The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions. The major glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. Hormones control functions such as metabolism, growth, sexual development, reproduction, and the stress response. Imbalances in hormone levels can cause disorders that must be treated by controlling hormone production.

2. The endocrine system is made up of several
organs called glands which produce and
secrete (release) the substance called
hormones and pass them straight into the
bloodstream. The endocrine system
continuously monitors the amount of
hormones in the blood.
.

3. The hormones are Chemical which helps to
control and coordinate body'smetabolism,
energy level, sexual function, reproduction,
growth and development, and response to
injury, stress, and mood.

4. There are two types of glands:
-Endocrine glands, which release hormones
directly into the bloodstream
-Exocrine glands, which are not part of the
endocrine system

5. Exocrine glands
A gland that secretes substances (electrolytes,
proteins or enzymes) straight to a target site
via ducts or tube. Some examples include:
Salivary glands
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
lymph nodes

6. The pancreas
The pancreas is both an endocrine and
exocrine organ. It produce enzymes important
to digestion. These enzymes include Trypsin
and chymotrypsin to digest proteins;
Amylase for the digestion of
carbohydrates; and Lipase to break down
fats.

7. The endocrine pancreas also releases
hormones such as insulin and glucagon,
which are hormones predominantly related to
glucose metabolism, into the blood stream.
The pancreas

10. Hormones traveling through the bloodstream to various
organs and tissues in the body. The hormones then tell
these organs and tissues what to do or how to function.
(From the blood stream, the hormones are binding with their
target organs and tissues only to bring about a particular change
or effect to them. The hormone can also create changes in the
cells of surrounding tissues (paracrine effect). The endocrine
system works with the nervous system and the immune
system to help the body cope with different events and
stresses.

11. The endocrine system is regulated by
feedback system in much the same way that a
thermostat regulates the temperature in a
room. For the hormones that are regulated by
the pituitary gland, a signal is sent from the
hypothalamus to the pituitary gland in the form
of a "releasing hormone," which stimulates the
pituitary to secrete a "stimulating hormone" into
the circulation.

12. The stimulating hormone then signals the
target gland to secrete its hormone. As the
level of this hormone rises in the
circulation, the hypothalamus and the
pituitary gland shut down secretion of the
releasing hormone and the stimulating
hormone, which in turn slows the secretion
by the target gland. This system results in
stable blood concentrations of the
hormones that are regulated by the
pituitary gland. This process, called
homeostasis

13. In the endocrine system
The primary endocrine glands are the
hypothalamus, pituitary (the master gland), pineal,
thyroid, parathyroid, islets of Langerhans,
adrenals, ovaries in the female and testes in the
male.

14. Hormones…
Hypo secretion or
hyper secretion of
any hormone can
be harmful to
the body.
Controlling
the production
of hormones
can treat
many
hormonal
disorders in
the body.

15. Its main job is to controls endocrine
system. It uses information from nervous
system to determine when to tell other
glands, including the pituitary gland, to
produce hormones.
Hypothalamus

16. The hypothalamus is located in the lower central part
of the brain. This part of the brain is important in
regulation of metabolism, and body temperature. The
hypothalamus also secretes a hormone called
somatostatin, which causes the pituitary gland to stop
the release of growth hormone
Hypothalamus

17. The pituitary gland is located at the base of the
brain beneath the hypothalamus and is no larger than
a pea.
Pituitary Gland

18. It is often considered the most important
part of the endocrine system because it
produces hormones that control many
functions of other endocrine glands. When the
pituitary gland does not produce one or more
of its hormones or not enough of them, it is
called hypopituitarism.
Pituitary Gland

19. The pituitary gland is divided into two parts:
-The anterior lobe and the posterior lobe.
-The anterior lobe produces the following
hormones, which are regulated by the
hypothalamus:
Pituitary Gland

20. Secretions from the anterior
pituitary gland…
Growth Hormone
(GH): essential for
the growth and
development of
bones, muscles, and
other organs. It also
enhances protein
synthesis,
decreases the use of
glucose, and
promotes fat
destruction.

21. Secretions from the anterior
pituitary gland…
Adrenocorticotropin
(TRŌ pun) (ACTH):
essential for the
growth of the
adrenal cortex.
Thyroid-Stimulating
Hormone (TSH):
essential for the growth
and development of the
thyroid gland.

22. Secretions from the anterior
pituitary gland…
It stimulates the
growth ovarian
follicles in the female
and the production of
sperm in the male.
Follicle-Stimulating
Hormone (FSH): is a
gonadotropic hormone.

23. Secretions from the anterior
pituitary gland… Luteinizing
Hormone (LH): is a
gonadotropic
hormone
stimulating the
development of
corpus luteum in
the female ovarian
follicles and the
production of
testosterone in the
male.
The yellow corpus luteum
remains after ovulation; it
produces estrogen and
progesterone.

24. Secretions from the anterior
pituitary gland… Prolactin (PRL):
stimulates the
development and
growth of the
mammary glands
and milk production
during pregnancy.
The sucking motion of the
baby stimulates prolactin
secretion.

25. Secretions from the anterior
pituitary gland…
Melanocyte-stimulating
hormone (MSH): regulates skin
pigmentation and promotes
the deposit of melanine in the
skin after exposure to sunlight

26. Antidiuretic
Hormone (ADH):
stimulates the
reabsorption of
water by the
renal tubules.
Hyposecretion
of this hormone
can result in
diabetes
insipidus.
Secretions from the posterior
lobe of the pituitary gland…

27. Oxytocin: stimulates
the uterus to contract
during labor, delivery,
and parturition. A
synthetic version of
this hormone, used
to induce labor, is
called Pitocin. It also
stimulates the
mammary glands to
release milk.
Secretions from the posterior
lobe of the pituitary gland…

28. Secretions from the pineal
gland… The pineal gland is pine-cone-shaped
and only about 1 cm in diameter.
Melatonin: communicates
information about
environmental lighting
to various parts of the
body. Has some effect
on sleep/awake cycles
and other biological
events connected to
them, such as a lower
production of gastric
secretions at night.

29. Secretions from the pineal
gland…
Serotonin: a
neurotransmitter that
regulates intestinal
movements and affects
appetite, mood, sleep, anger,
and metabolism.

30. Secretions of the thyroid gland…
Calcitonin: influences
bone and calcium
metabolism;
maintains a
homeostasis of
calcium in the blood
plasma
The thyroid gland plays a
vital role in metabolism
and regulates the body’s
metabolic processes.

31. Secretions of the thyroid gland…
Thyroxine (T4) and
triodothyronine (T3):
essential to BMR – basal
metabolic rate (the rate at
which a person’s body
burns calories while at rest);
influences physical/mental
development and growth
Hyposecretion of T3 and T4 = cretinism,
myxedema, Hashimoto’s disease
Hypersecretion of T3 and T4 = Grave’s disease,
goiter, Basedow’s disease

32. Secretions of the parathyroid
gland…
The two pairs of
parathyroid glands are
located on the dorsal or
back side of the thyroid
gland. They secrete
parathyroid (PTH) which
plays a role in the
metabolism of phosphorus.
Too little results in
cramping; too much
results in osteoporosis or
kidney stones.

33. The islets of Langerhans…
The islets of Langerhans are small clusters of
cells located in the pancreas.

34. Secretions from the islets of
Langerhans… Beta cells secrete the
hormone insulin, which is
essential for the maintenance
of normal blood sugar levels.
Inadequate levels result in
diabetes mellitus.
Delta cells suppress
the release of
glucagon and
insulin.
Alpha cells
facilitate the
breakdown of
glycogen to
glucose. This
elevates the blood
sugar.

35. The adrenal glands…
The triangular-
shaped adrenal
glands are
located on the
top of each
kidney. The
inside is called
the medulla and
the outside layer
is called the
cortex.

36. Secretions from the
adrenal cortex…
Cortisol: regulates
carbohydrate, protein, and fat
metabolism; has an anti-
inflammatory effect; helps
the body cope during times of
stress
Hyposecretion results
in Addison’s disease;
hypersecretion
results in Cushing’s
disease
Corticosterone: like
cortisol, it is a
steroid; influences
potassium and
sodium metabolism

37. Secretions from the adrenal
cortex… Aldosterone: essential in regulating
electrolyte and water balance by
promoting sodium and chloride
retention and potassium excretion.
Androgens: several
hormones including
testosterone; they
promote the
development of
secondary sex
characteristics in
the male.

38. Secretions from the
adrenal medulla…
Dopamine is used
to treat shock. It
dilates the
arteries, elevates
systolic blood
pressure,
increases cardiac
output, and
increases urinary
output.

39. Secretions
from the
adrenal
medulla…
Epinephrine is also called adrenalin. It elevates
systolic blood pressure, increases heart rate and
cardiac output, speeds up the release of glucose
from the liver… giving a spurt of energy, dilates
the bronchial tubes and relaxes airways, and
dilates the pupils to see more clearly. It is often
used to counteract an allergic reaction.

40. Secretions from the
adrenal medulla…
Norepinephrine, like epinephrine, is released when
the body is under stress. It creates the underlying
influence in the fight or flight response. As a drug,
however, it actually triggers a drop in heart rate.

41. Secretions of the ovaries…
The ovaries produce
several estrogen hormones
and progesterone. These
hormones prepare the
uterus for pregnancy,
promote the development
of mammary glands, play a
role in sex drive, and
develop secondary sex
characteristics in the
female.
Estrogen is essential for the growth, development,
and maintenance of female sex organs.

42. The testes produce
the male sex
hormone called
testosterone. It is
essential for normal
growth and
development of the
male sex organs.
Testosterone is
responsible for the
erection of the
penis.
Secretions of the testes…

43. During pregnancy, the
placenta serves as an
endocrine gland.
Secretions of the placenta…
It produces
chorionic
gonadotropin
hormone,
estrogen, and
progesterone.

44. The mucosa
of the pyloric
area of the
stomach
secretes the
hormone
gastrin, which
stimulates the
production of
gastric acid
for digestion.
Secretions of the
gastrointestinal mucosa…

45. The mucosa of
the duodenum
and jejunum
secretes the
hormone
secretin, which
stimulates
pancreatic juice,
bile, and
intestinal
secretion.
Secretions of the
gastrointestinal mucosa…

46. The thymus gland has
two lobes, and is part
of the lymphatic
system. It is a
ductless gland, and
secretes thymosin.
This is necessary for
the Thymus’ normal
production of T cells
for the immune
system.
Secretions of the
thymus…