This lecture talking about; Digestion hydrolysis of large and complex organic molecules of foodstuffs into smaller and preferably water-soluble molecules which can be easily absorbed by the GIT.
Class 1 digestion and absorption of carbohydrateDhiraj Trivedi
Dr. Dhiraj J. Trivedi presenting Lecture on Carbohydrate metabolism for medical students.
Professor, SDM College of Medical Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
overview of the digestive system and diseases of itShatha Almahmoud
overview of the digestive system and disorders (disease) of it.
King Saud University, college of applied medical sciences, CLS 224
Anatomy and physiology
Shatha Almahmoud
This lecture talking about; Digestion hydrolysis of large and complex organic molecules of foodstuffs into smaller and preferably water-soluble molecules which can be easily absorbed by the GIT.
Class 1 digestion and absorption of carbohydrateDhiraj Trivedi
Dr. Dhiraj J. Trivedi presenting Lecture on Carbohydrate metabolism for medical students.
Professor, SDM College of Medical Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
overview of the digestive system and diseases of itShatha Almahmoud
overview of the digestive system and disorders (disease) of it.
King Saud University, college of applied medical sciences, CLS 224
Anatomy and physiology
Shatha Almahmoud
Irritable Bowel Syndrome is certainly not as bad as Crohn's, but nobody wants to suffer from it ever. We do know that irritable bowel syndrome is not a game, and what kind of probiotics are required to help heal from it. We must first go into what irritable bowel syndrome is.
The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract—also called the GI tract or digestive tract—and the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus.
Why does your doctor recommend you to have more fruits, vegetables and cereals when you're having constipation? Why is it good to have fiber? Why are Cardio Vascular Diseases on a rise? This presentation tells it all and highlights how it is related to Dietary Fiber...
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Antimicrobial stewardship to prevent antimicrobial resistanceGovindRankawat1
India is among the nations with the highest burden of bacterial infections.
India is one of the largest consumers of antibiotics worldwide.
India carries one of the largest burdens of drug‑resistant pathogens worldwide.
Highest burden of multidrug‑resistant tuberculosis,
Alarmingly high resistance among Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacteria even to newer antimicrobials such as carbapenems.
NDM‑1 ( New Delhi Metallo Beta lactamase 1, an enzyme which inactivates majority of Beta lactam antibiotics including carbapenems) was reported in 2008
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. Key Terms
2
Digestion:
Processes
that convert ingested food
into substances that can be absorbed by
the intestinal tract & used by the body
Absorption:
Processes
that transfer nutrients from
the digestive system into body fluids
3. Upper Digestive Tract
3
Mouth
- chewing and saliva
- amylase/lipase
Esophagus
- propels food downward to
stomach
Stomach
- churns and mixes
- Pepsin/intrinsic factor/lipase
10. Digestion – Stomach – CHO & Fat
10
Carbohydrates
Fat
Hydrochloric acid
stops amylase
Very small amount of
lipase is secreted
Mixing and churning
aids in digestion
Fat tends to separate
from the mixture
No digestion of fiber
Last to leave the
stomach delays
gastric emptying
11. Digestion – Stomach - Protein
11
Hydrochloric acid exposes bonds for enzymes
Denaturization:
irreversibly disrupt the structure of a protein, ending
the function of that protein
Pepsin
Protein
Smaller
Polypeptides
AAs
12. Digestion – Small Intestine
12
MOST
DIGESTION &
ABSORPTION
OCCURS IN THE
SMALL
INTESTINE
Pancreas secreted
digestive enzymes
Liver secretes bile
13. CHO Digestion – Small Intestine
13
Produced in
Small
Intestine
Amylase
- Starch → Glucose
Produced in
Pancreas
Maltase
- Maltose → Glucose + Glucose
Sucrase
- Sucrose → Glucose + Fructose
Lactase
- Lactose → Glucose + Galactose
14. Protein Digestion – Small Intestine
14
Proteases secreted
from the pancreas
Break down
proteins and
peptides into AAs
15. Fat Digestion – Small Intestine
15
Need BILE made by liver
Gallbladder stores Bile and
releases into small intestine
Bile emulsifies fat in the
watery intestinal fluid
Makes more surface area
for pancreatic lipase to work
16. Carbohydrate Absorption
16
ONLY Monosaccharides
- glucose, fructose, galactose
Absorbed in small intestine and travel to liver for
processing
All monosaccharides are
converted into glucose in
the liver
17. Carbohydrate Absorption
17
Body is not 100% efficient (≈ 99% efficient)
Small amounts of CHO do not get fully digested and
absorbed by small intestine
Indigestible CHO (Fiber) does not get broken down
and absorbed
Undigested CHO travels to large intestine
18. Protein Absorption
18
AAs and small amounts of
peptide chains absorbed in
small intestine
Need Vitamin B6
AAs Travel to the liver after
absorption
20. Fat Absorption
20
Micelles – fat particles encircled by bile salts to
facilitate absorption
≈ 95% ingested fat is absorbed
Short and medium-chain fatty acids and glycerol
transported to the liver
Monoglycerides and long-chain fatty acids are
insoluble in the bloodstream
21. Fat Absorption
21
Inside intestinal wall – combine
to reform triglycerides
Reformed triglycerides and
cholesterol are encased with
proteins – chylomicron
Chylomicrons travel through
lymphatic system before
entering bloodstream
Chylomicrons – distribute
dietary lipids throughout body
22. Excretion
22
Undigested CHO provide
small amount of energy for
microbes in the colon
(large intestine)
All undigested food travels
through large intestine
Then excreted in stool
through the rectum
23. Disorders of the Digestive Tract
23
Nausea and Vomiting
Heartburn (Gastric Reflux)
Ulcers
Constipation
Diarrhea
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Lactose Intolerance
24. Nausea and Vomiting
24
May be related to:
- in HCl secretion
- digestive enzyme activity
- gastric irritation
- bacterial/viral infection
- intracranial pressure
- equilibrium imbalance
- liver, pancreatic, and gallbladder disorders
- obstruction
- drugs and certain medical treatments
25. Nausea and Vomiting
25
Short-term concerns
- fluid and electrolyte balance
Intractable vomiting: vomiting that is difficult to
manage or cure
Long-term concerns
- dehydration
- weight loss
26. Nutrition Therapy for N/V
26
Food is withheld until nausea subsides
Progress from clear liquids to regular DAT
Small, frequent meals of low fat, readily digested CHO
Slow eating
Promote good oral hygiene
Limit liquids with meals – may cause fullness/bloating
Liberal fluids in between meals
Serve foods at room temp
Avoid foods that contribute i.e. high-fat and spicy
27. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
27
Backflow of gastric acid into the esophagus
Abnormal relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter
Symptoms:
- lump in throat
- heartburn
- regurgitation
GERD when symptoms
occur ≥2 times/week
28. Nutrition Therapy for GERD
28
Diet modifications
avoid large and/or fatty meals
eat slowly
avoid alcohol, caffeinated
bevs, coffee, soft drinks
avoid spicy foods, chocolate,
citrus foods,
PEPPERMENT
Often called “BLAND
DIET”
Lifestyle modifications
exercise
weight loss if BMI >25
avoid lying down for 3
hours after meal
elevate head of bed
during sleep
29. Peptic Ulcer Disease
29
Erosion of the mucosal layer of the stomach (gastric
ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal ulcer)
Excessive secretion of, or decreased mucosal
resistance to, HCl
15% - stomach
85% - duodenum
30. Peptic Ulcer Disease – H. Pylori
30
H. pylori infection – 70-92% of ulcers
secretes enzyme that
depletes gastric mucus
Antibiotics generally cure
Not everyone infected
develops ulcer
31. Nutrition Therapy for Peptic Ulcers
31
Avoid foods that stimulate HCl secretion/irritate
- coffee, alcohol, chocolate, pepper, garlic
Avoid eating 2 hours before bed
Avoid individual intolerances
High-fiber diet may reduce risk of duodenal ulcers
32. Constipation
32
Difficult/infrequent passage of stools that are hard & dry
Usually less than 3 bowel movements per week
Secondary to irregular bowel habits, psychogenic
factors, lack of activity, chronic laxative use, inadequate
of fiber, metabolic/endocrine disorders, bowel
abnormalities (tumors, hernias, strictures)
Medications such as codeine, aluminum hydroxide,
iron supplements, morphine
33. Nutrition Therapy for Constipation
33
TREAT THE UNDERLYING CAUSE
Fiber and water usually works
Insoluble fiber
– wheat bran, fruit/veggie skins
- increases stool bulk and stimulates peristalsis
Soluble fiber
– oats, barley, nuts, seeds
- absorbs water to produce softer, bulkier stools
34. Diarrhea
34
More than 3 bowel movements per day of large
amounts of liquid of semiliquid stool
Shortened transit time → ↓ time for water, Na, and K
absorption
→ dehydration, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, acidbase imbalance, metabolic acidosis
Chronic → malnutrition
- impaired digestion, absorption, and intake
35. Nutrition Therapy for Diarrhea
35
TREAT THE UNDERLYING CAUSE
Symptoms may be treated with meds that ↓ motility
or thicken consistency of stools
Primary Goal: restore fluid and electrolyte balance
36. Nutrition Therapy for Diarrhea
36
Avoid stimulation of GI motility
- alcohol, caffeine, clear liquids, milk (lactose), highfiber and gas-producing foods, sugar alcohols
Mild diarrhea (24-48 hours) requires no intervention
other than hydration
Diet ↓ in fat, fiber, lactose diet may ↓GI stimulation
Intractable diarrhea may require complete bowel rest
37. Nutrition Therapy for Diarrhea
37
Lactose-free diet often ordered
BRAT diet
- Banana
- Rice
- Applesauce
- Toast
Both short-term until diarrhea resides
38. Lactose Intolerance
38
Lactase is absent or deficient
Particles of undigested lactose ↑
osmolality of intestinal contents
osmotic diarrhea
Lactose fermented in colon
bloating, cramping, flatulence
Symptoms occur within
15 min – 2 hours after ingestion
39. Primary Lactose Intolerance
39
Occurs in “well” people who do not secrete adequate
lactase
Asians, Native Americans, and Africans
Tolerations vary between individuals
Treatment: avoid lactose-containing foods
(permanent)
Lactase enzymes
40. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
40
Most frequently diagnosed digestive disorder in the US
Affections as many as 20% of American Adults
Symptoms: lower abdominal pain, constipation,
diarrhea, alternating periods of constipation and
diarrhea, bloating, mucus in stool
Can significantly impair quality of life
41. Nutrition Therapy for IBS
41
No conclusive causes/cures/relief of symptoms
Associated
with anxiety and depression
Elimination diet: systematically eliminate foods to
identify potential food intolerances or allergies
No single therapy is entirely effective
Treatments
address symptoms of abdominal pain,
bloating, diarrhea, and constipation
Add soluble fiber, probiotics
Controlled with diet, stress management, and medications