The document discusses dependent variables in statistics problems. It explains that the dependent variable is the "effect" side of a cause-and-effect relationship, or the "influenced" side of an influencer-influenced relationship. Several examples are provided to demonstrate how to identify the dependent variable in word problems involving research studies. The dependent variable is the main outcome or variable being measured in response to changes in other variables. Problems can have either a single dependent variable or multiple dependent variables.
This presentation discusses the following topics:
Meaning of Hypothesis
Sources of Hypothesis
Variables in hypotheses
Need for Hypothesis
Characteristics of Hypothesis
Functions of Hypothesis
Hypothesis vs. Theory
Variables in Hypothesis
Types of Hypothesis
Developing a Hypothesis
Parameters of Hypothesis
Checklist for Hypothesis
Examples
This is an example of a logical step on a statistical investigation. A group of students as research team came up with a problem statement, did data gathering, presented and analyzed the data and then interpreted the results...
I heard about this contest from this website, as I have had uploaded my Cyprus education presentation months ago.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
12. Simply put, in the cause and effect model, the
effect side of the equation is known as the
dependent variable.
13. Simply put, in the cause and effect model, the
effect side of the equation is known as the
dependent variable.
Effect
Cause
14. Simply put, in the cause and effect model, the
effect side of the equation is known as the
dependent variable.
Effect
Cause
15. Simply put, in the cause and effect model, the
effect side of the equation is known as the
dependent variable.
Effect
Cause
Dependent
Variable
16. Or in the influencer / influenced model, the
influenced side of the equation is also known as
the dependent variable.
17. Or in the influencer / influenced model, the
influenced side of the equation is also known as
the dependent variable.
Influencer Influenced
18. Or in the influencer / influenced model, the
influenced side of the equation is also known as
the dependent variable.
Influencer Influenced
19. Or in the influencer / influenced model, the
influenced side of the equation is also known as
the dependent variable.
Influencer Influenced
Dependent
Variable
21. A researcher wishes to determine the degree to which
test scores are influenced by amount of study time.
22. A researcher wishes to determine the degree to which
test scores are influenced by amount of study time.
What is being influenced here?
23. A researcher wishes to determine the degree to which
test scores are influenced by amount of study time.
What is being influenced here?
24. A researcher wishes to determine the degree to which
test scores are influenced by amount of study time.
This is the Dependent Variable
25. A researcher wishes to determine the degree to which
test scores are influenced by amount of study time.
What is the influencer?
26. A researcher wishes to determine the degree to which
test scores are influenced by amount of study time.
What is the influencer?
27. A researcher wishes to determine the degree to which
test scores are influenced by amount of study time.
28. A researcher wishes to determine the degree to which
test scores are influenced by amount of study time.
Influencer Influenced
29. A researcher wishes to determine the degree to which
test scores are influenced by amount of study time.
Dependent
Variable
Influencer
30. Let’s look at another example almost identical to
the last one.
31. A researcher wishes to determine the degree to which
test scores are influenced by amount of sleep.
32. A researcher wishes to determine the degree to which
test scores are influenced by amount of sleep.
What is being influenced here?
33. A researcher wishes to determine the degree to which
test scores are influenced by amount of sleep.
What is being influenced here?
34. A researcher wishes to determine the degree to which
test scores are influenced by amount of sleep.
This is the Dependent Variable
35. A researcher wishes to determine the degree to which
test scores are influenced by amount of sleep.
What is the influencer?
36. A researcher wishes to determine the degree to which
test scores are influenced by amount of sleep.
What is the influencer?
37. A researcher wishes to determine the degree to which
test scores are influenced by amount of sleep.
38. A researcher wishes to determine the degree to which
test scores are influenced by amount of sleep.
Influencer Influenced
39. A researcher wishes to determine the degree to which
test scores are influenced by amount of sleep.
Influencer Influenced
40. A researcher wishes to determine the degree to which
test scores are influenced by amount of sleep.
Influencer Test Scores
41. A researcher wishes to determine the degree to which
test scores are influenced by amount of sleep.
Influencer Test Scores
The Dependent Variable
42. A researcher wishes to determine the degree to which
test scores are influenced by amount of sleep.
Influencer Test Scores
43. A researcher wishes to determine the degree to which
test scores are influenced by amount of sleep.
Test Scores
Amount of
Sleep
44. Let’s see how this question could be worded as
an actual study.
45. Researchers wish to determine if the amount of
sleep can have an effect on test scores.
46. Researchers wish to determine if the amount of
sleep can have an effect on test scores. So, they
randomly select two similar groups.
47. Researchers wish to determine if the amount of
sleep can have an effect on test scores. So, they
randomly select two similar groups. They
ensure that one group gets 6-8 hours of sleep
and a second group gets only 3-4 hours of sleep.
48. Researchers wish to determine if the amount of
sleep can have an effect on test scores. So, they
randomly select two similar groups. They
ensure that one group gets 6-8 hours of sleep
and a second group gets only 3-4 hours of sleep.
That morning both groups are administered an
academic test. The results are examined for
differences.
49. Researchers wish to determine if the amount of
sleep can have an effect on test scores. So, they
randomly select two similar groups. They
ensure that one group gets 6-8 hours of sleep
and a second group gets only 3-4 hours of sleep.
That morning both groups are administered an
academic test. The results are examined for
differences.
What is being influenced here?
50. Researchers wish to determine if the amount of
sleep can have an effect on test scores. So, they
randomly select two similar groups. They
ensure that one group gets 6-8 hours of sleep
and a second group gets only 3-4 hours of sleep.
That morning both groups are administered an
academic test. The results are examined for
differences.
What is being influenced here?
51. Researchers wish to determine if the amount of
sleep can have an effect on test scores. So, they
randomly select two similar groups. They
ensure that one group gets 6-8 hours of sleep
and a second group gets only 3-4 hours of sleep.
That morning both groups are administered an
academic test. The results are examined for
differences.
This is the DEPENDENT VARIABLE
52. Researchers wish to determine if the amount of
sleep can have an effect on test scores. So, they
randomly select two similar groups. They
ensure that one group gets 6-8 hours of sleep
and a second group gets only 3-4 hours of sleep.
That morning both groups are administered an
academic test. The results are examined for
differences.
What is doing the influencing?
53. Researchers wish to determine if the amount of
sleep can have an effect on test scores. So, they
randomly select two similar groups. They
ensure that one group gets 6-8 hours of sleep
and a second group gets only 3-4 hours of sleep.
That morning both groups are administered an
academic test. The results are examined for
differences.
What is doing the influencing?
54. See if you can identify the dependent variable in
the following research studies.
55. Scientist wish to determine if -
- good nutrition results in increased longevity.
- time on social media impacts verbal skills.
- exercise effects heart health
- an instructional software helps students
overcome conceptual gaps.
56. Scientist wish to determine if -
- good nutrition results in increased longevity.
- time on social media impacts verbal skills.
- exercise effects heart health
- an instructional software helps students
overcome conceptual gaps.
57. Scientist wish to determine if -
- good nutrition results in increased longevity.
- time on social media impacts verbal skills.
- exercise effects heart health
- an instructional software helps students
overcome conceptual gaps.
This is the DEPENDENT VARIABLE
58. Scientist wish to determine if -
- good nutrition results in increased longevity.
- time on social media impacts verbal skills.
- exercise effects heart health
- an instructional software helps students
overcome conceptual gaps.
59. Scientist wish to determine if -
- good nutrition results in increased longevity.
- time on social media impacts verbal skills.
- exercise effects heart health
- an instructional software helps students
overcome conceptual gaps.
This is the DEPENDENT VARIABLE
60. Scientist wish to determine if -
- good nutrition results in increased longevity.
- time on social media impacts verbal skills.
- exercise effects heart health.
- an instructional software helps students
overcome conceptual gaps.
61. Scientist wish to determine if -
- good nutrition results in increased longevity.
- time on social media impacts verbal skills.
- exercise effects heart health
- an instructional software helps students
overcome conceptual gaps.
This is the DEPENDENT VARIABLE
62. Scientist wish to determine if -
- good nutrition results in increased longevity.
- time on social media impacts verbal skills.
- exercise effects heart health.
- an instructional software helps students
overcome conceptual gaps.
63. Scientist wish to determine if -
- good nutrition results in increased longevity.
- time on social media impacts verbal skills.
- exercise effects heart health
- an instructional software helps students
overcome conceptual gaps.
This is the DEPENDENT VARIABLE
64. Now, see if you can identify the dependent
variables in the following word problems:
65. A researcher investigated the number of viral
infections people contract as function of the
amount of stress they experienced during a six-month
period.
66. A researcher investigated the number of viral
infections people contract as function of the
amount of stress they experienced during a six-month
period. She obtained the following data
set:
67. A researcher investigated the number of viral
infections people contract as function of the
amount of stress they experienced during a six-month
period. She obtained the following data
set:
Amount of Stress
Negligible
stress
Minimal
stress
Moderate
stress
Sever
stress
Number of
viral
infections
2 4 6 5
1 3 5 7
4 2 7 8
1 3 5 4
68. A researcher investigated the number of viral
infections people contract as function of the
amount of stress they experienced during a six-month
period. She obtained the following data
set:
What is being influenced here?
Amount of Stress
Negligible
stress
Minimal
stress
Moderate
stress
Sever
stress
Number of
viral
infections
2 4 6 5
1 3 5 7
4 2 7 8
1 3 5 4
69. A researcher investigated the number of viral
infections people contract as a function of the
amount of stress they experienced during a six-month
period. She obtained the following data
set:
What is being influenced here?
Amount of Stress
Negligible
stress
Minimal
stress
Moderate
stress
Sever
stress
Number of
viral
infections
2 4 6 5
1 3 5 7
4 2 7 8
1 3 5 4
70. A researcher investigated the number of viral
infections people contract as function of the
amount of stress they experienced during a six-month
period. She obtained the following data
set:
What is being influenced here?
Amount of Stress
Negligible
stress
Minimal
stress
Moderate
stress
Sever
stress
Number of
viral
infections
2 4 6 5
1 3 5 7
4 2 7 8
1 3 5 4
71. A researcher investigated the number of viral
infections people contract as function of the
amount of stress they experienced during a six-month
period. She obtained the following data
set:
This is the DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Amount of Stress
Negligible
stress
Minimal
stress
Moderate
stress
Sever
stress
Number of
viral
infections
2 4 6 5
1 3 5 7
4 2 7 8
1 3 5 4
73. A researcher investigated the effect of volume
background noise on participant’s error rates
while performing a boring task.
74. A researcher investigated the effect of volume
background noise on participant’s error rates
while performing a boring task. She tested
three groups of randomly selected students and
obtained the following error data:
75. A researcher investigated the effect of volume
background noise on participant’s error rates
while performing a boring task. She tested
three groups of randomly selected students and
obtained the following error data:
Levels of Volume
Low
Volume
Moderate
Volume
High
Volume
Number of
errors
2 4 6
1 3 5
4 2 7
1 3 5
76. A researcher investigated the effect of volume
background noise on participant’s error rates
while performing a boring task. She tested
three groups of randomly selected students and
obtained the following error data:
What is being influenced here?
Levels of Volume
Low
Volume
Moderate
Volume
High
Volume
Number of
errors
2 4 6
1 3 5
4 2 7
1 3 5
77. A researcher investigated the effect of volume
background noise on participant’s error rates
while performing a boring task. She tested
three groups of randomly selected students and
obtained the following error data:
What is being influenced here?
Levels of Volume
Low
Volume
Moderate
Volume
High
Volume
Number of
errors
2 4 6
1 3 5
4 2 7
1 3 5
78. A researcher investigated the effect of volume
background noise on participant’s error rates
while performing a boring task. She tested
three groups of randomly selected students and
obtained the following error data:
What is being influenced here?
Levels of Volume
Low
Volume
Moderate
Volume
High
Volume
Number of
errors
2 4 6
1 3 5
4 2 7
1 3 5
79. A researcher investigated the effect of volume
background noise on participant’s error rates
while performing a boring task. She tested
three groups of randomly selected students and
obtained the following error data:
This is the DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Levels of Volume
Low
Volume
Moderate
Volume
High
Volume
Number of
errors
2 4 6
1 3 5
4 2 7
1 3 5
81. A researcher investigated the effects of
(1) whether participants meditate, and (2) the
degree of introversion they exhibit on hypnotic
suggestibility.
82. A researcher investigated the effects of
(1) whether participants meditate, and (2) the
degree of introversion they exhibit on hypnotic
suggestibility.
What is being influenced here?
83. A researcher investigated the effects of
(1) whether participants meditate, and (2) the
degree of introversion they exhibit on hypnotic
suggestibility.
What is being influenced here?
84. A researcher investigated the effects of
(1) whether participants meditate, and (2) the
degree of introversion they exhibit on hypnotic
suggestibility.
This is the DEPENDENT VARIABLE
85. A researcher investigated the effects of
(1) whether participants meditate, and (2) the
degree of introversion they exhibit on hypnotic
suggestibility.
In this case there are two influencers
86. A researcher investigated the effects of
(1) whether participants meditate, and (2) the
degree of introversion they exhibit on hypnotic
suggestibility.
In this case there are two influencers
87. A researcher investigated the effects of
(1) whether participants meditate, and (2) the
degree of introversion they exhibit on hypnotic
suggestibility.
In this case there are two influencers
88. All of the examples shown so far are examples of
problems with only one dependent variable.
89. What does a word problem look like with more
than one dependent variable?
91. You have been asked to determine the degree to
which the amount of sleep effects students both
academically and socially.
92. You have been asked to determine the degree to
which the amount of sleep effects students both
academically and socially.
What is being influenced here?
93. You have been asked to determine the degree to
which the amount of sleep effects students both
academically and socially.
1st
Dependent
Variable
What is being influenced here?
94. You have been asked to determine the degree to
which the amount of sleep effects students both
academically and socially.
2nd
Dependent
Variable
What is being influenced here?
95. You have been asked to determine the degree to
which the amount of sleep effects students both
academically and socially.
What is doing the influencing?
96. You have been asked to determine the degree to
which the amount of sleep effects students both
academically and socially.
What is doing the influencing?
97. This next example has more complicated
wording, but you should be able to identify the
dependent variable:
98. You have been asked to determine how the
process known as fracking impacts the
subterranean as well as the above ground
environments.
99. You have been asked to determine how the
process known as fracking impacts the
subterranean as well as the above ground
environments.
What is being influenced here?
100. You have been asked to determine how the
process known as fracking impacts the
subterranean as well as the above ground
environments.
1st
Dependent
Variable
What is being influenced here?
101. You have been asked to determine how the
process known as fracking impacts the
subterranean as well as the above ground
environments.
2nd
Dependent
Variable
What is being influenced here?
102. You have been asked to determine how the
process known as fracking impacts the
subterranean as well as the above ground
environments.
What is doing the influencing?
103. You have been asked to determine how the
process known as fracking impacts the
subterranean as well as the above ground
environments.
What is doing the influencing?
105. Quick note – there will be some research questions
that only have a dependent variable (the thing
being influenced) without an influencer.
These usually take the form of questions that focus
on the degree to which a sample is similar to a
population. Their similarity will be based on the
dependent variable, but no influencer will be
present.
106. Quick note – there will be some research questions
that only have a dependent variable (the thing
being influenced) without an influencer.
These usually take the form of questions that focus
on the degree to which a sample is similar to a
population. Their similarity will be based on the
dependent variable, but no influencer will be
present.
107. Quick note – there will be some research questions
that only have a dependent variable (the thing
being influenced) without an influencer.
These usually take the form of questions that focus
on the degree to which a sample is similar to a
population. Their similarity will be based on the
dependent variable, but no influencer will be
present.
109. A random sample of 22 fifth grade pupils have a
grade point average of 3.6.
110. A random sample of 22 fifth grade pupils have a
grade point average of 3.6. The grade point
average (GPA) of all fifth grade pupils of the last
five years is 3.4.
111. A random sample of 22 fifth grade pupils have a
grade point average of 3.6. The grade point
average (GPA) of all fifth grade pupils of the last
five years is 3.4. Is the GPA of the 22 pupils
significantly different from the populations’
GPA?
112. A random sample of 22 fifth grade pupils have a
grade point average of 3.6. The grade point
average (GPA) of all fifth grade pupils of the last
five years is 3.4. Is the GPA of the 22 pupils
significantly different from the populations’
GPA?
In this case, the dependent variable is GPA. This type of
analysis is generally a preliminary step. If the sample GPA is
shown to be representative of the population GPA, then
studies showing the impact of some influencer (e.g., study
habits, instructional software) are then conducted.
113. A random sample of 22 fifth grade pupils have a
grade point average of 3.6. The grade point
average (GPA) of all fifth grade pupils of the last
five years is 3.4. Is the GPA of the 22 pupils
significantly different from the populations’
GPA?
In this case, the dependent variable is GPA. This type of
analysis is generally a preliminary step. If the sample GPA is
shown to be representative of the population GPA, then
studies showing the impact of some influencer (e.g., study
habits, instructional software) are then conducted.
114. A random sample of 22 fifth grade pupils have a
grade point average of 3.6. The grade point
average (GPA) of all fifth grade pupils of the last
five years is 3.4. Is the GPA of the 22 pupils
significantly different from the populations’
GPA?
In this case, the dependent variable is GPA. This type of
analysis is generally a preliminary step. If the sample GPA
is shown to be representative of the population GPA, then
studies showing the impact of some influencer (e.g., study
habits, instructional software) are then conducted.
115. A random sample of 22 fifth grade pupils have a
grade point average of 3.6. The grade point
average (GPA) of all fifth grade pupils of the last
five years is 3.4. Is the GPA of the 22 pupils
significantly different from the populations’
GPA?
In this case, the dependent variable is GPA. This type of
analysis is generally a preliminary step. If the sample GPA is
shown to be representative of the population GPA, then
studies showing the impact of some influencer (e.g., study
habits, instructional software) are then conducted.
116. A random sample of 22 fifth grade pupils have a
grade point average of 3.6. The grade point
average (GPA) of all fifth grade pupils of the last
five years is 3.4. Is the GPA of the 22 pupils
significantly different from the populations’
GPA?
In this case, the dependent variable is GPA. This type of
analysis is generally a preliminary step. If the sample GPA is
shown to be representative of the population GPA, then
studies showing the impact of some influencer (e.g., study
habits, instructional software) are then conducted.
117. Note – the majority of the problems in this
course will not be like this, but in case you run
into the few that are, hopefully this last bit of
instruction will be helpful to you.
118. Now, determine the number of dependent
variables in the problem you are working on.
1 Dependent Variable
2+ Dependent Variables