This document provides guidance on how to write a journal article. It begins with an introduction to the presenter, Prof. Dr. Khalid Mahmood, who has extensive experience in research publication. The presentation then covers various aspects of writing a journal article, including preparing to write, identifying topics, structuring the article, writing different sections like introduction, methods, results and discussion. It provides details on what to include in each section and common mistakes to avoid. The presentation emphasizes writing clearly and ethically while following guidelines for research writing. It concludes with a checklist for reviewing one's own article.
Scientific writing is not just writing about science; it is the technical writing that scientists do to communicate their research to others. Scientific writing is predicated on the rigors of scientific inquiry, so it must reflect the same precision as that demanded in the research process.
Scientific writing is not just writing about science; it is the technical writing that scientists do to communicate their research to others. Scientific writing is predicated on the rigors of scientific inquiry, so it must reflect the same precision as that demanded in the research process.
Introduction to the peer review workshop for the PhD students of the Wageningen Graduate Schools. The goal is to explain peer review, entice PhD students to take part in the peer review process and give some tips on how to start with peer review.
Introduction to the peer review workshop for the PhD students of the Wageningen Graduate Schools. The goal is to explain peer review, entice PhD students to take part in the peer review process and give some tips on how to start with peer review.
Running head: RESEARCH TYPES
1
Title of PaperStudent NameWalden University
Class Number, Section Number, Class Name
Date of Submission
SEE PAGE 5
Title of Paper
Introduction to topic that gives the audience and idea of what you will be discussing in the paper. This should be a brief paragraph that provides an overview of the key points that will be addressed. This section should be concluded with a purpose statement. The purpose of this paper is …consider the intent of the application and list all requirements.
Research Methodologies
Discuss the attributes of quantitative and qualitative research methods and compare/contrast the type of information you can obtain from both types of research. Make sure you are referencing the course learning materials as well as some external references. You should have a minimum of three course learning resource references and two credible external references. Remember that web sites are only considered credible if they end in .gov, .edu, or .org.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Discuss the reality that there are advantages and disadvantages to both types of research.
Quantitative Research
Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of quantitative research. When is it helpful and when is it not helpful. Consider things like type of information that you are seeking, ethics, time needed to complete, etc.
Qualitative Research
Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of quantitative research. When is it helpful and when is it not helpful. Consider things like type of information that you are seeking, ethics, time needed to complete, etc. Also, make sure you address the argument that qualitative research is not real science. Is this true? Why or why not? What value does qualitative research have in nursing practice?
Summary
Write a one paragraph summary of the main points of the paper. This is not an area for adding new information. That should be in the body of your paper. Do not forget to appropriately cite in references in this section too. This is a good place to pull in your course learning resources again.
References
Last name, X. (Year of publication). Name of online article. Source. Retrieved from http:// www.nameofwebsite.com
Last name, X. X. (Year of publication). Name of book here. City, State Initial: Publisher.
Last name, X. X. (Year of publication). Name of journal article: Capitalize only letters after punctuation marks. The Journal of Whatever, Volume (Number), Page-Page. doi: number if available.
Last name, X. X. (Year of publication). Name of journal article: Capitalize only letters after punctuation marks. The Journal of Whatever, Volume (Number), Page-Page. doi: number if available.
Last name, X. X. (Year of publication). Name of journal article: Capitalize only letters after punctuation marks. The Journal of Whatever, Volume (Number), Page-Page. doi: number if available.
Last name, X. X. (Year of publication) ...
257Speaking of researchGuidelines for evaluating reseabartholomeocoombs
257
Speaking of research
Guidelines for evaluating research articles
Phillip Rumrill∗, Shawn Fitzgerald and
Megen Ware
Kent State University, Department of Educational
Foundations and Special Services Center for
Disability Studies, 405 White Hall, P.O. Box 5190,
Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA
The article describes the components and composition of
journal articles that report empirical research findings in the
field of rehabilitation. The authors delineate technical writing
strategies and discuss the contents of research manuscripts,
including the Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results,
Discussion, and References. The article concludes with a
scale that practitioners, manuscript reviewers, educators, and
students can use in critically analyzing the content and scien-
tific merits of published rehabilitation research.
Keywords: Evaluation, research articles, guidelines for cri-
tique
1. Introduction
The purpose of this article is to examine the com-
ponents of a research article and provide guidelines
for conducting critical analyses of published works.
Distilled from the American Psychological Associa-
tion’s [1] Publication Manual and related descriptions
in several research design texts [4,8,9,12,15], descrip-
tions of how authors in rehabilitation and disability
studies address each section of a research article are
featured. The article concludes with a framework that
rehabilitation educators, graduate students, practition-
ers, and other Work readers can use in critiquing re-
search articles on the basis of their scientific merits and
practical utility.
∗Corresponding author: Tel.: +1 330 672 2294; Fax: +1 330 672
2512; E-mail: [email protected]
2. Anatomy of a research article
For nearly 50 years, the American Psychological As-
sociation has presented guidelines for authors to follow
in composing manuscripts for publication in profes-
sional journals [1]. Most journals in disability studies
and rehabilitation adhere to those style and formatting
guidelines. In the paragraphs to follow, descriptions
of each section of a standard research article are pre-
sented: Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results,
Discussion, and References.
2.1. Title
As with other kinds of literature, the title of a scien-
tific or scholarly journal article is a very important fea-
ture. At the risk of contravening the age-old adage “You
can’t judge a book by its cover,” Bellini and Rumrill [4]
speculated that most articles in rehabilitation journals
are either read or not read based upon the prospective
reader’s perusal of the title. Therefore, developing a
clear, concise title that conveys the article’s key con-
cepts, hypotheses, methods, and variables under study
is critical for researchers wishing to share their findings
with a large, professional audience. A standard-length
title for a journal article in the social sciences is 12–15
words, including a sub-title if appropriate. Because so-
cial science and medical indexing systems rely hea ...
257Speaking of researchGuidelines for evaluating resea.docxnovabroom
257
Speaking of research
Guidelines for evaluating research articles
Phillip Rumrill∗, Shawn Fitzgerald and
Megen Ware
Kent State University, Department of Educational
Foundations and Special Services Center for
Disability Studies, 405 White Hall, P.O. Box 5190,
Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA
The article describes the components and composition of
journal articles that report empirical research findings in the
field of rehabilitation. The authors delineate technical writing
strategies and discuss the contents of research manuscripts,
including the Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results,
Discussion, and References. The article concludes with a
scale that practitioners, manuscript reviewers, educators, and
students can use in critically analyzing the content and scien-
tific merits of published rehabilitation research.
Keywords: Evaluation, research articles, guidelines for cri-
tique
1. Introduction
The purpose of this article is to examine the com-
ponents of a research article and provide guidelines
for conducting critical analyses of published works.
Distilled from the American Psychological Associa-
tion’s [1] Publication Manual and related descriptions
in several research design texts [4,8,9,12,15], descrip-
tions of how authors in rehabilitation and disability
studies address each section of a research article are
featured. The article concludes with a framework that
rehabilitation educators, graduate students, practition-
ers, and other Work readers can use in critiquing re-
search articles on the basis of their scientific merits and
practical utility.
∗Corresponding author: Tel.: +1 330 672 2294; Fax: +1 330 672
2512; E-mail: [email protected]
2. Anatomy of a research article
For nearly 50 years, the American Psychological As-
sociation has presented guidelines for authors to follow
in composing manuscripts for publication in profes-
sional journals [1]. Most journals in disability studies
and rehabilitation adhere to those style and formatting
guidelines. In the paragraphs to follow, descriptions
of each section of a standard research article are pre-
sented: Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results,
Discussion, and References.
2.1. Title
As with other kinds of literature, the title of a scien-
tific or scholarly journal article is a very important fea-
ture. At the risk of contravening the age-old adage “You
can’t judge a book by its cover,” Bellini and Rumrill [4]
speculated that most articles in rehabilitation journals
are either read or not read based upon the prospective
reader’s perusal of the title. Therefore, developing a
clear, concise title that conveys the article’s key con-
cepts, hypotheses, methods, and variables under study
is critical for researchers wishing to share their findings
with a large, professional audience. A standard-length
title for a journal article in the social sciences is 12–15
words, including a sub-title if appropriate. Because so-
cial science and medical indexing systems rely hea.
How to Prepare your Manuscript for Submission BJUI Author Workshop July 2009 ...BJU International
Presented by Killian Mellon at the BJUI Author Workshop on 23rd June 2009.This presentation provides informative advice and handy tips on how to get your paper published in the journal BJUI. There are author guidelines, advice on referencing and all of this is supported by key, well-placed examples.
Explains how to select a statistical test suitable for your hypothesis. Suggests points to consider before deciding about a test. Gives a list of commonly used parametric and non-parametric tests with their purposes of use.
QS World University Rankings by Subject: MethodologyKhalid Mahmood
Explains QS Subject Rankings in simple language. Recommends steps to be taken by universities and departments to include their names in the ranking list.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
2. Professor of Information Management at University of the
Punjab
Post-doctoral research fellow at University of California,
Loss Angeles, USA
150+ publications
Supervised many Ph.D., M.Phil. and master theses
Worked for many research journals as editor, reviewer
and editorial board member
Conducted many trainings on research writing and
publishing
ABOUT ME
2
3. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I have prepared this presentation with the help
of many books, presentations and Websites.
I pay my sincere gratitude to all authors,
professors and experts for their efforts and
contributions.
Particular thanks to Professor Barbara Gastel
of Texas A&M University for allowing me to use
her presentations shared on
3
4. Journal – a channel for research communication
Preparing to write
Sources to identify a topic
Characteristics of a good topic
Doing the writing
Types of a journal article
Structure of a journal article
Order of reading and writing an article
How to write:
Title, authors, abstract, keywords, introduction, literature review,
methods, results, discussion, references, acknowledgement
Guidelines for research writing
Ethics in writing
Revising your work
Checklist for review of an article
4
TODAY’S PRESENTATION
5. Writing up the findings of research into an
article to be published in a scholarly
journal is considered as “the most
common method of scholarly
communication”
34,000+ peer-reviewed journals in late
2014
Publishing 2.5 million articles per year
Growth at 3 percent per year
JOURNAL – A CHANNEL FOR
RESEARCH COMMUNICATION
5
6. Remember that you are writing to communicate, not
to impress
Realize that journal editors and peer reviewers
reading your work want you to do well. The purpose
of their constructive criticism is to help you succeed
Select a journal for publication
Use published items as models
Read journal’s instructions to authors
Consult a style manual — for example, manuals
made by:
American Medical Association
American Psychological Association
Modern Language Association
University of Chicago
PREPARING TO WRITE
6
7. From advisors, students, collaborators
Brainstorming with colleagues
Review papers, listen to research talks
Teach a course/Give a talk: forced to
understand the details and think hard to
prepare for tough questions
Hot emerging fields that could lead to
many publications or easier funding
SOURCES TO IDENTIFY A TOPIC
7
8. Interesting to you
Enhancement of previous research
Areas of weakness in current research
Current trends
Not too broad or too narrow
Workable
Acceptable to the journal editor
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD TOPIC
8
9. Make an outline for your paper
Break down the writing process into steps
Schedule specific times to write
Assign a due date for each step
Make weekly and daily priority lists
Start with whatever part you find easiest
Use word processing to write more
efficiently
DOING THE WRITING
9
10. American Medical
Association
Reports of original data
Review articles
Descriptive articles
Clinical practice guidelines and
consensus statements
Articles of opinion
Other – Correspondence, book
reviews, news articles,
conference reports, etc.
American Psychological
Association
Empirical studies
Literature reviews
Theoretical articles
Methodological articles
Case studies
Other – Brief reports,
comments, book reviews, etc.
TYPES OF A JOURNAL ARTICLE
10
11. IMRaD Format
Introduction: What was the question?
Methods: How did you try to answer it?
Results: What did you find?
and
Discussion: What does it mean?
STRUCTURE OF A JOURNAL ARTICLE
11
12. 12
STRUCTURE OF A JOURNAL ARTICLE
Title
Authors
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Literature review
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Acknowledgements
Biographical sketch
Appendices
Complete Format
13. People read the sections of research articles
in various orders
You can write the sections in any order
A convenient order to write:
Methods
Results
Discussion
Introduction
ORDER OF READING AND WRITING AN
ARTICLE
13
14. First thing which everybody reads
Important in literature searching
The fewest possible words that adequately
indicate the contents of the paper
Should not include extra words, such as “A
Study of” or “Observations on”
Should be specific enough
Generally should not include abbreviations
TITLE
14
15. Examples of Four Forms
Nominal
Relationship of interns’ working hours to medical errors
Compound
Treatment effect of dietary fiber on serum phosphorus and
quality of life in hemodialysis patients with constipation: A
randomized controlled trial
Full sentence
Full-face helmets provide greater protection in motorcycle
accidents than other helmet designs
Question
Do full-face helmets provide greater protection in motorcycle
accidents than other helmet designs?
TITLE
15
16. Criteria for Authorship
Substantial contributions to the conception or design of
the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of
data for the work; AND
Drafting the work or revising it critically for important
intellectual content; AND
Final approval of the version to be published; AND
Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work
in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or
integrity of any part of the work are appropriately
investigated and resolved.
(International Committee of Medical Journal Editors – ICMJE)
AUTHORS
16
17. Often listed from greatest contributions to least, irrespective
of academic status
Order of the author should be a joint decision of the authors
A supervisor should be co-author, with the student as first
author, in a paper based on thesis
Mere possession of an institutional position on its own, such
as Head of the Research team, does not justify authorship
Field workers, language editors and statisticians are not co-
authors
Important to list one’s name the same way on every paper
Also mention institutional affiliation of each author
Some journals also mention designation and academic
degrees
Give contact detail of the corresponding author
AUTHORS
17
18. An important part of the paper
Relatively widely read
Used to decide whether to read the rest of the paper
Gives editors, reviewers, others a first impression
Briefly summarizes the paper
Usually a single paragraph
Should be organized like the paper (for example, in sort of a mini-
IMRaD format)
Some journals use structured abstracts (with standardized
headings)
Word limit varies from journal to journal (usually 150 – 200 words
for unstructured and 250 words for structured abstracts)
ABSTRACT
18
19. 3 to 10 keywords
Selected from the title and abstract
Can be selected from a standard list
(e.g., Medical Subject Headings –
MeSH)
KEYWORDS
19
20. Purposes
To provide background of the study
In order to help readers understand the paper
In order to help readers appreciate the importance of
the research
To identify the question(s) the research
addressed
Sometimes stated as a thesis or hypothesis
INTRODUCTION
20
21. Contents
Information on importance of topic
Highlights of relevant previous research
Identification of what is lacking in the current
knowledge
Approach you used to fill the gap in knowledge
In some cases, the main findings
INTRODUCTION
21
23. Usually a part of ‘Introduction’ but sometimes, a
separate section
Not a comprehensive review of literature; Only a few
major papers
Try to use primary sources
Mostly use past tense
Arrange mostly in chronological order
Make logical connections between studies
Sometime, summary table is useful for comparing
studies
LITERATURE REVIEW
23
24. Purposes
To allow others to replicate what you did
In order to test it
In order to do further research
To allow others to evaluate what you did
To determine whether the conclusions seem valid
To determine whether the findings seem applicable to
other situations
METHODS
24
25. Contents
Describe the context and setting of the study
Specify the study design
Describe the ‘population’ (patients, doctors,
hospitals, etc.)
Describe the sampling strategy
Describe the intervention, if applicable
Identify the main study variables
Describe data collection instruments and procedures
Outline data analysis methods
METHODS
25
26. Amount of Detail to Use
For well-known methods
Name of method, citation of reference
For methods previously described but not well
known
Brief description of method, citation of reference
For methods that you yourself devise
Relatively detailed description
METHODS
26
27. Guidelines
Should be written in past tense
Some journals use subheads
May include tables and figures — for example:
Flowcharts
Diagrams of apparatus
Tables of experimental conditions
METHODS
27
28. The core of the paper
Report on data collection and recruitment (response rate,
etc.)
Describe participants (demographic, clinical condition, etc.)
Present key findings with respect to the central research
question
Present secondary findings (secondary outcomes, subgroup
analyses, etc.)
Often include tables and figures
Should present results but not comment on them
Some journals, however, combine the Results and the
Discussion
RESULTS
28
29. Verb Tense: Past
Examples:
A total of 417 samples were analyzed.
_____ increased, but _____ decreased.
The median salary of these surgeons was _____.
Three of the mixtures exploded.
This difference was not statistically significant.
RESULTS
29
30. Tables and Figures
How much should the information in the text overlap
that in the tables and figures?
Not extensive overlap
In general, text should present only the main points from the
tables and figures
Also include a few of the most important data
Detail should be clear from the table or figure
Remember to mention every table and figure in the
text.
Example: Researchers who attended the workshop published
twice as many papers per year (Table 3).
RESULTS
30
31. Common Mistakes
Illogical sequence of data presentation
Inaccurate data
Repetition of data
Misplaced information between the methods and
results sections
Inappropriate presentation of data – overuse and
abuse of tables and figures
Attempts to draw conclusions – this should be
covered in the discussion section
RESULTS
31
32. One of the most difficult parts to write,
because have more choice of what to say
Often should begin with a brief summary of
the main findings
Should answer the question(s) stated in the
introduction (or address the hypotheses stated
in the introduction
DISCUSSION
32
33. Possible Contents
Strengths of the study
For example, superior methods, extensive data
Limitations of the study
Small sample size, short follow-up, incomplete data,
possible sources of bias, problems with experimental
procedures
If the limitations seem unlikely to affect the
conclusions, can explain why
DISCUSSION
33
34. Possible Contents (cont…)
Relationship to findings of other research —
for example:
Similarities to previous findings (your own and
others’)
Differences from previous findings
Possible reasons for similarities and differences
DISCUSSION
34
35. Possible Contents (cont…)
Applications and implications — for example:
Possible uses of the findings in policy and practice
Relationship of the findings to theories or models:
Do the findings support them?
Do they refute them?
Do they suggest modifications?
DISCUSSION
35
36. Possible Contents (cont…)
Other research needed — for example:
To address questions still unanswered
To address new questions raised by the findings
Sometimes, summary of findings and
recommendations form a separate section as
‘Conclusion’
DISCUSSION
36
37. Common Mistakes
Repetition of data presented in the results section
Incorrect interpretation of the findings
Importance of results inadequately discussed or
omitted
Conclusions not supported by findings
Irrelevant and faulty discussion points
Failure to identify any weakness
Omission of key and relevant references
Explanations are too long or verbose
DISCUSSION
37
38. Purposes
To give credit to others for their work
To add credibility to your work by showing that
you used valid information sources
To help show how your work is related to
previous work
To help readers find further information
REFERENCES
38
39. Formats
Various formats exist for citation in text — for
example:
Accuracy of references is important (Day & Gastel, 2011).
Accuracy of references is important.3
Various formats exist for items in reference lists —
for example:
Pineda D. 2003. Communication of science in Colombia.
Sci. Ed. 26:91-92.
Pineda D. Communication of science in Colombia. Sci Ed
2003;26:91-2.
REFERENCES
39
40. Citation Management Software
Examples: EndNote, Reference Manager,
RefWorks, Zotero
Allows you to keep a database of references
In many cases, provides the citations and
references in the proper format for your target
journal
REFERENCES
40
41. A place to thank people who helped with the
work but did not make contributions deserving
authorship
Sometimes the place where sources of
financial support are stated
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
41
42. “The preparation of a scientific
paper has less to do with
literary skill than with
organization”
Robert Day
GUIDELINES FOR RESEARCH WRITING
42
43. Write simply, clearly and concisely
Use common words
Follow instructions (and conventions) regarding structure
Use subheadings to guide readers
Organize information carefully at all levels
Provide overviews before details
Avoid very long paragraphs
Avoid very long sentences
Define terms that might be unfamiliar to readers
Remember to define acronyms
Avoid the use of passive voice
Write in the first person (“i,” “we”)
GUIDELINES FOR RESEARCH WRITING
43
44. Authenticity (not fabrication)
Accuracy
Providing complete data (not only those supporting your
hypothesis)
Using appropriate statistical procedures
Originality (Not republishing the same findings)
Credit
Citing sources of information and ideas
Avoiding excessive use of others’ words
Observing copyright and obtaining needed permissions
Good treatment of humans and animals
Disclosure of conflicts of interest
ETHICS IN WRITING
44
45. Good writing is largely a matter of good
revising
First revise your writing yourself. Then get
feedback from others and revise more
Consider having a mentor or
volunteer/commercial editor for help
Avoid the temptation to keep revising your
writing forever
REVISING YOUR WORK
45
46. 1. Does the title reflect accurately the content of the paper?
2. Are the significant words in the title near the beginning to
catch a reader’s attention?
3. Does the Introduction begin with the big issue of
topical/scientific interest and then narrow down to the
specific topic of the paper?
4. Does the Introduction locate the study effectively within
the recent international literature in the field?
5. Does the Introduction highlight a gap that the research
fills, or present a need to extend knowledge in a particular
area? (Does it say why the work was done?)
CHECKLIST FOR REVIEW OF AN ARTICLE
46
47. 6. Does the Introduction end with a clear statement of the
aim/hypothesis of the research or summarize the main
activity of the paper (depending on the field and relevant
journal conventions)?
7. Are the methods, including statistical analysis, appropriate
for the questions addressed and the study conducted?
8. Are the methods given in enough detail to convince a reader
of the credibility of the results?
9. Do the results provide answers to the questions raised in
the Introduction, or fulfill the objectives given?
10. Are the results presented in a logical order (either similar to
the order of presenting the aims or methods, or similar to
the order in which the Discussion is presented)?
CHECKLIST FOR REVIEW OF AN ARTICLE
47
48. 11. Are all the tables and figures needed to tell the story of the paper?
Could any be combined or deleted?
12. Do all the tables and figures stand alone? (i.e., can readers
understand them without going back to read the text of the paper?)
13. Does the Discussion begin with a reference to the original aim/
hypothesis/ question?
14. Are the results compared with other relevant findings from the
literature? Are you aware of any other comparisons that could be
made? Are appropriate explanations/ speculations included about
reasons for observed similarities, differences, and other outcomes?
15. Are appropriate statements made about the wider significance of the
results, their limitations, and/or their implications for practice
and/or future research directions?
16. Does the paper end with an appropriate concluding paragraph or
section that emphasizes the key message(s) and their significance to
the field?
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49. 17.Is the list of references complete (all the works in the list are
referred to in the paper, and all the works referred to in the
paper are in the list)?
18.Are the reference list and in-text references formatted
accurately and in the right style for the target journal?
19.Does the Abstract include all the information required by the
journal, and does it highlight appropriately the key results and
their significance?
20.Does the Abstract adhere to the word limit and follow the
prescribed format of the target journal?
21.Are the selected keywords those that will best allow the article
to be located by the full range of its prospective readers?
22.What additional comments do you have for strengthening the
paper?
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49