icke-consult.eu
It has been made free for our beloved followers.
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This slideshow explains the complete process of writing research proposal for funding agencies. It is useful for the PhD students, researchers, R& D department of company personnel.
DefinitionThe goal of a research proposal is to present and justif.docxpetehbailey729071
Definition
The goal of a research proposal is to present and justify the need to study a research problem and to present the practical ways in which the proposed study should be conducted. The design elements and procedures for conducting the research are governed by standards within the predominant discipline in which the problem resides, so guidelines for research proposals are more exacting and less formal than a general project proposal. Research proposals contain extensive literature reviews. They must provide persuasive evidence that a need exists for the proposed study. In addition to providing a rationale, a proposal describes detailed methodology for conducting the research consistent with requirements of the professional or academic field and a statement on anticipated outcomes and/or benefits derived from the study's completion.
Krathwohl, David R.
How to Prepare a Dissertation Proposal: Suggestions for Students in Education and the Social and Behavioral Sciences
. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2005.
How to Approach Writing a Research Proposal
Your professor may assign the task of writing a research proposal for the following reasons:
Develop your skills in thinking about and designing a comprehensive research study;
Learn how to conduct a comprehensive review of the literature to ensure a research problem has not already been answered [or you may determine the problem has been answered ineffectively] and, in so doing, become better at locating scholarship related to your topic;
Improve your general research and writing skills;
Practice identifying the logical steps that must be taken to accomplish one's research goals;
Critically review, examine, and consider the use of different methods for gathering and analyzing data related to the research problem; and,
Nurture a sense of inquisitiveness within yourself and to help see yourself as an active participant in
the process of
doing scholarly research.
A proposal should contain all the key elements involved in designing a completed research study, with sufficient information that allows readers to assess the validity and usefulness of your proposed study. The only elements missing from a research proposal are the findings of the study and your analysis of those results. Finally, an effective proposal is judged on the quality of your writing and, therefore, it is important that your writing is coherent, clear, and compelling.
Regardless of the research problem you are investigating and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions:
What do you plan to accomplish?
Be clear and succinct in defining the research problem and what it is you are proposing to research.
Why do you want to do it?
In addition to detailing your research design, you also must conduct a thorough review of the literature and provide convincing evidence that it is a topic worthy of study. Be sure to answer the "So What?" question.
How are you going to do it?
.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
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1. How to write a research
proposal
Dr. Franco Zappettini
Honorary Research Associate
Royal Holloway, University of London, UK
Part-time Lecturer of English, University of Genoa, Italy
3. What is research? Why do we do it?
Research (n).
a. the systematic investigation of data in order to establish facts and reach
new conclusions.
[Adapted from Oxford Concise Dictionary]
4. What is research? Why do we do it?
Research (n).
a. the systematic investigation of data in order to establish facts and reach
new conclusions.
[Adapted from Oxford Concise Dictionary
]
We conduct research to contribute to the fostering of new knowledge
either in theoretical forms or through practical applications
5. What is a research project?
A systematic effort to learn more about a selected topic, problem or issue.
In contrast to general study, a research project is a more focused, time-
limited exercise with an identifiable purpose and a largely pre-planned set
of research procedures.
Usually it includes preparing some kind of written proposal as well as a
report describing the results of the research.
Thomas and Hodges, 2010
6. A research proposal is…
a summary of the research project you intend to carry out
But also an opportunity to demonstrate that you have the 4Cs:
i.e. you are capable of thinking critically and communicating your ideas
clearly, concisely and coherently
7. When do you need to write a research
proposal?
Postgraduate studies
Master’s dissertation (MSc, MA, MJur..)
Mphil degree
PhD degree
if applying for a research grant
If applying for a study scholarship or a sponsorship
8. How to structure a research proposal:
Title
Start with a tentative/working title for your intended research
Keep it brief and relevant
Should convey clearly the subject of your investigation
Can be adjusted/revised later
9. How to structure a research proposal:
Introduction
It sets out the background and context to the issues or questions that you
intend to address: What is the motive for your project?
It outlines the general area of study within which your research falls,
referring to the current state of knowledge and any recent debates on the
topic.
A good opportunity to convince the reader that:
you have thought about the issues involved and are able to provide more than a
broad description of the topic you are planning to research
you have done sufficient preliminary reading in your area of interest (lit rev)
you enter in dialogue with other scholars in the field and participate to an
academic debate
10. How to structure a research proposal:
Introduction
A good opportunity to:
Use your lit rev to show how your research project fits into the wider field (PhD)
Demonstrate originality by showing how your research will contribute to the
advancement of knowledge in your field (Phd)
show the ability to design the collection and analysis of data in the context of lit
rev (e.g. replicate existing study with new data) (Masters)
Demonstrate the significance ((theoretical or practical), timeliness and
originality of your intended research and its impact on the wider society.
Address the ‘so what’ question
11. How to structure a research proposal:
Aims and objectives
State clearly the aims and objectives of your research
Aims are broader outcomes of the research of your research project
(what): discover, explain, evaluate, explicate, infer, explore, assess, etc.
normally one aim
Objectives are steps to be taken to accomplish the aims (how) to measure,
to test, to identify
Can be phrased as specific research questions and subquestions (primary and
secondary qs) or as a hypothesis
NB different academic fields might have different requirements need to check
12. How to structure a research proposal:
Aims and objectives
Adapted from Thomas and Hodges, 2010
Research aim
A statement indicating the general aim or purpose of a research project. Usually a
research project will have only one broad aim
Research objectives
Specific statements indicating the key issues to be focused on in a research project.
Usually a research project will have several specific research objectives
Research questions
An alternative to research objectives, where the key issues to be focused on in a
research project are stated in the form of questions
Research hypotheses
A prediction of a relationship between two or more variables, usually predicting the
effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable.
13. How to structure a research proposal:
Aims and objectives
Aim: To investigate factors associated with partner violence
Objective 1: To examine whether alcohol consumption is associated with increased
partner violence.
Objective 2: To examine whether labour force status (employment, unemployment, not in
the labour force) is associated with variations in the incidence of partner violence.
Objective 3: To explore differences between couples with an extended history of partner
violence and couples with only a brief, recent history of partner violence
Question 1: Is alcohol consumption associated with increased partner violence?
Question 2: Is labour force status (employment, unemployment, not in the labour force)
associated with variations in the incidence of partner violence?
Question 3: Are there differences between couples with an extended history of partner
violence and couples with only a brief, recent history of partner violence?
Hypothesis 1: Higher consumption of alcohol will be associated with more incidents of
partner violence.
Adapted from Thomas and Hodges, 2010
14. How to structure a research proposal:
Aims and objectives
Keep aims and objective focused. Narrow them down like a funnel starting
from your lit rev
Be realistic about what you can achieve. Don’t be overambitious!
Time management: Make sure your project is feasible within the duration of
your degree. Have a time table indicating the sequence of research
phases and the time that you will probably need for each phase. Be clear
about each step you need to take to take your aims.
Be flexible and be prepared to switch to plan B. You might need to adjust
your aims and methodology e.g. if your data is not available
15. How to structure a research proposal:
Methodology
Methodology encompasses the procedures, techniques and tools that will
be used to collect, analyse and generate research information or evidence
Your choice of methodology defines how you will operationalise your
objectives
Often methodology is defined by discipline and literature review
Qualitative vs quantitative; positivist vs interpretivist; numeric vs non numeric
The world is governed by consistent rules vs eracitus you cannot step in the
same river twice
Clear ethic consent
16. How to structure a research proposal:
Methodology
survey questionnaires (e.g. in person, postal, telephone, Internet)
in-depth, one-to-one discussions or semi-structured interviews
diary keeping
focus groups.
For gathering information about events:
personal observation and/or direct participation (using memory and/or note taking)
filming or video taping of events in either natural settings or a laboratory or clinic setting.
For gathering information from or about items:
photographing, video taping or drawing the item
obtaining copies of paper-based records or digital files, government statistics, previous
research literature, etc.
obtaining copies of archival material (e.g. diaries, letters, old newspaper articles)
17. How to structure a research proposal:
Bibliography
include a bibliography of relevant works for your topic identified and
discussed in your lit rev
18. Reviewing your proposal
Does it follow the ‘4 Cs’ rule:
Is it CLEAR written and articulated? Does it make sense, does it all gel together or
is it vague and confusing?
Is it CONCISE? (i.e does it provide all necessary information clearly and briefly?
Is it COHERENT? (i.e. is it focused? Does it tell the reader a plausible story about
what you want to do, why you want to do it and how you will do it?)
Does it demonstrate CRITICAL thinking? (Does it engage with the lit rev and does
it contribute to the advancement of the knowledge in the field? Is it original?)
19. Reviewing your proposal
Talk to your peers/other postgraduate; ask them for some feedback
Ask a friend to read and to comment on your proposal impartially and
critically
Proof-read it! Don’t be let down by poor grammar
Have you tried the elevator pitch?
Would you be able to explain it to a lay audience in 300 words? Often if what
you are doing is clear to you, you should be able to explain it to others in few
simple words
20. References
Thomas, D. R. & Hodges, I. D. (2010). Designing and managing your
research project: Core skills for social and health research London, : SAGE
Publications Ltd