The document provides an overview of the hormonal system in humans, detailing the roles of various hormones and endocrine glands. It explains the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands, with examples, and highlights the functions of major glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes. Key hormones and their effects on the body, including growth, metabolism, and reproductive functions, are also discussed.

1. PRESENTED BY- PAWAN
KUMAR SAHU
Hormonal System

2. Hormones in Humans
 Hormones are the certain chemicals released in our bodies that help in
control and coordination.
 Hormones are secreted by Endocrine Gland.
 Actually there are two types of glands in our body:
1. Exocrine Gland
2. Endocrine Gland
 Note-Pancreas is the only one gland in the body which perform both
the function, it is, exocrine as well as endocrine.

3. Examples of gland
 Example of exocrine gland: Salivary gland,
Gastric gland, Liver, Pancreas, Intestinal gland.
 Examples of exocrine gland: Pineal gland,
Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland,
Thymus, Pancreas, Adrenal gland, Ovary, Testis.

4. Endocrine Gland
 The study of endocrine glands and their secretion is
called Endocrinology.
Characteristics of hormones:
 They are secreted in small amounts.
 They are secreted by endocrine glands.
 They act only on target organ, i.e., they are going to
move whole body but their function is seen only on
the target organs.
 They are either proteinitious or steroids etc.
 They reach target organ through blood.

5. 1. Pituitary gland
 It is located in mid brain.
 It is also called master gland of our body as it
secretes some important hormones.
 The functioning of pituitary gland is controlled by a part
of brain called Hypothalamus.
a) Growth hormone:
 It helps in growth of body.
 It secreted in excess; Gigantism
 It secreted in less amount; Dwarfism
b) Prolactin:
 Helps in development of mammary glands, i.e., milk producing
glands.

6. 1. Pituitary gland
c) Oxytocin (Birth hormone):
 It stimulates the uterine muscles to contract and also
increases production of prostaglandins, which
increase the contractions further.
d) Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH):
 It is also called vasopressin.
 Helps in osmo-regulation means to maintain H2O
and ionic balance in body.

7. 1. Pituitary gland
e) Tropic hormone:
 Look after the secretion from other glands, it looks
after the secretion from these glands, i.e., ovary,
testes, adrenal gland that whether these glands are
functioning properly or not.

8. 2. Thyroid gland
 It is bi-lobed gland located in neck.
 It secretes thyroxin and calcitonin.
Thyroxin:
• Control metabolism of fat, proteins and carbohydrates
Malfunctioning of this gland causes:
• Thyroid in adults (Enlargement of thyroid gland0
• Cretinism in children (Growth get retarded, not well
mental development)
Calcitonin:
• It helps in maintaining the calcium and phosphate
balance in the body.

9. 3. Pancreas
 It is located below the stomach.
 It is the only gland that is endocrine as well as
exocrine in function.
 It’s endocrine part is; Islets of Langerhans
 Hormones secreted by it are;
Insulin: Lowers blood glucose level
Glucagon: Increase blood glucose level
• Which both maintain glucose level in our body.
Deficiency of it causes- Diabetes mellitus

10. 4. Adrenal gland
 It is located on the kidneys.
 It is also called as Emergency gland.
 It secretes adrenaline and corticoid.
Adrenaline:
It prepares the body for action, it acts as
neurotransmitter.
It control our feeling of love, fear, and thirst etc.
It is called emergency gland and adrenaline is
emergency hormone.

11. 5. Ovaries
 It is female gonad. (Female Reproductive Organ)
 It secretes oestrogen (female sex hormone):
 Egg production (female gametes are egg), control
secondary sexual characters in females, i.e., winding
of pelvic region (hip region), feminine feature, breast
development, soft voice, pubic hair.
 It is also secrete progesterone: It controls
pregnancy, i.e., when a female is pregnant this
hormone level is high in the blood and its help in
controlling in pregnancy. It also secrete relax in; it
helps in delivery.

12. 6. Testis
 It is male gonad. (Male Reproductive Organ)
 It secretes testosterone (male sex hormone):
 Sperm production (male gametes are sperm), also
help in developing secondary sexual characters in
males, i.e., beard, mustache, pubic hair, adam’s
apple (prominent voice box in male), widening of
shoulder.