The document provides an overview of the standard format for a research study. It begins with identifying a research question or problem. It then discusses developing a protocol that states the study aims, hypotheses, design, sample, and approval. The standard format includes a title, abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and references. The methodology section describes the sampling, measurements, design, and statistical analysis. Overall, the document outlines the key components and structure of a research study to help ensure it is conducted and reported properly.
The document provides guidance on scientific writing and publishing research papers. It discusses selecting an appropriate journal, formatting a paper, organizing different sections like the introduction, methods, results, figures, discussion and abstract. Key sections are summarized concisely and the main points about writing style, flow, and enhancing clarity are highlighted. Following the guidelines can help authors effectively communicate their research for publication.
This document outlines the structure and key elements of a scientific paper. It discusses the typical sections included in a scientific paper such as the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. For each section, it provides details on the purpose and recommended content. It also addresses best practices for writing each section clearly and concisely. The document uses examples and activities to illustrate how to develop the key parts of a scientific paper and effectively communicate research findings.
How to guide for effectually writing a publishable research manuscript - Pub...Pubrica
“Why this topic and study matters” starts the introduction to this story. “How we performed the research” and “the editorialized conclusions of the research” continue this story in the methodology and results section.
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When you order our services, We promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Biostatistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
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The document provides a template for students to prepare a research proposal. It includes formatting guidelines and required sections for a full proposal such as the title, introduction, problem statement, research question/hypothesis, objectives, background, research design, ethics considerations, references, and appendices. Students should edit the template by inserting their own text while keeping the predefined formatting for headings and sections. The template is designed to assist students in laying out their proposal according to standard guidelines.
Scott E. Monte, a former clinical research associate at Huntington Memorial Hospital, engaged in scientific misconduct by knowingly falsifying and fabricating clinical research records from cancer treatment and prevention protocols funded by the National Cancer Institute. Specifically, Monte falsified laboratory data, physical examination results, and progress notes in five patient files. As a result, Monte has been debarred from U.S. government contracting and consulting for three years.
The document provides guidance for writing a research proposal for entry into a PhD program in International Development Studies. It advises that the proposal should be no more than 5 pages and will be checked for plagiarism. The proposal should introduce the research subject and key debates, review relevant literature to identify gaps addressed by the research questions, and provide a preliminary plan for empirical research methods if applicable. The proposal establishes the foundation for work with a supervisor, though the specific research focus may evolve with consultation.
The document provides guidance on scientific writing and publishing research papers. It discusses selecting an appropriate journal, formatting a paper, organizing different sections like the introduction, methods, results, figures, discussion and abstract. Key sections are summarized concisely and the main points about writing style, flow, and enhancing clarity are highlighted. Following the guidelines can help authors effectively communicate their research for publication.
This document outlines the structure and key elements of a scientific paper. It discusses the typical sections included in a scientific paper such as the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. For each section, it provides details on the purpose and recommended content. It also addresses best practices for writing each section clearly and concisely. The document uses examples and activities to illustrate how to develop the key parts of a scientific paper and effectively communicate research findings.
How to guide for effectually writing a publishable research manuscript - Pub...Pubrica
“Why this topic and study matters” starts the introduction to this story. “How we performed the research” and “the editorialized conclusions of the research” continue this story in the methodology and results section.
Continue Reading: https://bit.ly/3hzOKc6
For our services: https://pubrica.com/sevices/research-services/
Why Pubrica:
When you order our services, We promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Biostatistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-1618186353
The document provides a template for students to prepare a research proposal. It includes formatting guidelines and required sections for a full proposal such as the title, introduction, problem statement, research question/hypothesis, objectives, background, research design, ethics considerations, references, and appendices. Students should edit the template by inserting their own text while keeping the predefined formatting for headings and sections. The template is designed to assist students in laying out their proposal according to standard guidelines.
Scott E. Monte, a former clinical research associate at Huntington Memorial Hospital, engaged in scientific misconduct by knowingly falsifying and fabricating clinical research records from cancer treatment and prevention protocols funded by the National Cancer Institute. Specifically, Monte falsified laboratory data, physical examination results, and progress notes in five patient files. As a result, Monte has been debarred from U.S. government contracting and consulting for three years.
The document provides guidance for writing a research proposal for entry into a PhD program in International Development Studies. It advises that the proposal should be no more than 5 pages and will be checked for plagiarism. The proposal should introduce the research subject and key debates, review relevant literature to identify gaps addressed by the research questions, and provide a preliminary plan for empirical research methods if applicable. The proposal establishes the foundation for work with a supervisor, though the specific research focus may evolve with consultation.
The document provides guidelines for writing scientific reports using the IMRAD format (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion). It outlines the key components and considerations for each section, including describing the problem and its importance in the introduction, providing enough detail to replicate experiments in the methods, objectively reporting results without interpretation in the results, and relating findings to existing literature while discussing broader implications in the discussion. Exceptions to the IMRAD format for certain types of studies are also noted. Overall, the document aims to help authors structure scientific reports clearly and effectively according to disciplinary standards.
Scientific Writing should be fun. It is not for only science students but also for all the person who are associated with education or literature or any type of writing. For students also it is useful for paper writing. Dr. Daxaben N. Mehta
This document provides guidance on scientific writing. It discusses what constitutes scientific writing, who reads scientific papers, and factors that shape writing style. It offers tips for making writing more effective and precise. The main points are that writing science papers is challenging and requires following the format of the intended publication and paying attention to both the science and writing style. Readers should write as if explaining their work to someone familiar with the field but not already knowing the specific study.
This document provides an overview of key concepts for research writing, including different types of arguments that can be used. It discusses evaluation, interpretation, definition, proposal, causal arguments, comparisons including analogy, precedence, and implications. For each type of argument, it provides a brief explanation and examples of how it could be applied to a research paper. The overall purpose is to introduce students to fundamental elements of research writing and different approaches they may take.
This document summarizes the key aspects of research and review articles. It begins by defining research articles as primary sources that report original studies conducted by the authors, including data collection and analysis to draw conclusions. Review articles are secondary sources that analyze and synthesize existing research without reporting new studies.
The document then contrasts the typical components of research articles like abstracts, introductions, methods, results and discussions, with review articles focusing more on background, discussion and conclusions. It also discusses impact factors, research databases, and outlines the steps and elements involved in publishing both review and research articles, such as determining authors, formatting, and responding to reviewer feedback.
This document provides guidance on how to write and publish a scientific paper. It discusses the key components of a scientific paper, including the title, authors, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, and discussion sections. The introduction should state the purpose and importance of the study and review relevant literature. The materials and methods section must provide enough detail that others could replicate the experiments. The results section should present representative data without interpretation. The discussion section should show relationships among facts and generalizations, not just recapitulate results. Overall, the goal is clear, logical communication of new scientific findings and conclusions.
This document provides an overview of different types of research reports and their structure according to APA style. It defines qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research and explains how they each answer different types of research questions. The seven typical parts of a research report are described: title page, abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, and references. Guidance is provided for each section, highlighting important differences in content and structure depending on the type of research. For example, the method section should describe participants, procedures, instruments, and statistical analysis for quantitative reports but focus more on settings and procedures for qualitative reports. Overall, the document serves as a guide for writing research reports in APA style.
This document provides guidance on writing scientific manuscripts. It discusses key sections of a manuscript such as the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion and references. It emphasizes logical organization, clear communication of methods and results, interpreting findings, and comparing results to prior literature. The document also offers tips for the writing process such as not procrastinating, having others review the work, and utilizing background from funded grants.
This document provides guidance on writing a scientific paper. It discusses constructing an introduction that puts work in context, clearly describing materials and methods, presenting results in an easily understood way with graphs and figures, and discussing findings and their implications. It also covers choosing an appropriate journal, authorship guidelines, organizing a draft, and responding to reviewer comments. Overall, the document offers a recipe and reliable structure for writing a scientific paper, from getting started to finishing up.
The document provides an overview of different types of scientific publications and how to distinguish between primary and secondary sources. It discusses the key components of a typical research article, including the title, authors, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and references sections. For each section, it describes the general purpose, content, style, and tense that should be used. The document is a useful guide for students on how to write up and structure a scientific research paper.
Writing Science papers for for publication requires something more thatn creativity. Target journals, content organization, wrting style, elegance and referencing are equally important.
Writing a research proposal is quite challenging especially for those undertaking English Language Education. This article attempts to provide insight concerning proposal writing.
This document provides guidance on writing a thesis. It discusses the typical structure and components of a thesis, including an introduction, literature review, materials and methods, results and discussion, and conclusion sections. It also provides tips for thesis writing such as dividing the work into chapters and sections, avoiding lengthy sentences, and starting to write as early as possible. References should be organized following a standard format such as Harvard or Vancouver systems. Overall, the document outlines the key elements and format of a thesis to help students successfully complete this written project.
This document provides guidance on writing scientific papers, including the typical structure and key elements. It discusses the importance of knowing your audience, organizing your ideas with an outline, and rewriting drafts for clarity. Tips are provided on writing each section, such as using the introduction to establish context and motivation for the study, and the results section to summarize findings from experiments or analyses. Overall, the document emphasizes clear, concise writing and providing enough details to allow other scientists to replicate the study.
1. The document discusses the importance and purpose of lab reports and scientific papers in communicating scientific research findings. These written reports allow information to be accessible over long periods of time.
2. Individual scientists perform experiments to test hypotheses, and present their findings in papers or reports to persuade others to accept or reject their hypotheses. If results stand up to criticism, they become accepted scientific knowledge.
3. A scientific report typically includes a title, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, and literature cited sections. The document provides guidance on writing each section effectively.
1) Research paper samples can help students understand the proper writing pattern and format for a research paper. Referencing high-quality samples allows students to see how expert writers have structured and presented their research.
2) Students must be careful in selecting samples, choosing only those written by experts. Referencing a single low-quality sample could provide the wrong ideas.
3) Samples do not provide the research or data for a student's paper, but instead demonstrate style, organization, language use, and how to effectively contribute information. Samples on the same topic can also supply useful research materials.
This document discusses the structure and purpose of a thesis or dissertation. It begins by defining a thesis as a document submitted in support of a degree that presents original research and findings. It then outlines the typical sections of a thesis, including an introduction describing the problem and previous work, methods, results, discussion, and conclusions sections. It notes that a thesis allows students to apply their learning by working on a technical problem and documenting their process and findings. The document also compares theses to dissertations, noting dissertations are typically longer and must contribute something new to the field while theses demonstrate analytical skills and critical thinking within a topic.
This document outlines the different sections and purposes of a scientific research report. It discusses the key components including an abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion sections. The introduction provides background on the research problem and purpose of the study. The methodology section describes the research design, samples, procedures, and analysis. The results section presents the key findings from the research in tables, graphs, or figures without interpretation. The discussion section interprets the results and relates them to prior literature. The conclusion states the major findings and recommendations.
All grade eight students and teachers from the school will take a trip to Chiang Mai, Thailand from February 7-11. They will take a train overnight to Chiang Mai on Monday after school. On Tuesday, they will spend the day doing activities at the Thraidhos Center. Students will then split up into groups for two days of different cultural and outdoor activities away from the school, such as visiting farms, elephant sanctuaries, hiking, rafting, and staying with local families. On Friday, students will take the train back to Bangkok in the morning.
The document provides guidelines for writing scientific reports using the IMRAD format (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion). It outlines the key components and considerations for each section, including describing the problem and its importance in the introduction, providing enough detail to replicate experiments in the methods, objectively reporting results without interpretation in the results, and relating findings to existing literature while discussing broader implications in the discussion. Exceptions to the IMRAD format for certain types of studies are also noted. Overall, the document aims to help authors structure scientific reports clearly and effectively according to disciplinary standards.
Scientific Writing should be fun. It is not for only science students but also for all the person who are associated with education or literature or any type of writing. For students also it is useful for paper writing. Dr. Daxaben N. Mehta
This document provides guidance on scientific writing. It discusses what constitutes scientific writing, who reads scientific papers, and factors that shape writing style. It offers tips for making writing more effective and precise. The main points are that writing science papers is challenging and requires following the format of the intended publication and paying attention to both the science and writing style. Readers should write as if explaining their work to someone familiar with the field but not already knowing the specific study.
This document provides an overview of key concepts for research writing, including different types of arguments that can be used. It discusses evaluation, interpretation, definition, proposal, causal arguments, comparisons including analogy, precedence, and implications. For each type of argument, it provides a brief explanation and examples of how it could be applied to a research paper. The overall purpose is to introduce students to fundamental elements of research writing and different approaches they may take.
This document summarizes the key aspects of research and review articles. It begins by defining research articles as primary sources that report original studies conducted by the authors, including data collection and analysis to draw conclusions. Review articles are secondary sources that analyze and synthesize existing research without reporting new studies.
The document then contrasts the typical components of research articles like abstracts, introductions, methods, results and discussions, with review articles focusing more on background, discussion and conclusions. It also discusses impact factors, research databases, and outlines the steps and elements involved in publishing both review and research articles, such as determining authors, formatting, and responding to reviewer feedback.
This document provides guidance on how to write and publish a scientific paper. It discusses the key components of a scientific paper, including the title, authors, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, and discussion sections. The introduction should state the purpose and importance of the study and review relevant literature. The materials and methods section must provide enough detail that others could replicate the experiments. The results section should present representative data without interpretation. The discussion section should show relationships among facts and generalizations, not just recapitulate results. Overall, the goal is clear, logical communication of new scientific findings and conclusions.
This document provides an overview of different types of research reports and their structure according to APA style. It defines qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research and explains how they each answer different types of research questions. The seven typical parts of a research report are described: title page, abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, and references. Guidance is provided for each section, highlighting important differences in content and structure depending on the type of research. For example, the method section should describe participants, procedures, instruments, and statistical analysis for quantitative reports but focus more on settings and procedures for qualitative reports. Overall, the document serves as a guide for writing research reports in APA style.
This document provides guidance on writing scientific manuscripts. It discusses key sections of a manuscript such as the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion and references. It emphasizes logical organization, clear communication of methods and results, interpreting findings, and comparing results to prior literature. The document also offers tips for the writing process such as not procrastinating, having others review the work, and utilizing background from funded grants.
This document provides guidance on writing a scientific paper. It discusses constructing an introduction that puts work in context, clearly describing materials and methods, presenting results in an easily understood way with graphs and figures, and discussing findings and their implications. It also covers choosing an appropriate journal, authorship guidelines, organizing a draft, and responding to reviewer comments. Overall, the document offers a recipe and reliable structure for writing a scientific paper, from getting started to finishing up.
The document provides an overview of different types of scientific publications and how to distinguish between primary and secondary sources. It discusses the key components of a typical research article, including the title, authors, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and references sections. For each section, it describes the general purpose, content, style, and tense that should be used. The document is a useful guide for students on how to write up and structure a scientific research paper.
Writing Science papers for for publication requires something more thatn creativity. Target journals, content organization, wrting style, elegance and referencing are equally important.
Writing a research proposal is quite challenging especially for those undertaking English Language Education. This article attempts to provide insight concerning proposal writing.
This document provides guidance on writing a thesis. It discusses the typical structure and components of a thesis, including an introduction, literature review, materials and methods, results and discussion, and conclusion sections. It also provides tips for thesis writing such as dividing the work into chapters and sections, avoiding lengthy sentences, and starting to write as early as possible. References should be organized following a standard format such as Harvard or Vancouver systems. Overall, the document outlines the key elements and format of a thesis to help students successfully complete this written project.
This document provides guidance on writing scientific papers, including the typical structure and key elements. It discusses the importance of knowing your audience, organizing your ideas with an outline, and rewriting drafts for clarity. Tips are provided on writing each section, such as using the introduction to establish context and motivation for the study, and the results section to summarize findings from experiments or analyses. Overall, the document emphasizes clear, concise writing and providing enough details to allow other scientists to replicate the study.
1. The document discusses the importance and purpose of lab reports and scientific papers in communicating scientific research findings. These written reports allow information to be accessible over long periods of time.
2. Individual scientists perform experiments to test hypotheses, and present their findings in papers or reports to persuade others to accept or reject their hypotheses. If results stand up to criticism, they become accepted scientific knowledge.
3. A scientific report typically includes a title, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, and literature cited sections. The document provides guidance on writing each section effectively.
1) Research paper samples can help students understand the proper writing pattern and format for a research paper. Referencing high-quality samples allows students to see how expert writers have structured and presented their research.
2) Students must be careful in selecting samples, choosing only those written by experts. Referencing a single low-quality sample could provide the wrong ideas.
3) Samples do not provide the research or data for a student's paper, but instead demonstrate style, organization, language use, and how to effectively contribute information. Samples on the same topic can also supply useful research materials.
This document discusses the structure and purpose of a thesis or dissertation. It begins by defining a thesis as a document submitted in support of a degree that presents original research and findings. It then outlines the typical sections of a thesis, including an introduction describing the problem and previous work, methods, results, discussion, and conclusions sections. It notes that a thesis allows students to apply their learning by working on a technical problem and documenting their process and findings. The document also compares theses to dissertations, noting dissertations are typically longer and must contribute something new to the field while theses demonstrate analytical skills and critical thinking within a topic.
This document outlines the different sections and purposes of a scientific research report. It discusses the key components including an abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion sections. The introduction provides background on the research problem and purpose of the study. The methodology section describes the research design, samples, procedures, and analysis. The results section presents the key findings from the research in tables, graphs, or figures without interpretation. The discussion section interprets the results and relates them to prior literature. The conclusion states the major findings and recommendations.
All grade eight students and teachers from the school will take a trip to Chiang Mai, Thailand from February 7-11. They will take a train overnight to Chiang Mai on Monday after school. On Tuesday, they will spend the day doing activities at the Thraidhos Center. Students will then split up into groups for two days of different cultural and outdoor activities away from the school, such as visiting farms, elephant sanctuaries, hiking, rafting, and staying with local families. On Friday, students will take the train back to Bangkok in the morning.
The document provides information about custom short sale solutions for real estate agents, including short sale processing services offered at no additional cost. The services are intended to help agents compete for and complete short sales more efficiently through back office support. This is expected to result in more closings, referrals, and relief for homeowners facing debt issues. It also describes how the services provide transparency and accountability to help move short sales through the process more quickly and successfully.
Histomorphometric and biomechanical analyses of Self-drilling Orthodontic Tem...Mahfud Mohamed
This study evaluated bone density and torque resistance of two types of self-drilling temporary anchorage devices (TADs): tapered and cylindrical. Six dogs had the TADs inserted between their maxillary premolars and molars. Bone density was measured before and after insertion at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Cylindrical TADs showed significantly higher bone density immediately after insertion and at 8 weeks. Both TAD types showed similar bone density at 4 and 12 weeks. Cylindrical TADs also had higher torque resistance upon removal at 12 weeks. Both TAD types remained stable during the 12-week loading period despite immediate loading.
Jaelan Wilson thanks the reader and shares about a horseback riding experience where their horse stopped to eat and go to the bathroom while others went off the trail. Jaelan enjoyed when their horse started to gallop and hopes to go horseback riding again. Jaelan's favorite candy includes hard candy, jelly beans, and chocolate while their favorite animals are cuddly ones. Jaelan also enjoys rocks and computers and lives with their mom near Leopold Way.
Realcynergy Inc. partners with Watson Title Services to provide customized short sale solutions, offering services like short sale negotiation, documentation assistance, and credit counseling. They provide online order tracking to keep all parties informed of a short sale's progress. Contact information is provided for several representatives who can assist with questions and solutions related to short sales.
ASAE Five Star Weekend 2014 keynote: Driving Association Relevance and Engage...Penhart Performance Group
The "New Normal" economy has made it increasingly challenging for associations to maintain their relevance, member engagement, and non-dues revenue streams. Learn a specific process for how to overcome these challenges, and turn your association into a strategic partner your members wouldn't dream to be without.
The document summarizes the Home Affordable Modification Program (HAMP) and the Home Affordable Foreclosure Alternatives (HAFA) program. HAMP allows homeowners to apply for a loan modification to avoid foreclosure, while HAFA provides an alternative for homeowners who do not qualify for HAMP by allowing pre-approved short sales with incentives for all parties. The document outlines the eligibility requirements and processes for both programs.
Computer abstract fineart with an original design . Suitable for interior decoration .Prints on paper or canvas available .Prints are made with guaranteed museum quality. Sign original and numbered copies
Jaelan Wilson thanks the reader and shares about a horseback riding experience where their horse stopped to eat and go to the bathroom while others went off the trail. Jaelan enjoyed when their horse started to gallop and hopes to go horseback riding again. Jaelan's favorite candy includes hard candy, jelly beans and chocolate while favorite animals are cuddly ones. Jaelan also enjoys rocks and computers and lives with their mom near Leopold Way.
Histomorphometric and biomechanical analyses of Self-drilling Orthodontic Tem...Mahfud Mohamed
This study evaluated bone density and torque resistance of two types of self-drilling temporary anchorage devices (TADs): tapered and cylindrical. Six dogs had the TADs inserted between their maxillary premolars and molars. Bone density was measured before and after insertion at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Cylindrical TADs showed significantly higher bone density immediately after insertion and at 8 weeks. By 12 weeks, there was no significant difference in bone density between TAD types. Cylindrical TADs also showed higher torque resistance upon removal at 12 weeks. Both TAD types remained stable during the 12-week loading period despite immediate loading.
Realcynergy was formed in 2009 to provide expertise and efficiency in short sales. It partners with Watson Title Services and Watson Family Companies to offer customized short sale solutions. Services include documentation assistance, negotiations, credit counseling, and online order tracking. Fees are based on sale price and paid at closing. Full cooperation is key to a successful short sale. Realcynergy and Watson Title Services work as a team to guide clients through the entire short sale process.
Our expertise and solution driven business models create the ability to reproduce results consistently and promote a healthier transactions. Experienced coordination and negotiation is the key to successful approvals, closings and future referrals.
This document provides a template and guidelines for writing a quantitative research proposal. It outlines the typical parts and components of a research proposal, including a title page, abstract, table of contents, introduction, literature review, methodology, and references. The methodology section describes elements like participants, setting, instruments, procedures, design, and data analysis. The conclusion and recommendations section should implicitly restate the thesis, emphasize the importance and significance of the research, offer suggestions for future research based on what was argued, and end with a relevant quote or example. Recommendations must be consistent with and propose specific solutions connected to the research problem and conclusion.
How to write a research proposal UP.pptally Truong
The document provides guidelines for writing a good research proposal. It discusses that a research proposal introduces and justifies a plan of action for investigating a problem. It should identify the problem being studied, why it needs to be studied, the research methodology including variables, data collection techniques, and a work plan with timetable and resources required. The proposal preparation section notes that a proposal should convince readers that the proposed research is worthwhile and the researcher is competent to complete it. It should address what will be accomplished, why, and how through various elements like the title, abstract, introduction, literature review, methods, and discussion.
This document provides guidance on writing a research proposal. It defines what a research proposal is and discusses its key components. A research proposal lays out a plan for future research, including what the researcher plans to study, how they will study it, and what resources are required. The document outlines the typical sections of a proposal, including the introduction, literature review, methods, and discussion. It emphasizes that a proposal must convince readers that the proposed research is worthwhile and that the researcher is competent to complete it. Overall, the document serves as a guide for structuring and writing an effective research proposal.
SPE ESUT TECHNICAL SERIES (ACADEMIC PROJECT WRITING AND PRESENTATION) BY ENGR...SPEESUTChapter
This slide (article) will give you a comprehensive understanding of how to structure and present your findings professionally, ensuring your research reports are impactful and engaging.
You'll learn about what a research report is, how to create one, where to find research topics, the importance of citations and various citation styles, how to select the right citation style, the key parts of a research report, and how to put them all together effectively.
Having a well-researched project, with proper citations, a good topic, and complete reports, will attract more people and help you do well in your studies and research.
Organisational Leadership
UU-PSY703
Page 1 Organisational Leadership (UU-PSY703)
Organisational Leadership (UU-PSY703)
Assignment 2 Guidelines
Assignment Two: 50% of module marks
Research Proposal Assignment 2
Title: Develop a research proposal evaluating the impact of leadership and culture on the
sustainable development of the 21
st
century organizations.
Word Limit: 3000 words (absolute max 3500)
Assessment Point No: 2 (2 out of 2) 50% of final module mark
Online Submission: End of week 7 (Sunday)
Time: By 11:59 p.m. (23:59 hours) UTC time at the latest.
Important Note: If you miss the deadline, UNICAF rules on late submission/non-submission will
come into effect.
Learning outcomes assessed:
1. Illustrate the ability to evaluate the existing literature, identify potential gaps and propose a
research which examines the relationship between leadership and culture on the sustain how
you understand your research area
2. Demonstrate knowledge, critical evaluation and practical understanding of leadership.
3. Present critical and evidence-based arguments in written form.
Guidelines:
1. Add in depth evidence of advanced research and theories beyond the core readings which
have been provided in the module.
2. The essay should be reported by using the APA referencing format. Full and detailed
“References” section should be included at the end of the essay.
3. The essay should be within the indicated and appropriate word limit. Assignments that overly
exceed the absolute maximum will not be marked.
Organisational Leadership
UU-PSY703
Page 2 Organisational Leadership (UU-PSY703)
4. Your assignment should be word processed; Arial font size 11 or 12 and double- spaced and
numbered pages.
5. Headings (e.g., Introduction/Discussion/Conclusion) should not be included in your final
essay.
Note: Essential information must be included in the body of the essay and will be counted in the
word count. Extra illustrative information may be included in the appendices.
Your essay will be assessed using the Writing Rubric located at the top of the course shell.
Students will decide on the appropriate structure and content but we would expect to see the
following elements:
Introduction: Typically, research proposals are developed by scholars who aim to be funded
for a research project (or as the initial step for getting approval to develop a dissertation).
Despite this being a course assignment, in your introduction you should have a clear
statement of your idea and an examination of the significance of a research problem:
o What is the central research problem?
o What is the topic of study related to that problem?
o What methods should be used to analyse the research problem?
o Why this is an important research, what is its significance?
Literature review: introduce the area of research, review key publications, identify any gaps
in the kn.
This document provides guidance on writing a successful research proposal. It discusses including an introduction that establishes the problem being addressed and how the research will achieve its objectives. The methodology section should describe the research design, data collection instruments, participants, and analysis plan. Other important sections are aims and objectives, timeline, budget, and references. The proposal should convince reviewers that the research is feasible, addresses an important question, and is led by an appropriate investigator.
This document provides an overview of scientific writing and research proposals. It discusses types of scientific publications such as journal articles, books, and conference posters. It emphasizes using clear, precise language and proper structure for scientific papers, including titles, introductions, methods, results, and references sections. The document also outlines the key elements of a good research proposal, such as stating the problem, reviewing previous literature, describing the methodology, presenting a timeline and budget, and listing references. Researchers are advised to write proposals that are coherent, informative, and clearly structured to convince readers of the significance and merit of the proposed research.
This document provides an overview of research methodology, including writing research reports, research proposals, and using APA format. It discusses the purpose and types of research reports, and outlines the general procedure for writing a research report, including revising expectations, preparing an outline, arranging data, writing drafts, and getting feedback. It also covers the key elements of a research proposal, such as the title, abstract, introduction, literature review, methods, and discussion sections. The document emphasizes communicating research clearly and justifying the need for proposed studies.
The document provides guidance on how to write a research proposal. It discusses key components of a research proposal including an introduction, background, purpose, objectives, literature review, methodology, and work plan. The introduction should provide context and explain why the research topic is important. The background discusses previous related work. The purpose clearly states what will be investigated. Objectives should be specific and measurable. The methodology section describes how data will be collected and analyzed. A work plan outlines the timeline and responsibilities.
This document provides guidance on writing a research proposal for a PhD. It outlines the key sections that should be included such as an overview of the research, literature review, research questions, research approach, significance, and references. It emphasizes that the proposal is used to assess the quality of ideas, critical thinking skills, and feasibility of the research project. The document also notes potential pitfalls to avoid such as ensuring the research idea is clearly stated and addresses a gap, and that the scope of the project is reasonable and can be completed in three years.
How to write a scientific paper for publicationAnisur Rahman
I am Dr Md Anisur Rahman Anjum passed MBBS from Dhaka Medical College in 1987. Diploma in Ophthalmology (DO) from the then IPGM&R (now it is Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University BSMMU) in 1993. Felllowship in Ophthalmology FCPS from Bangladesh College of Physician and surgeon in 1997. Now I am working as associate professor in General Ophthalmology in National Institute of Ophthalmology Dhaka Bangladesh which is the tertiary centre in eye care in Bangladesh.
When I was secretary of Bangladesh Academy in 2011-2012. During my tenure I had pulblished four academic journal. The ISSN of the journal is 1818-9423. I have seen that the format of original article was not maintained. though there was "GENERAL INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS" but many of the author did not follow that guideline. From that time I am trying to build up "HOW TO WRITE THE SCIENTIFIC MANUSCRIPT" among my students, colleague and senior fellows. and do two workshop about this topic.
I am hopeful if any of you write a scientific manuscript according to this format with correct statistics power and language it will be no longer rejected.
The document provides guidance on writing a successful research proposal. It recommends including an introduction outlining the research area and questions, a literature review showing knowledge of previous work, a methodology section describing the planned approach, and a timeline. The proposal should convince reviewers that the problem is important and the methods are sound. It is meant to demonstrate preliminary research, not provide fixed plans, and should follow academic writing standards.
This document provides guidance on writing and publishing scientific papers. It discusses why publishing is important for advancing careers and sharing knowledge. There are various types of publications, including original research, reviews, case studies, and commentaries. A standard scientific paper structure is outlined, with sections for the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and references. Key points are provided for writing each section effectively. Readers are advised to thoroughly review the literature, obtain peer review, and carefully address reviewer feedback to strengthen their manuscript prior to journal submission.
This document provides guidelines for the logical format and structure of a scientific thesis. It discusses the basic principles of clear, correct, complete, concise, consistent, and common sense scientific writing. It then outlines the typical sections of a thesis, including the cover page, abstract, introduction, literature review, methods, results, discussion, conclusions, references, appendices, tables, and figures. For each section, it provides details on the purpose and recommended content. The document is intended as a reference for students and researchers on how to organize and present their work in a standardized scientific format.
This document provides guidance on writing a research paper, outlining its typical structure and key elements. It discusses the importance of writing a research paper, as well as the standard sections - introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. It also covers best practices for titles, keywords, citations, and avoiding plagiarism. The document aims to help students and researchers improve their written reports and research papers.
This document provides an overview of research methodology principles. It defines research as a systematic search for information on a specific topic that presents new facts. Research is conducted to discover hidden truths, test hypotheses, and advance knowledge. The key components of research include observation, critical thinking, analysis. There are quantitative and qualitative approaches to research. Research methodology refers to the systematic plan and perspectives used in a study, while research methods are the specific strategies and techniques for collecting and analyzing data. The document also outlines various types of research, how to formulate problems and hypotheses, where to find literature, how to structure research writing, and the importance of language and citations.
This document outlines the structure and components of a research proposal, including an abstract, introduction and problem statement, literature review, research questions, methodology, expected results and significance, limitations, and implications. The methodology section describes the research context, population and sample, instruments, data collection procedures, data analysis methods, and timeframe. The expected results discuss what the study anticipates to find and the significance of the research. References and appendices are also included. The overall purpose is to present the rationale and objectives of the proposed research and describe the planned methods to meet these objectives.
The document discusses conceptual frameworks and how they are formulated for research studies. It provides guidelines for writing qualitative and quantitative research questions and hypotheses. It also discusses how to incorporate theories and place them within research studies. Mixed methods approaches are also covered, including different ways to write research questions and hypotheses for mixed methods designs.
This document provides an outline and guidelines for writing a research report. It begins with an introduction to research and defining what constitutes a research report. It then discusses the purpose and importance of research reports, as well as characteristics of effective reports. The document outlines the typical structure of a research report, including sections such as the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusions. It provides tips for each section and guidelines on style, formatting, and referencing. The overall document serves as a comprehensive guide for writing research reports.
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3. How does it start?
It starts with a question!
A problem that face you in your daily practice
A problem is obvious in a population
A Phenomenon among a society or a population
A new material or technique draws an attention
4. Protocol
It is a document that clearly states why
and how are you going to perform your
research!
Protocol
6. In the Protocol you should:
Set the aim(s) of the study (research)
Set null and alternative hypotheses
Set the study design
Set the sample source & size
Set materials to be used in the study
Set ethical and legal approval
Estimate Time and cost
Protocol
7. Standard Format Of A Research Study
Title of the study
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Results
Statistical analysis
Discussion
Summary and conclusion
Bibliography and references
With little variation, most published researches that
appear in the literature forms adhere to the following
design:
Standard Format
8. Title of Study
topic and focus of study
Briefly indicates the topic and the focus of the study.
Should reflect the central question being posed.
Novelty, used to attract the reader. (but should not at
expense of briefness making it too lengthy!)
Title of the Study
9. The importance of the title comes from the fact
that it attracts the attention of the potential reader,
so:
It is necessary to make it as short and to the point
as possible.
Why It is important ?
Title of the Study
10. Orthodontic Treatment of Gummy Smile Using
Anterior and Posterior Miniscrews (Temporary
Anchorage Devices TADs), a Prospective Clinical
Study
Investigation of Effectiveness of Temporary
Anchorage Devices (TADs) in Treatment of Gummy
Smile
Temporary Anchorage Devices and Gummy Smile
Title Of Study
Title of the Study
11. The last title comes straight to the point
without stating the obvious. It not only attracts
the attention of a reader, but it immediately
tunes them into the subject matter.
Title of the Study
12. Abstract
Appears at the head of the article.
It summarizes the study (around 250 words)
It may include “key words” for indexing the study in the
database.
The purpose of abstract is to quickly figure out if the study
is of interest!
It is submitted for publication in journals and for
presentations in scientific events
Abstract
15. Introduction
Educates the reader regarding the importance and
the history of the problem
summarizes Previous controversies
Clarifies question
Introduction
16. Educate the reader
regarding the
importance and the
history of the problem
Summarize Previous
controversies
(literature review)
Clarify question
Introduction
17. Review Of Literature
Provide a summary of field to date
Obligated to make reader aware of the relevant
past research and findings to:
Define the key issues
Define variables
Define questions involved
Create context and rationale for your study
Literature Review
18.
19. Hypothesis
The theory being tested is stated
The rival hypotheses are reviewed
Literature Review
20. Aim of the work
After you have given a broad picture of your topic, it is
time to clearly state your objective(s) of your work or study
Aim of the Work
21. After you have given a broad picture of your topic,
it is time to clearly state your objective(s) of your
work or study.
Aim of the Work
22.
23. Methods:
The methods section should fulfil the following objectives:
The reader is able to assess the validity of the study and the
reliability of measures;
The reader should be provided with specific and detailed
information regarding how the study was conducted.
Methodology
24. Methods
The reader should be able to develop independent
conclusion after reviewing the methods and results
sections
The reader should be able to replicate the study
(level of evidence )
Level 1: Systemic replication of results from well controlled, multiple,
randomized trails in which the outcomes are relatively homogenous
Methodology
25. Methods section includes four subsections:
The sampling strategy
Measurement strategies and instruments
The experimental design
Statistical analysis
Methods
Methodology
26. The sampling strategy:
The sample size ( does it allow the researcher to properly test
the study hypostasis?)
The methods of sample selection (to assure randomization)
Where human subjects are involved:
How they were oriented and how “informed consent”
was elicited
The reader should be able to decide whether the results
from the sample are properly attributed to the population
being studied.
Methods
Methodology
27. Sample source, size and randomization
Orientation
Legal concerned
Methodology
28. The sampling strategy:
In experimental studies, the reader want to know whether:
In vivo (in the organism it self)
Or
In vitro (in the test tube, on extracted teeth, etc.)
Methods
Methodology
29. Measurement strategies and instruments:
What is actually measured determines the real meaning of
variable.
Clear statement of how the variables are measured determines
exactly what is being studies.
For example:
Dental caries lesion: visual evidence of demineralization is not
enough
Compliance could mean different things!
only the measurement itself can provide a clear definition of the
variable.
Methods
Methodology
30. Measurement strategies:
The reader will want to determine whether the
descriptive(mean, SD, median, etc.) and inferential
statistics (probability, tests of significance, etc.) used are
appropriate scale employed to measure dependent and
independent variables.
Methodology
32. Instruments:
The following should be stated clearly:
The method of the examiner(s) calibration:
Intra and inter examiner calibration.
Equations and tests for examiners reliability.
Instruments calibration.
Methodology
33. The experimental design:
The study design should be described operationally in a
step-by-step sequence.
Should be detailed that the reader is able to replicate the
study
Methodology
38. Results:
The finding should be reported descriptively no
interpreted.
Tables, charts, and graphs may be used when
appropriate.
“Post hoc” analysis may provide important cues for
further studies and explorations of the topic.
Results
40. Discussion
Interpretation explanation of the results
Make sense of the findings
Review the hypothesis and the theory in the light of the findings
Speculate on the methodology
It is an opportunity for the researcher to:
editorialize (express your opinion) & dialogue with the reader
to propose different ways to conceptualize (from an idea) the
outcome data
and to reconceptualise the theory
Discussion
41. Summary & Conclusion
At the end the researcher:
Provides a summary and interpretation of the study
findings.
Attempts to draw conclusions related to the original theory
and study questions.
Summary & Conclusion
42. N.B.
It is tempting for the busy clinician or student who is
reviewing a large body of literature to read only the
introduction and conclusions.
With out carefully reviewing the methods and results
sections, it would be easy to be misled and to accept
unsupported assertions!
Summary & Conclusion
45. Why is referencing important in academic
writing?
Acknowledge the ideas or words of the others
Avoid plagiarism
Provide authority for your statements
There are two main styles of citation and
bibliography:
Harvard citation style
Vancouver citation style
References, Citation & Bibliography
46. There are two components of referencing:
• In-text citations
• The reference list
References, Citation & Bibliography
47. • Citations in the text:
It is an ’author/date’ system, so in-text citation consists of
author(s) and year of publication.
The Harvard citation style can vary in minor features
such as punctuation, capitalization, abbreviations, and
the use of italics.
(Smith
Harvard style
48. (Mohamed, El-Kadi & Abo-Shamaa 2013)
Harvard style
When citing a work by two or three authors or authoring
bodies, cite the names in the order in which they appear
on the title page.
49. ;
If two or more works by
different authors or authoring
bodies are cited at one point in
the text, use a semi-colon( ; ) to
separate them!
Harvard style
50. If you quoted directly from an author or paraphrase a specific idea or
piece of information from a source, you need to include the page
number of the quote or passage in your text citation.
Harvard style
51. Block quotations
It consists of more than 30 words
The actual quote is in slightly smaller font and indented from
the left hand margin to distinguish it from the surrounding text.
For example: It was stated that:
If any similar qualitative research is to be undertaken in
the future, then stringent controls should be put in place
to ensure such statistical anomalies don not occur
through lack of methodological rigor, particularly
through corruption of data inadequately stored processes
(Mullane 2006, P.66)
Harvard style
52. • The reference list:
All in-text citations should be listed in the reference list at the end
of your document.
Reference list entries contain all the information that someone
needs to follow up your source. Reference lists in Harvard are
arranged alphabetically by first author.
Harvard style
53. Vancouver style
The Vancouver Style is formally known as:
Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and
Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals (ICMJE
Recommendations).
It was developed in Vancouver in 1978 by editors of medical
journals.
Vancouver style
54. • Citations in the Text:
Placement of citations:
In-text citation numbers should be placed after the relevant part of a sentence.
it is acceptable to place it before or after the period. Be consistent.
References are numbered:
Consecutively in the order they are first mentioned.
Place each reference number in parentheses throughout the text, tables, and
legends.
If the same reference is used again, re-use the original number.
Vancouver style
55. Personal communication:
• Weak evidence.
• Should be avoided, unless it provides essential information
not available from a public source.
• Do not include them in the reference list; instead cite the
name of the person and date of communication in
parentheses in the text.
Internet sources
May, in time, be deleted, changed, or moved, so it is a good
idea to keep a hard copy for your records. Also, take care to
critically evaluate the reliability of the information.
• Citations in the Text:
Vancouver style
56. Example:
Recently, the health sciences community has reduced the bias and
imprecision of traditional literature summaries through the development of
rigorous criteria for both literature overviews (1-3) and practice guidelines
(4,5). Even when recommendations come from such rigorous approaches,
however, “it is important to differentiate between those based on weak vs.
strong evidence” (6). Recommendations based on inadequate evidence often
require reversal when sufficient data become available, (John Doe, April 1,
2002) while timely implementation of recommendations based on strong
evidence can save lives (3).
• Citations in the Text:
Vancouver style
57. • The reference list:
• The last page of your paper is entitled References.
• References are single spaced, with double-spacing between
references.
• List all references in order by number, not alphabetically.
Vancouver style
58. • Each reference is listed once only, since the same number
is used throughout the paper.
• List each author’s last name followed by a space and then
initials without any periods.
• There is a comma and space between authors and a period
at the end of the last author.
• If the number of authors exceeds six, give the first six
followed by “et al.”
• The reference list:
Vancouver style
59. For edited books:
place the editors’ names in the author position and follow
the last editor with a comma and the word editor (or
editors).
For edited books with chapters written by individual
authors, list the authors of the chapter first, then the
chapter title, followed by “In:”, the editors’ names, and
the book title.
Vancouver style
• The reference list:
60. Title:
Capitalize the first letter of the first word in the title.
The rest of the title is in lower-case.
with the exception of proper names.
Do not underline the title; do not use italics.
If there is an edition for a book, it appears after the title,
abbreviated and followed by a period, for example: 3rd
ed.
Vancouver style
61. Publication information: Journals:
I. List the abbreviated journal title,
II. place a period and a space, year, (and abbreviated month
and day if applicable),
III.semi-colon, volume,
IV.issue number in parentheses, colon,
V. page range, and a period.
VI.For example, Brain Res. 2002;935(1-2):40-6.
VII.(The issue number may be omitted if the journal is
paginated continuously through the volume.)
Vancouver style
62. 1. Majourau A, Nanda. R. Biomechanical Basis of Vertical Dimension Control During
Rapid Palatal Expansion Therapy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1994;106:322-8.
2. Alatey M.Temporary Anchorage Devices & Gummy Smile.Libyan Dent J
2015;5:1-5.