This chapter introduces the background and context of the research study. It discusses the research topic, problem, questions, and objectives. It identifies the beneficiaries of the research and how they will benefit from the findings. The scope and limitations of the study are also outlined, such as the period of data collection and potential weaknesses. The introduction sets up the rationale and framework for the research that will be conducted.

1. CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
ALAN S. ABERILLA
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Significance of the Study
Scope and Delimitation

2. A research topic is the broad
subject matter addressed by
the study.
A research problem is a
general educational issue,
concern, or controversy
addressed in research that
narrows the topic.
A purpose is the major intent or
objective of the study used to
address the problem
A research question
narrows the purpose into
specific questions that
the researcher would
like answered or
addressed in the study.

3. A research title must…
 Lists key variables
 be written in scientific or technical style
 be concise (no more than 12 words) and
non-repetitive
 not explicitly provide reference to the
research design
What are the standards in writing the research
title?
Framing
the Title

4. 1] Keep it simple, brief and attractive: The primary function of a
title is to provide a precise summary of the paper’s content. So
keep the title brief and clear. Use active verbs instead of complex
noun-based phrases, and avoid unnecessary details. Moreover, a
good title for a research paper is typically around 10 to 12 words
long. A lengthy title may seem unfocused and take the readers’
attention away from an important point.
Avoid: Drug XYZ has an effect of muscular contraction for an hour in
snails of Achatina fulcia species
Better: Drug XYZ induces muscular contraction in Achatina fulcia snails
WRITES A RESEARCH TITLE

5. 2] Use appropriate descriptive words: A good research paper title
should contain key words used in the manuscript and should define
the nature of the study. Think about terms people would use to
search for your study and include them in your title.
Avoid: Effects of drug A on schizophrenia patients: study of a
multicenter mixed group
Better: Psychosocial effects of drug A on schizophrenia patients: a
multicenter randomized controlled trial

6. 3] Avoid abbreviations and jargon: Known abbreviations
such as AIDS, DSWD, 4Ps, and so on can be used in the
title. However, other lesser-known or specific
abbreviations and jargon that would not be immediately
familiar to the readers should be left out.

7. In writing this section,
 Introduce and briefly define the variables under study
 cite the most important study or related literature
 be consistent with terms used
 ensure that paragraphs summarize unresolved issues,
conflicting findings, social concerns, or educational,
national, or international issues.
 write the last paragraph to highlight the research gap
This is the description that leads the reader to
understanding the research questions and
appreciate why they are asked.
Background
of the Study

8. In writing this section, follow the prescribed format:
“This study (or research) aims to…(make congruent with
title).”
New paragraph:
“Specifically, this research (or study) seeks to answer the
following questions:”
Phrase questions with the data to be collected in mind.
Answer the questions and rephrase question, if your
intended answer does not match the question.
This section contains the purpose statements
and the research question(s).
Statement of
the Problem

9. RESEARCH PROBLEM
Interrogative Statement: What percentage of Manila private universities
consider the use of grammar textbooks as the most effective way to help
college students attain communicative competence?
Declarative Statement: The main objective of this study is to find out the
percentage of Manila private universities considering the use of grammar
textbooks as the most effective way to help college students attain
communicative competence.

10. Guidelines in Formulating a Research Problem and
Research Questions:
1. Formulate a research problem that is researchable ; meaning to empirical
investigations.
2. See to it that you state your quantitative research problem clearly,
concisely and possibly if under APA referencing style, not beyond 12
words.
3. Have your research problem focus on a general understanding of your
research topic.
4. Construct a research problem that mirrors the importance of carrying out
the research for finding answers or solutions to a problem

11. 5. Let your quantitative research problem state the variables and
their relationships with one another.
6. Construct an introductory statement to present your research
problem, which is the main problem of your research.
7. State your research questions or sub-problems, not in the form of
yes-or-no questions, but in informative questions.
8. Express your research problems and research questions wither in
an interrogative or declarative manner, but some research books
say that the former is more effective than the latter form. (Babbie
2013; Punch 2014; Walliman 2014)

12. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
1. Focuses on only 2 or 3 variables.
2. Is defined with respect to current knowledge.
3. Can be investigated within available time/resources/ethical
constraints.
4. Can use comparative terms (e.g. “faster”, “higher”, “improved”)
5. Must use clear concepts.
6. Include cause and effect relationships

13. Interrogative Statements:
1. What is an English grammar
textbooks?
2. What is communicative
competence?
Declarative Statements:
1. To define a grammar textbook
2. To explain the meaning of
communicative competence
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Likewise, this study aims at finding answers to the following
specific objectives:

14. https://www.scribbr.com/research-process/research-question-examples/

15. In writing this section,
 In paragraph form, cite beneficiaries (e.g., teachers,
teacher trainers, educators; curriculum developers,
textbook writers; officials of school, division, region,
central office; policy makers) of results of study.
 For each beneficiary group, specifically describe how it
will benefit from the findings.
 No need to cite students: understood to benefit from
research; not in a position to implement
recommendations
Determines the audience who will benefit from a
study of the problem and explains how exactly will
the results be significant to them.
Significance
of the Study

16. In writing this section,
 cite data collection (period and school year);
 identify schools involved, number of classes, their
grade/year level, number of participants (or respondents,
subjects), and topics of lessons covered (if applicable).
 state inadequate measures of variables, loss or lack of
participants, small sample sizes, errors in measurement,
and other factors typically related to data collection and
analysis.
This presents the coverage of the research in terms of
location, time, respondents, etc., and the potential
weaknesses or problems with the study identified
by the researcher.
Scope and
Delimitation

17. Example:
”The main focus of this project was the design of an efficient
Energy Recovery System of Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant. The
system will be using pressure technology by application of
pressure exchanger as an energy recovery device. Pressure
exchanger transfer pressure from a high pressure stream to slow
pressure stream in a ceramic motor. The proposed system is
limited only in reducing high power consumption of the high
pressure pump. The project can be used in all existing Seawater
Reverse Osmosis Plant in the Philippines. Some calculations,
assumptions, and selections were made as a consideration of a
proper and realistic design.”

18. INTRODUCTION
ACTIVITY 2: C1 CRAFTING TIME
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Significance of the Study
Scope and Delimitation
Sir Von Christopher Chua
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19. GOOD LUCK
KEEP SAFE
GOD BLESS
Sir A