The document provides an overview of the endocrine system, detailing the functions and types of glands, including endocrine and exocrine glands. It explains the roles of various hormones produced by different glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes, and how these hormones regulate essential body functions like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Additionally, it discusses the importance of hormones in maintaining homeostasis and responds to stress or trauma.

1. ENDOCRINE SYTEM
DR HAFIZA SHEHREEN
DPT(KING EDWARD MEDICAL UNIVERSITY)

2. GLANDS
 Glands are important organs located throughout the body. They produce and
release substances that perform certain functions.

3. TYPES OF GLANDS
 Though you have many glands throughout your body, they fall into two types
 1- Exocrine gland
 2- Endocrine gland

4. ENDOCRINE GLANDS
 Endocrine glands are part of your endocrine system. They make hormones
and release them into your bloodstream. These hormones control a number
of important functions in your body, such as:
 your growth and development
 metabolism
 mood
 reproduction

5.  Your endocrine glands include:
 adrenal glands
 pituitary gland
 hypothalamus
 thyroid
 pineal gland

6. EXOCRINE GLANDS
 Your exocrine glands produce other substances — not hormones — that are
released through ducts to the exterior of your body, such as sweat, saliva, and
tears.
 The substances released by your exocrine glands play important roles in your
body. They do things like help regulate your body temperature, protect your
skin and eyes, and even help mothers feed babies by producing breast milk.

7.  Your exocrine glands include:
 salivary
 sweat
 mammary
 sebaceous
 lacrimal
Lymph nodes are often referred to as glands, but they’re not true glands.
They’re part of your immune system and help your body fight infection.

8.  The endocrine system is made up of different glands that make chemicals called
hormones. Hormones act as "messengers" to control many body functions. The
endocrine system makes hormones that help control:
 Growth
 Reproduction
 Sexual development
 Energy
 Response to physical stress or trauma
 Levels of water, salt and sugar in the body

9.  endocrine glands are the primary hormone producer
 The brain,heart,lungs,liver,skin,thymus,gastrointestinalmucosa and placenta
also produce and release harmones

10. PITUITARY GLAND:
 The pituitary gland is located at the base of
the brain and is about the size of a pea. It is
the master gland in the endocrine system. It
regulates the amounts of hormone made by
the thyroid gland, adrenal gland, and testes or
ovaries. It also makes the hormones prolactin,
vasopressin and growth hormone.

11. SECRETION FROM ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND:
 1- Growth hormone
 Are essential for the growth and development of bones, muscle and other
organs. It enhances protein synthesis decrease the use of glucose and
promotes fat destruction
 2-Adrenocorticotropin(ACTH):
 Essential for the growth and development of the adrenal cortex

12.  3- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormones: •
 (TSH) are essential for the growth and development of the thyroid gland •
 4- Follicle stimulating Hormone: •
 (FSH) are gonadotropic hormone. It stimulates the growth ,ovarian follicles in
the female and the production of sperm in male •
 5- Luteinizing Hormone:
 (LH) is a gonadotropic hormone stimulating the development of corpus luteim

13.  6- Prolactin:
 (PRL) stimulates the development and growth of the mammary glands and
milk production during pregnancy
 7- Melanocyte stimulating Hormones:
 (MSH) regulates skin pigmentation and promotes the deposit of melanin in
the skin after exposure t0 sunlight.

14. SECRETION FROM THE POSTERIOR LOB OF PITUITARY GLAND:
 1- Oxytocin:
 stimulates the uterus to contract during labor( delivery).A synthetic version of
the hormone used to induce labor is called Pitocin . It also stimulates
mammary glands to release milk.
 2-Antiduretic Hormone:
 (ADH) stimulates the reabsorption of water by renal tubes. Hyposcreation of
the hormone can result in diabetes insipidus

15. SECRETION FROM PINEAL GLAND:
 1-Melatonin:
 communicates information about environmental lighting
to various part of body has some effect on sleep, awake
cycle and other biological events connected to them Such
as lower production of gastric secretions at night
 2- Serotonin:
 a neurotransmitter that regulates intestinal movements
and affect appetite ,mood, sleep ,anger and metabolism.

16. THYROID AND PARATHYROID
 The thyroid gland and parathyroid glands are located
in front of the neck, below the larynx (voice box). The
thyroid plays an important role in the body's growth
and development, as well as weight and energy.

17. SECRETION OF THE THYROID GLAND:
 1- Calcitonin:
 influence bone and calcium metabolism maintain a homeostasis of calcium in
blood plasma.
 2- Thyroxine and triiodothyronine:
 essential to BMR - basal metabolic rate ,influence physical,mental
development of growth

18. SECRETIONS OF PARATHYROID GLAND:
 The two pairs of parathyroid gland are located
on dorsal side of the thyroid gland. They
secrete parathyroid(PTH) which play a role in
the metabolism of phosphorus. Too little result
in cramping. Too much results in osteoporosis
or kidney stones.

19. ADRENAL GLAND
 The adrenal glands are located on top of each
kidney. The adrenal glands make hormones
that help the body to deal with stress and
illness. The hormones made by the adrenal
gland also maintain blood pressure and blood
glucose, and play a role in sexual development.

20. SECRETIONS FROM THE ADRENAL CORTEX:
 1- Cortisol:
 regulates carbohydrates, protein and fat metabolism has an anti-
inflammatory effect help the body cope during times of stress
 2- Corticosterone:
 Like cortisol it is steroid influences potassium and sodium metabolism
 3- Aldosterone: •
 Essential in regulating electrolyte and water balance by promoting sodium
and chloride retention and potassium excretion.

21.  4- Androgens: •
 Several hormones including testosterone they promote the development of
secondary sex characteristics in the male.

22. SECRETIONS FROM THE ADRENAL MEDULLA
 1- Dopamine:
 is used to treat shock it dilates the arteries elevates systolic blood pressure.
Increase cardiac output and increase urinary output
 2- Epinephrine:
 is also called adrenalin. It elevates systolic blood pressure. Increase heart rate
and cardiac output. Speedup the release of glucose from liver giving a spurt
of energy dilates the bronchial tubes and relaxes airways.

23.  3- Norepinephrine:
 Like epinephrine it release when the body is under stress.It creates the
underlying influences in the fight or flight response.

24. OVARIES
 A female's ovaries are located on both
sides of the uterus, below the opening of
the fallopian tubes (which extend from the
uterus to the ovaries). The ovaries contain
the egg cells necessary for reproduction
and also produce the hormones estrogen
and progesterone. These hormones
regulate the menstrual cycle.

25. SECRETION OF THE OVARIES:
 The ovaries produce several estrogen hormones and progesterone. These
hormones prepare the uterus for pregnancy promote the development of
mammary glands.play a role in sex drive and develop secondary sex
characteristics in female. Estrogen is essential for the growth and
development of female sex organs.

26. TESTES
 A male's testes are located in the scrotum. The testes produce testosterone
and sperm. The testes produce the hormone testosterone, which is
responsible for the development of male characteristics, and protects muscle
and bone health.

27. SECRETIONS OF THE TESTES:
 The testes produce the male sex hormones called testosterone. It is essential
for normal growth and development of the male sex organs. • Testosterone is
responsible for the erection of the penis.

28. SECRETIONS OF THE PLACENTA:
 During the pregnancy the placenta serves as an endocrine gland. It produces
chronics gonadotropin hormones estrogen and progesterone.

29. SECRETIONS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL MUCOSA:
 The mucosa of the pyloric area of the
stomach secretes the hormones gastric
which stimulates the production of gastric
acid for digestion. The mucosa of the
duodenum and jejunum secretes the
hormone secretin which stimulates
pancreatic juice ,bile and intestinal
secretion.