This document discusses glands and provides examples of case studies involving different glands. It begins by outlining learning outcomes related to identifying and classifying glands. It then describes a case of mumps involving swelling near the ear. Finally, it provides overviews of various glands like salivary glands, endocrine glands, exocrine glands, and discusses their secretions, functions and related diseases.

1. Case Based Learning
GLANDS
BY
Dr Abdul Waheed Ansari
Chairperson & Professor of Anatomy,
RAK COMS
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2. The learning out comes for the glands are
• Demonstrate the ability to identify and classify different
types of glands like endocrine/exocrine glands-mixed/
serous and mucus glands-simple and compound
glands and describe their functions and properties.
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3. A case of mumps
• A 5 year child was having fever
and difficulty in swallowing and
complaining of pain on opening
of his mouth since 5 days.
• On examination there was a
swelling around the left ear.
• The pediatrician diagnosed as
viral parotitis-Mumps
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4. Inflammation and infection of salivary glands are
called as viral parotitis- mumps
• Glands are the epithelial tissues
derived from all three germ layers
embryologically.
• Glands derived from ectoderm are
skin glands, parotid gland and
sweat glands.
• Pancreas and liver are glands
derived from endoderm.
• Kidneys, suprarenal and gonads are
derived from mesoderm.
• Mumps is a virus infecting the
salivary glands, usually during
childhood, 5-15 years of age.
• There are 3 major salivary glands,
parotid is the largest,
submandibular and sublingual.
• According to the type of secretions,
the salivary glands are of three
types, predominantly serous gland-parotid.
Predominantly mucus-sublingual
and mixed gland –
submandibular.
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5. A secretory unit is called the acinus.
• A serous acinus is characterized
by producing watery secretions.
• Each acinus is having simple
columnar/pyramidal cells resting
on a basement membrane.
• Their nuclei are rounded and
situated centrally, the cytoplasm
is having many eosinophilic
granules.
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6. A Mucus acinus
• Sublingual gland is a
predominantly mucus salivary
gland.
• A mucus acinus has pyramidal
cells with vacuolated cytoplasm
and rod shaped nuclei at the
basal level.
• The cytoplasm is basophilic.
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7. A mixed acini are seen in submandibular gland
• Some acini are serous in
nature secreting watery
secretions.
• Some acini are mucus caped
with serous acinus-called
serous demilunes.
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8. Glands can be classified into endocrine and exocrine glands-endocrine
glands have no ducts where as exocrine glands sent
out their secretions through duct systems
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9. A case of endemic goiter
• Thyroid gland is an endocrine
gland situated at the wind pipe
in the neck.
• It secretes thyroid hormones,
thyroxin.
• If it excretes more it causes
swelling and toxic effects as
protruding eyes.
• The endocrine glands sends out
their secretions directly into the
blood circulations.
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10. A goblet cell is a unicellular gland
• A goblet cell is a modified cell
producing mucus secretions.
• It is a flask shaped cell, mucus
ejecting out from the apical
surface.
• Trachea has pseudostratified
columnar epithelium having
ciliated and secretory goblet cells.
• The cilia will move the mucus and
traps the dust particles.
• Goblet cells are also seen in mucus
lining of large intestines.
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11. Mechanism of Secretion
Merocrine Apocrine Holocrine
Expelled by exocytosis Uses membrane vesicles
Entire secretory cell lost, as plasma
membrane breaks to release product
Only secretory product is lost
Sweat glands are merocrine and
apocrine. Merocrine sweat glands
are found on palms and other
body areas.
Secretory product and some
membrane lost
Apical portions are lost in
secretions. Apocrine sweat glands
are found in armpits, nipples and
groin. They produce viscus sweat
and it smells because of bacterial
actions.
In lower animals, this smell attracts
the opposite sex during breeding
seasons.
Sebaceous glands use this method
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12. Apocrine glands
-sweat glands
Holocrine gland-sebaceous
gland
The entire cell cytoplasm is
destroyed in the secretions
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14. Why should Glandular Epithelial Cells be studied?
Adenocarcinoma, a malignant tumor of
the glandular epithelium, accounts for
40% of all lung cancer, making it the
most common type.
This patient enjoyed smoking for 40
years but his bad luck! Just 3 months
back he came to OPD with C/O chest
pain, cough and hemoptysis, his
radiograph showed white opacity
involving whole upper lobe of right lung.
After histopathological examination he
was diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of
right lung and radiotherapy was started.
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15. The largest gland in our body is liver
• It is both an endocrine as well as exocrine gland. The exocrine part is the
bile secretion produced by hepatocytes and drain by biliary tract and
stored in to gall bladder.
• Liver detoxifies the blood to rid it of harmful substances such as alcohol
and drugs.
• Stores some vitamins and iron.
• Stores the simple sugar glucose
• Converts stored sugar to usable sugar when the body’s sugar (glucose)
levels fall below normal.
• Breaks down hemoglobin as well as insulin and other hormones
• Converts ammonia to urea, which is vital in metabolism
• Destroys old red blood cells
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17. A case of jaundice
• Hepatitis is an inflammation of
the liver. It may be caused by
drugs, alcohol use, or certain
medical conditions.
• But in most cases, it's caused by
a virus.
• This is known as viral hepatitis,
and the most common forms are
hepatitis A, B, and C.
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18. The pancreas is another endocrine and exocrine
gland associated with digestive system
The endocrine part of pancreas is the islets of Langerhans
The exocrine part of pancreas
secretes the enzymes
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20. The reproductive glands are testes and ovaries
• Testes are found in male individuals.
• The exocrine part produces sperms
and carried by ducts, seminiferous
tubules, vas deferens and spermatic
cord.
• The endocrine part is interstitial cells
that produce the male hormones.
• The ovaries are found in female
bodies. They produce ova and
carried by uterine tubes.
• The endocrine part of ovaries
produce female hormones,
estrogens.
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21. Cryptorchidism is the absence of one or both testes from
the scrotum. It is a common birth defect regarding male
genitalia
Polycystic ovary is one of the commonest reason for female
sterility
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22. The prostate gland is found only in male subjects
• The prostate secretes fluid that
nourishes and protects sperm.
• During ejaculation, the prostate
squeezes this fluid into the urethra, and
it’s expelled with sperm as semen.
• Prostate gland rest over the neck of the
bladder.
• The urethra passes through the
prostate. During old age this gland
enlarges and obstruct the passage of
urine, causing urine retension.
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23. The mammary glands are functional in female
• It is a modified sweat gland.
• It lies in superficial fascia.
• Breast cancer is most common in
female patients.
• Benign tumors may also arise
from breast tissue.
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24. Lymph nodes are small nodular glands present
through out the body
• They drain the lymphatics from one
region/organ/part to another.
• Lymph nodes are named according
to the region they are located.
• Cervical if they are in the neck.
• Axillary lymph nodes are found in
the armpits.
• Inguinal lymph nodes are in the
groin region.
• Abdominal groups of lymph nodes
are found in the abdominal cavity.
• Mediastinal groups are in the
mediastinum-a median region
between both the lungs.
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25. Kidneys are the excretory glands
• They are found in the lumbar
regions.
• They filter the blood and remove
Impurities and form urine.
• They also produce hormones-renin
and erythropoietin.
• Renin helps in regulation of
blood pressure.
• Erythropoietin will stimulates
blood formation.
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26. The pituitary gland and pineal gland are
found in the cranial cavity
• The pituitary gland controls all
other endocrine glands.
• Hence it is called as master
gland.
• The pineal gland is a small gland
in the brain. It produces
melatonin, a serotonin derived
hormone, that affects the
modulation of sleep patterns.
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27. The suprarenal glands are located at the upper poles
of each kidneys
• They are responsible for
regulating the metabolism of
minerals.
• The cortex produced
gonadotropin, the sex
hormones.
• The medulla of adrenal glands
produce adrenaline that make
the body ready to fight and flight
situation.
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28. References
• http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/berndcv/lab/epithelia
linfoweb/Glandular%20Epithelium.html.
• http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~uzwiak/AnatPhys/APFallLect5a.html
• http://www.dartmouth.edu/~anatomy/Histo/lab_4/skin/DMS194/po
pup.html
• Clinically oriented Anatomy-6th edition-Keith Moore ( 98-
99,854,961,943,294,982.)
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