This presentation discusses the following topics:
Meaning of Hypothesis
Sources of Hypothesis
Variables in hypotheses
Need for Hypothesis
Characteristics of Hypothesis
Functions of Hypothesis
Hypothesis vs. Theory
Variables in Hypothesis
Types of Hypothesis
Developing a Hypothesis
Parameters of Hypothesis
Checklist for Hypothesis
Examples
This PPT slide presentation deals with the Meaning of hypothesis, Types of hypothesis, Parameters of a good hypothesis, Importance of hypothesis, Source of hypothesis, Format of hypotheis & Formulation of testable hypothesis.
In this ppt you can find the materials regarding Significance of Research/Importance of Research
Subscribe to Vision Academy for Video assistance https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw
This PPT slide presentation deals with the Meaning of hypothesis, Types of hypothesis, Parameters of a good hypothesis, Importance of hypothesis, Source of hypothesis, Format of hypotheis & Formulation of testable hypothesis.
In this ppt you can find the materials regarding Significance of Research/Importance of Research
Subscribe to Vision Academy for Video assistance https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw
The slides will help you in knowing the components of research design in brief what is research design, components of research design, differnt types of research design
For a detailed explanation Watch the Youtube video:
https://youtu.be/6g4tD162yhI
Hypothesis, Characteristics of a good hypothesis, contribution to research study, Types of hypothesis, Source, level of significance, two-tailed one-tailed test, types of errors
Formulating Hypothesis
Hypothesis Formulation is –
-the process of creating possible, tentative explanations for a given set of information.
-the whole Process of creating and formulating the hypothesis
How is Hypothesis Formulated
Reichenbach (1938) made a distinction between the two processes found commonly in any hypothesis formulation -
-Context of Discovery:
--Hypotheses is ‘discovered’ from earlier research findings, existing theories and personal observations, and experience.
-Context of justification:
--When a Researcher reconstructs his thoughts and communicates them in the form of a hypothesis to others, he uses the context of justification –
Steps in Formulation of Hypothesis
-Understand the area of problem
-Consider goal
-Identify variables
-identify the relationship between the variables.
-Think critically about hypothesis
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Process of Hypothesis Formulation
-Understand the area of problem
Understand the problem that is being worked on.
-Consider goal
After selecting the problem & understanding the problem, objectives have to be selected according to the problem
-Identify variables
Must be define the variables.
Variables in hypothesis are testable not ?
Specify dependent and independent & others variables.
-Identify the relationship between the variables.
Variables are influence each other or not?
-Think critically about hypothesis
Hypothesis are testable, verifiable or not ? Which will make able to confirm the hypothesis.
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Here researcher made the hypothesis in a Tentative Solution Statement manner
Types of Hypothesis-Advance Research MethodologyRehan Ehsan
This Presentation states the details of Hypothesis for students to get help in advance research methodology. Rearchers may also get help from this work.
The word ‘Research’ is comprised of two words Re + Search.
It means to search again. So research means a systematic investigation or activity to gain new knowledge of the already existing facts.
Introduction to Hypothesis
Definition of the hypothesis
Purpose of the hypothesis
Components of hypothesis
The functions of hypothesis
Characteristics of hypothesis
Types of hypothesis
hypothesis and type of hypothesis is explained with appropriate examples
Hypotheses and type of hypotheses are explained with appropriate examples
Research hypothesis, null hypothesis, directional hypothesis, non-directional hypothesis, simple hypothesis, complex hypothesis etc
Research Methodology all about Hypothesis.pptxDrHafizKosar
A hypothesis is an assumption that is made based on some evidence. This is the initial point of any investigation that translates the research questions into predictions. It includes components like variables, population and the relation between the variables. A research hypothesis is a hypothesis that is used to test the relationship between two or more variables.
Characteristics of Hypothesis
Following are the characteristics of the hypothesis:
• The hypothesis should be clear and precise to consider it to be reliable.
• If the hypothesis is a relational hypothesis, then it should be stating the relationship between variables.
• The hypothesis must be specific and should have scope for conducting more tests.
• The way of explanation of the hypothesis must be very simple and it should also be understood that the simplicity of the hypothesis is not related to its significance.
Sources of Hypothesis
Following are the sources of hypothesis:
• The resemblance between the phenomenon.
• Observations from past studies, present-day experiences and from the competitors.
• Scientific theories.
• General patterns that influence the thinking process of people.
Types of Hypotheses
There are six forms of hypothesis and they are:
• Simple hypothesis
• Complex hypothesis
• Directional hypothesis
• Non-directional hypothesis
• Null hypothesis
• Associative and casual hypothesis
How will Hypothesis help in the Scientific Method?
Researchers use hypotheses to put down their thoughts directing how the experiment would take place. Following are the steps that are involved in the scientific method:
• Formation of question
• Doing background research
• Creation of hypothesis
• Designing an experiment
• CDIFFERENCE BETWEEN RESEARCH QUESTION AND HYPOTHESIS
1.A research question and a hypothesis are both key of the research process,
but they serve different, purposes and have, distinct characteristics.
2.A research question is, a broad inquiry that defines the main focus, of a research study. It is an interrogative statement, that identifies the specific, aspect or problem that the, researcher intends to investigate.
3. Research questions are usually open-ended, and seek to explore, describe, or understand a phenomenon. They are formulated to guide the research process, and provide a clear direction for inquiry.
6 On the other hand, a hypothesis is a testable statement or prediction, that proposes a relationship, or difference between variables. It is based on existing theories, prior research, or observations, and represents an educated guess about the outcome, of the study.
7.Hypotheses are typically, formulated in a specific, and often directional manner. They aim to provide a tentative explanation or answer to the research question
8 A research hypothesis is a, statement that proposes, a relationship or difference, between variables. It serves as the basis for designing and conducting research studies to test its validity.
The slides will help you in knowing the components of research design in brief what is research design, components of research design, differnt types of research design
For a detailed explanation Watch the Youtube video:
https://youtu.be/6g4tD162yhI
Hypothesis, Characteristics of a good hypothesis, contribution to research study, Types of hypothesis, Source, level of significance, two-tailed one-tailed test, types of errors
Formulating Hypothesis
Hypothesis Formulation is –
-the process of creating possible, tentative explanations for a given set of information.
-the whole Process of creating and formulating the hypothesis
How is Hypothesis Formulated
Reichenbach (1938) made a distinction between the two processes found commonly in any hypothesis formulation -
-Context of Discovery:
--Hypotheses is ‘discovered’ from earlier research findings, existing theories and personal observations, and experience.
-Context of justification:
--When a Researcher reconstructs his thoughts and communicates them in the form of a hypothesis to others, he uses the context of justification –
Steps in Formulation of Hypothesis
-Understand the area of problem
-Consider goal
-Identify variables
-identify the relationship between the variables.
-Think critically about hypothesis
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Process of Hypothesis Formulation
-Understand the area of problem
Understand the problem that is being worked on.
-Consider goal
After selecting the problem & understanding the problem, objectives have to be selected according to the problem
-Identify variables
Must be define the variables.
Variables in hypothesis are testable not ?
Specify dependent and independent & others variables.
-Identify the relationship between the variables.
Variables are influence each other or not?
-Think critically about hypothesis
Hypothesis are testable, verifiable or not ? Which will make able to confirm the hypothesis.
-Express the idea as own hypothesis
Here researcher made the hypothesis in a Tentative Solution Statement manner
Types of Hypothesis-Advance Research MethodologyRehan Ehsan
This Presentation states the details of Hypothesis for students to get help in advance research methodology. Rearchers may also get help from this work.
The word ‘Research’ is comprised of two words Re + Search.
It means to search again. So research means a systematic investigation or activity to gain new knowledge of the already existing facts.
Introduction to Hypothesis
Definition of the hypothesis
Purpose of the hypothesis
Components of hypothesis
The functions of hypothesis
Characteristics of hypothesis
Types of hypothesis
hypothesis and type of hypothesis is explained with appropriate examples
Hypotheses and type of hypotheses are explained with appropriate examples
Research hypothesis, null hypothesis, directional hypothesis, non-directional hypothesis, simple hypothesis, complex hypothesis etc
Research Methodology all about Hypothesis.pptxDrHafizKosar
A hypothesis is an assumption that is made based on some evidence. This is the initial point of any investigation that translates the research questions into predictions. It includes components like variables, population and the relation between the variables. A research hypothesis is a hypothesis that is used to test the relationship between two or more variables.
Characteristics of Hypothesis
Following are the characteristics of the hypothesis:
• The hypothesis should be clear and precise to consider it to be reliable.
• If the hypothesis is a relational hypothesis, then it should be stating the relationship between variables.
• The hypothesis must be specific and should have scope for conducting more tests.
• The way of explanation of the hypothesis must be very simple and it should also be understood that the simplicity of the hypothesis is not related to its significance.
Sources of Hypothesis
Following are the sources of hypothesis:
• The resemblance between the phenomenon.
• Observations from past studies, present-day experiences and from the competitors.
• Scientific theories.
• General patterns that influence the thinking process of people.
Types of Hypotheses
There are six forms of hypothesis and they are:
• Simple hypothesis
• Complex hypothesis
• Directional hypothesis
• Non-directional hypothesis
• Null hypothesis
• Associative and casual hypothesis
How will Hypothesis help in the Scientific Method?
Researchers use hypotheses to put down their thoughts directing how the experiment would take place. Following are the steps that are involved in the scientific method:
• Formation of question
• Doing background research
• Creation of hypothesis
• Designing an experiment
• CDIFFERENCE BETWEEN RESEARCH QUESTION AND HYPOTHESIS
1.A research question and a hypothesis are both key of the research process,
but they serve different, purposes and have, distinct characteristics.
2.A research question is, a broad inquiry that defines the main focus, of a research study. It is an interrogative statement, that identifies the specific, aspect or problem that the, researcher intends to investigate.
3. Research questions are usually open-ended, and seek to explore, describe, or understand a phenomenon. They are formulated to guide the research process, and provide a clear direction for inquiry.
6 On the other hand, a hypothesis is a testable statement or prediction, that proposes a relationship, or difference between variables. It is based on existing theories, prior research, or observations, and represents an educated guess about the outcome, of the study.
7.Hypotheses are typically, formulated in a specific, and often directional manner. They aim to provide a tentative explanation or answer to the research question
8 A research hypothesis is a, statement that proposes, a relationship or difference, between variables. It serves as the basis for designing and conducting research studies to test its validity.
This presentation discusses the following topics:
Basic features of R
Exploring R GUI
Data Frames & Lists
Handling Data in R Workspace
Reading Data Sets & Exporting Data from R
Manipulating & Processing Data in R
A study on “Diagnosis Test of Diabetics and Hypertension by AI”, Presentation slides for International Conference on "Life Sciences: Acceptance of the New Normal", St. Aloysius' College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India, 27-28 August, 2021
A study on “impact of artificial intelligence in covid19 diagnosis”Dr. C.V. Suresh Babu
A study on “Impact of Artificial Intelligence in COVID-19 Diagnosis”, Presentation slides for International Conference on "Life Sciences: Acceptance of the New Normal", St. Aloysius' College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India, 27-28 August, 2021
A study on “impact of artificial intelligence in covid19 diagnosis”Dr. C.V. Suresh Babu
Although the lungs are one of the most vital organs in the body, they are vulnerable to infection and injury. COVID-19 has put the entire world in an unprecedented difficult situation, bringing life to a halt and claiming thousands of lives all across the world. Medical imaging, such as X-rays and computed tomography (CT), is essential in the global fight against COVID-19, and newly emerging artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are boosting the power of imaging tools and assisting medical specialists. AI can improve job efficiency by precisely identifying infections in X-ray and CT images and allowing further measurement. We focus on the integration of AI with X-ray and CT, both of which are routinely used in frontline hospitals, to reflect the most recent progress in medical imaging and radiology combating COVID-19.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Discussion Topics • Meaning of Hypothesis
• Sources of Hypothesis
• Variables in hypotheses
• Need for Hypothesis
• Characteristics of Hypothesis
• Functions of Hypothesis
• Hypothesis vs. Theory
• Variables in Hypothesis
• Types of Hypothesis
• Developing a Hypothesis
• Parameters of Hypothesis
• Checklist for Hypothesis
• Examples
3. Meaning
• Hypothesis is an assumption that is made on the basis of some evidence
• A hypothesis is not just a guess — it should be based on existing
theories and knowledge.
• A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will find.
• It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet been
tested.
• It also has to be testable, which means you can prove or disprove it
through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations
and statistical analysis of data).
4. Examples
• If you get at least 6 hours of sleep, you will do better on tests than if you
get less sleep.
• If you drop a ball, it will fall toward the ground.
• If you drink coffee before going to bed, then it will take longer to fall
asleep.
• Drinking sugary drinks daily leads to obesity.
• Smoking cigarettes daily leads to lung cancer.
• All lilies have the same number of petals is an example of a null
hypothesis
5. Sources of Hypothesis
Following are the sources of hypothesis:
• The resemblance between the phenomenon.
• Observations from past studies, present-day experiences and
from the competitors.
• Scientific theories.
• General patterns that influence the thinking process of people.
6. Need for Hypothesis
• A hypothesis is a stepping stone to a soon-to-be proven theory.
For a hypothesis to be considered a scientific hypothesis, it
must be proven through the scientific method. Like anything
else in life, there are many paths to take to get to the same
ending.
7. Characteristics
Following are the characteristics of hypothesis:
• The hypothesis should be clear and precise to consider it to be reliable.
• If the hypothesis is a relational hypothesis, then it should be stating the
relationship between variables.
• The hypothesis must be specific and should have scope for conducting
more tests.
• The way of explanation of the hypothesis must be very simple and it
should also be understood that the simplicity of the hypothesis is not
related to its significance.
8. Functions of Hypothesis
Following are the functions performed by the hypothesis:
• Hypothesis helps in making an observation and
experiments possible.
• It becomes the start point for the investigation.
• Hypothesis helps in verifying the observations.
• It helps in directing the inquiries in the right directions.
9. Hypothesis vs. Theory
• A theory, in contrast, is a principle that has been formed as an
attempt to explain things that have already been substantiated
by data. It is used in the names of a number of principles
accepted in the scientific community, such as the Big Bang
Theory. Because of the rigors of experimentation and control,
it is understood to be more likely to be true than a hypothesis
is.
10. Variables in hypotheses
Hypotheses propose a relationship between two or more variables.
1. An independent variable is something the researcher changes or
controls.
2. A dependent variable is something the researcher observes and
measures.
Example
Daily apple consumption leads to fewer doctor’s visits.
– the independent variable is apple consumption — the assumed cause.
– The dependent variable is the frequency of doctor’s visits — the assumed effect.
11. Complex hypothesis
A complex hypothesis has a relationship between variables. However, it’s a relationship
between two or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables.
12. Complex Examples #1
Overweight adults who
1. Value longevity and
2. Seek happiness are more likely than other adults to
i. lose their excess weight and
ii. feel a more regular sense of joy
13. Complex Examples #2
Overweight individuals who
1. Eat greasy foods and
2. Eat few vegetables are more likely to have
i. high cholesterol and
ii. heart disease.
14. Complex Examples #3
Individuals that
1. smoke cigarettes and
2. live in cities are more likely than others to have
i. respiratory problems and
ii. increased cancer.
15. Types
The most common forms of hypotheses are:
• Simple Hypothesis
• Complex Hypothesis
• Empirical Hypothesis
• Null Hypothesis (Denoted by "HO")
• Alternative Hypothesis (Denoted by "H1")
• Logical Hypothesis
• Statistical Hypothesis
• Associative and Causal Hypothesis
• Directional Hypothesis
• Non Directional Hypothesis
16. Null Hypothesis
• A null hypothesis (H0) exists when a researcher believes there
is no relationship between the two variables or a lack of
information to state a scientific hypothesis.
• This is something to attempt to disprove or discredit.
17. Null Hypothesis Examples
• There is no significant change in my health during the times
when I drink green tea only or root beer only.
• There is no significant change in my work habits when I get 8
and when I get 9 hours of sleep.
• There is no significant change in the growth of a plant if I use
distilled water only or vitamin-rich water.
18. Alternative Hypothesis
• In an attempt to disprove a null hypothesis, researchers will
seek to discover an alternative hypothesis.
19. Alternative Hypothesis Examples
• My health improves during the times when I drink green tea
only, as opposed to root beer only.
• My work habits improve during the times when I get 8 hours of
sleep only, as opposed to 9 hours of sleep only.
• The growth of the plant improved during the times when I use
vitamin-rich water only, as opposed to distilled water only.
20. Logical Hypothesis
• A logical hypothesis is a proposed explanation possessing
limited evidence. Generally, you want to turn a logical
hypothesis into an empirical hypothesis, putting your theories
or postulations to the test
21. Logical Hypothesis Examples
• Cacti experience more successful growth rates than tulips on
Mars. (Until we're able to test plant growth in Mars' ground for
an extended period of time, the evidence for this claim will be
limited and the hypothesis will only remain logical.)
• Beings from Mars would not be able to breathe the air in the
atmosphere of the Earth.
• Creatures found in the bottom of the ocean use aerobic
respiration rather than anaerobic respiration.
22. Empirical Hypothesis
• An empirical hypothesis, or working hypothesis, comes to life
when a theory is being put to the test, using observation and
experiment. It's no longer just an idea or notion. It's going
through some trial and error and perhaps changing around
those independent variables.
23. Empirical Hypothesis Examples
• Roses watered with liquid Vitamin B grow faster than roses
watered with liquid Vitamin E. (Here, trial and error is leading
to a series of findings.)
• Women taking vitamin E grow hair faster than those taking
vitamin K.
• Thirsty rats find their way through a maze quicker if there is
water at the end of the maze.
24. Statistical Hypothesis
• A statistical hypothesis is an examination of a portion of a
population or statistical model. In this type of analysis, you use
statistical information from an area.
25. Statistical Hypothesis Examples
For example, if you wanted to conduct a study on the life expectancy of
Indians, you would want to examine every single resident of Indian. This is
not practical. Therefore, you would conduct your research using a
statistical hypothesis or a sample of the Indian population.
• 30% of the Indian population lives beyond the age of 70.
• 20% of the Indian population get a divorce because of incompatible
differences.
• 45% of the poor in the India are illiterate.
26. Associative and Causal Hypothesis
• Associative hypothesis occurs when there is a change in one
variable resulting in a change in the other variable. Whereas,
causal hypothesis proposes a cause and effect interaction
between two or more variables.
27. Directional Hypothesis
• It shows how a researcher is intellectual and committed to a
particular outcome.
• The relationship between the variables can also predict its
nature. For example- children aged four years eating proper
food over a five-year period are having higher IQ levels than
children not having a proper meal. This shows the effect and
direction of effect.
28. Directional Hypothesis Example
• Children aged four years eating proper food over a five-year
period are having higher IQ levels than children not having a
proper meal.
• This shows the effect and direction of effect.
29. Non-directional Hypothesis
• It is used when there is no theory involved.
• It is a statement that a relationship exists between two
variables, without predicting the exact nature (direction) of the
relationship.
30. Non-directional Hypothesis Example
• A researcher might hypothesize that college students will
perform differently from elementary school students on a
memory task without predicting which group of students will
perform better.
• Also called nondirectional alternative hypothesis; two-tailed
(alternative) hypothesis.
31. Developing a hypothesis
1. Ask a question
• Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you
want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and
researchable within the constraints of your project.
• Do students who attend more lectures get better exam results?
32. Developing a hypothesis
2. Do some preliminary research
• Your initial answer to the question should be based on what is
already known about the topic. Look for theories and previous
studies to help you form educated assumptions about what
your research will find.
• At this stage, you might construct a conceptual framework to
identify which variables you will study and what you think the
relationships are between them.
33. Developing a hypothesis
3. Formulate your hypothesis
• Now you should have some idea of what you expect to find.
Write your initial answer to the question in a clear, concise
sentence.
• Attending more lectures leads to better exam results.
34. Developing a hypothesis
4. Refine your hypothesis
• You need to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable.
There are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the
terms you use should have clear definitions, and the
hypothesis should contain:
• The relevant variables
• The specific group being studied
• The predicted outcome of the experiment or analysis
35. Developing a hypothesis
5. Phrase your hypothesis in three ways
• To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in if…then form. The first part of the
sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable.
• If a first-year student starts attending more lectures, then their exam scores will improve.
• In academic research, hypotheses are more commonly phrased in terms of correlations or effects,
where you directly state the predicted relationship between variables.
• The number of lectures attended by first-year students has a positive effect on their exam scores.
• If you are comparing two groups, the hypothesis can state what difference you expect to find
between them.
• First-year students who attended most lectures will have better exam scores than those who
attended few lectures.
36. Developing a hypothesis
6. Write a null hypothesis
• If your research involves statistical hypothesis testing, you will also have
to write a null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is the default position
that there is no association between the variables. The null hypothesis
is written as H0, while the alternative hypothesis is H1 or Ha.
• H0: The number of lectures attended by first-year students has no effect
on their final exam scores.
H1: The number of lectures attended by first-year students has a
positive effect on their final exam scores.
37. Hypothesis Checklist
Here are some important questions to ask:
Is the language clear and focused?
Does the hypothesis introduce the research topic?
Does the hypothesis include both an independent and
dependent variable? Are they easy to identify?
Can the hypothesis be tested through experimentation?
Does the hypothesis explain what you expect to happen during
your experiment?
38. Parameters of a Good Hypothesis
Step 1: Ask Yourself Questions
• Define the independent and dependent variables very specifically, and
don't take on more than you can handle.
• Keep yourself laser-focused on one specific cause-and-effect theory.
39. Parameters of a Good Hypothesis
Step 2: Be Logical and Use Precise Language
• Keep your language clean and simple.
• State your hypothesis as concisely, and to the point, as possible.
• A hypothesis is usually written in a form where it proposes that, if
something is done, then something else will occur.
• Usually, you don't want to state a hypothesis as a question.
• You believe in something, and you're seeking to prove it.
• For example: If I raise the temperature of a cup of water, then the
amount of sugar that can be dissolved in it will be increased.
40. Parameters of a Good Hypothesis
Step 3: Make Sure Your Hypothesis Is Testable
• Any hypothesis will need proof.
• Your audience will have to see evidence and reason to believe your
statement.
• For example, I may want to drink root beer all day, not green tea. If
you're going to make me change my ways, I need some sound reasoning
and experimental proof — perhaps case studies of others who lost
weight, cleared up their skin and had a marked improvement in their
immunity by drinking green tea.
41. Research question Hypothesis Null hypothesis
What are the health benefits
of eating an apple a day?
Increasing apple consumption in over-60s
will result in decreasing frequency of
doctor’s visits.
Increasing apple consumption in over-
60s will have no effect on frequency of
doctor’s visits.
Which airlines have the most
delays?
Low-cost airlines are more likely to have
delays than premium airlines.
Low-cost and premium airlines are
equally likely to have delays.
Can flexible work
arrangements improve job
satisfaction?
Employees who have flexible working hours
will report greater job satisfaction than
employees who work fixed hours.
There is no relationship between
working hour flexibility and job
satisfaction.
How effective is high school
sex education at reducing
teen pregnancies?
Teenagers who received sex education
lessons throughout high school will have
lower rates of unplanned pregnancy than
teenagers who did not receive any sex
education.
High school sex education has no
effect on teen pregnancy rates.
What effect does daily use of
social media have on the
attention span of under-16s?
There is a negative correlation between time
spent on social media and attention span in
under-16s.
There is no relationship between
social media use and attention span in
under-16s.