This document discusses homeostasis and the endocrine system. It provides details on various endocrine glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pancreas. It describes the hormones produced by each gland and their functions in maintaining homeostasis, metabolism, growth and reproduction. Conditions related to imbalances in pituitary hormones like growth hormone and antidiuretic hormone are also summarized, such as acromegaly, gigantism, and diabetes insipidus.

1. CHARO MARY ZELVIEREN
P. SARNO, RN

3. Homeostasis
Homeostasis
 maintaining internal balance in the body
 organism must keep internal conditions
stable even if environment changes
 also called “dynamic equilibrium”
 example: body temperature
 humans:
 too cold = shiver
 too warm = sweat
 lizard:
 too cold = bask in sun
 too warm = hide in shade

4. Regulation
 How we maintain homeostasis?
 nervous system
- nerve signals control body functions
 endocrine system
- hormones
chemical signals control / regulate
body functions

5. Controlling Body Temperature
high
low
nerve signals
sweat
nerve signals
brain
body temperature
shiver brain
dilates surface
blood vessels
constricts surface
blood vessels
Nervous System Control Feedback

6. Hormones
 Why are hormones needed?
chemical messages from one
body part to cells in other parts
of body
communication needed
to coordinate whole body
maintaining homeostasis

7. Endocrine System
Maintains Homeostasis
Controls Metabolism
Regulates Fluid Balance
Controls Growth
Controls Reproduction
Mobilizes Stress Response

8.  Made up of its glands and
hormones
The glands are called “ductless”
- releases hormones directly into
the blood stream
Endocrine System

9. EXO vs ENDO

11.  The blood
stream
transports
hormones
throughout the
body.
 Each hormone
acts on a
certain type of
tissue called its
target tissue.

12. Responding to hormones
 Lock and key system
 hormone fits receptor on “target” cell
target
cell
non-
target
cells
secreting
cell can’t
read
signal
can’t
read
signal

13. j. TESTES
a. PINEAL GLAND
b. HYPOTYHALAMUS
c. PITUITARY GLAND
d. THYROID GLAND
e. PARATYHYROID GLAND
f. THYMUS GLAND
g. ADRENAL GLAND
h. PANCREAS
(ISLETS OF LANGERHANS)
i. OVARIES

14. Maintaining homeostasis
high
low
hormone 1
lowers
body condition
hormone 2
gland
specific body condition
raises
body condition
gland
Feedback

15. Negative Feedback
 Response to changed
body condition
 if body is high or low from
normal level
 signal tells body to make
changes that will bring body
back to normal level
 once body is back
to normal level,
signal is
turned off
high
hormone 1
lowers
body condition
gland
specific body condition

16. liver
pancreas
liver
Regulation of Blood Sugar
blood sugar level
(90mg/100ml)
insulin
body
cells take
up sugar
from blood
liver stores
sugar
reduces
appetite
glucagon
pancreas
liver
releases
sugar
triggers
hunger
high
low
FeedbackEndocrine System Control

17. Hypothalamus
Receives
information
from the
nervous system
Controls the
pituitary gland
Produces
“releasing
hormones”

18. Other functions:
B
E
T
H
H
- BODY TEMPERATURE
- THIRST
- EMOTIONS
- HUNGER
- HORMONAL

19. HORMONES
1. GHRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone)
2. THRH (Thyroid Hormone Releasing Hormone)
3. GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone)
4. CRH (Corticotropin Releasing Hormone)

20. Pituitary Gland
• Pea sized mass of glandular tissue
• Lies in sella turcica: Sphenoid bone
•2 parts : Adenohypophysis ( Anterior)
Neurohypophysis ( Posterior)
Indirectly controls :
•Growth
•Metabolism
•Sexual reproduction
•Lactation

21. HORMONES:
Pituitary Gland
hormones hormones
A. ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
(ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND)
1. GH (Growth Hormone)
2. TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
3. FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
4. LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
- Stimulates egg (ovulation) and sperm
production(spermatogenesis)
- estrogen, testosterone, ovum release,
corpus luteum development- progesterone
5. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
6. MSH (Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone)
7. Prolactin - Milk production

22. HORMONES:
Pituitary Gland
hormones hormones
B. NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
(POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND)
1. ADH (Anti-diuretic Hormone)
- “vasopressin”
H2O reabsorption ---- water retention
2. Oxytocin
- Milk letdown reflex (milk ejection)

23. • Located in middle anterior
part of neck: below larynx, in
front of trachea
• “Butterfly” shape
• 2 lobes
• ↑ in size : puberty &
pregnancy
• Rich blood supply: able to
deliver high levels of
hormones in short period of
time
• Produces Thyroxin (T4) &
Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
• Calcitonin : involved in
calcium & phosphate
homeostasis
THYROID GLAND

24. PARATHYROID GLAND
• 4 Small rounded
mass
•Attached to posterior
surface of thyroid
gland
•Produces Parathyroid
hormone
(PTH)/Parathormone
• Ca in blood

25. THYMUS
•Plays a role in the
immune system
•Produces
thymosin, thymic
humoral factor &
thymic factor
•Responsible for
maturation of T-
lymphocytes

26. ORGAN HORMONE EFFECT
Thyroid gland
(Follicular cells)
T3 & T4 energy utilization
oxygen consumption
growth & development
Thyroid gland
(C cells)
Calcitonin  Calcium ion concentration
in body fluids
Parathyroid PTH  Calcium ion concentration
in body fluids
Thymus Thymosin Maturation & functional
competence of immune
system

27. ADRENAL GLAND
•Located
superior to the
kidney
•Divided into:
1. Adrenal
cortex
2. Adrenal
medulla

29. a. ADRENAL MEDULLA
“CATECHOLAMINES”
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Fight-flight
response
“E” - EMERGENCY HORMONES
NORMAL : 100pg/mL
b. ADRENAL CORTEX
“MINERALOCORTICOIDS”
“GLUCOCORTICOIDS
“ANDROGENS”
- Aldosterone-- Sodium (Na)
- Glucose
-Sex Hormones
S
S
S
- salt
- sugar
- sex

31. PANCREAS
 Flattened organ
 Lies
retroperitoneally &
transversely across
posterior
abdominal wall
 Posterior to
stomach, between
duodenum on right
& spleen on left
 Classified as
exocrine &
endocrine

32.  Hormones:
(endocrine)
Islets of Langerhans
secretes:
 Insulin,  cells:
 blood glucose
 Glucagon,  cells :
 blood glucose
 Growth hormone
inhibiting hormone
(GHIH)/ Somatostatin,
D cells : inhibits
glucagon & insulin
“BIGA”

33.  Acinar cells secretes:
(exocrine) enzymes
pancreatic duct
GIT
A
L
T
- Amylase
- lipase
- trypsin
 CHO/GLUCOSE
 FATS/LIPIDS
 CHON/AMINO ACIDS

34. TESTES:
•Located within scrotum
•Produce testosterone
•Stimulates development of male
sexual characteristics
OVARIES:
•Located in pelvic cavity
•Produces:
 estrogen
-development & maintenance of
female characteristics
 Progesterone
- menstrual cycle; maintains
pregnancy (maintain uterine lining)
TESTES & OVARIES

36. HORMONES:
Pituitary Gland
hormones hormones

37. PITUITARY GLAND
A. GROWTH HORMONE
GH GH
1. Gigantism – childhood; 7-
8 ft tall.
2. Acromegaly – adulthood;
enlargement of viscera
without increase in height.
- Characterized by:
broad facial
features, thick lips,
spade fingers, large
feet, bone shape
changes.
1. Dwarfism – 3ft tall.

38. B. ANDTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
ADHADH
1. SIADH (SYNDROME OF
INAPPROPRIATE ANTIDIURETIC
HORMONE
CAUSES:
 Head Injury
 Brain surgery
 Tumor (brain)
 Medications (Vincristine, Antidepressants,
Thiazide Diuretics
 Bronchogenic Carcinoma – malignant lung
cells that synthesizes and release ADH
S/S:
 Dilutional Hyponatremia Na Deficiency
(complication)
MANAGEMENT:
1. Restrict fluids
2. Diuretics
3. Monitor I and O
4. Daily weight
1. DIABETIS INSIPIDUS (DI)
CAUSES:
 Head Trauma
 Brain Tumor
 Surgery
 Infections in the CNS
(Meningitis, Encephalitis)
 Medications
 Heriditary
S/S:
 2 P’s
 Polydipsia
- Craving to cold water
(2-20 L/day)
 Polyuria
Dx Test :
 Fluid Deprivation Test (8-12hrs)
 Urine Specific Gravity
 N: 1.010-1.030
 1.001-1.005

39. MANAGEMENT:
1. Wt pt daily
2. Monitor I and O
3. Let pt wear medical bracelet
4. Increase OFI
5. DOC: Desmopressin – a synthetic vasopressin.
- intranasally; 1-2x/daily
- IM injections of Vasopressin tannate in oil if intranasal is not
possible.
q24-96hrs; during evening/HS(so maximum results are
obtained during sleep)
GUIDELINES:
 Warm and shake vigorously before using
 Rotate injection site x Liphodystrophy
 Side Effects: Abominal Cramps
 Careful with pt with CAD because of the vasoconstricting
effect of vasopressin.
1. DIABETIS INSIPIDUS (DI)