overview of the digestive system and disorders (disease) of it.
King Saud University, college of applied medical sciences, CLS 224
Anatomy and physiology
Shatha Almahmoud
This is a presentation about gastrointestinal tract disorders concerning a medical informations about an important disorders that affect GIT of human being.
This is a presentation about gastrointestinal tract disorders concerning a medical informations about an important disorders that affect GIT of human being.
The presentation includes the parts and function of our digestive system as well as the process of the parts. Moreover, the presentation includes some diseases in digestive system.
The presentation includes the parts and function of our digestive system as well as the process of the parts. Moreover, the presentation includes some diseases in digestive system.
The gastrointestinal tract is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus.
GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus.
The hollow organs that make up the GI tract are mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus.
The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and other animals.
Digestive disorders are among the most common problems in health care.
Approximately 30-40% adults claim to have frequent indigestion.
Indigestion
Peptic ulcer
Carcinoma of the Stomach
Gastric Surgery
Dumping Syndrome
Constipation
Diarrohoea
Steatorrhoea
Lactose Intolerance
Coeliac Disease
Tropical sprue
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Intestinal Gas and Flatulence
Diverticular Disease
Indigestion also called dyspepsia which means discomfort in the upper digestive tract.
Indigestion can be caused by dietary indulgences-excessive volumes of food or high intake of fat, sugar, caffeine, spices or alcohol or both.
Symptoms : vague abdominal pain
Bloating
Nausea
Regurgitation and belching
If it is prolonged it can lead to gastro-oesophagul reflux, gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, delayed gastric emptying, gall bladder disease or cancer.
It can be treated by eating slowly, chewing thoroughly and not eating or drinking excessively.
Localized erosion of the mucosal lining of those portions of the alimentary tract that come in contact with the gastric juice.
This disintegration of tissues can also result in necrosis.
Ulcers occurs in oesophagus, stomach, jejunum and duodenum but majority of ulcers are found in the duodenum.
All the ulcers have same symptoms and same response to treatment regardless of location.
Mechanism of ulcer formation
Three vital mechanisms are the mucus layer, prostaglandins and probably the urogastrone /epidermal healing factor(URO/EHF).
These mechanisms can protect the stomach against HCL up to twice the maximum concentration which the stomach is capable of secreting.
The mucous layer, viscous gel is ideally suited for its function of protection from chemical and physical hazards of water proofing and lubrication.
The second line of defence are prostaglandins.
Third line of defence that is urogastrone plays important role by inhibiting gastric acid secretion and by stimulation of cell proliferation and regeneration for healing the ulcer.
If mucosal line is broken then underlying layers of the stomach are exposed to the effect of concentrated acid which results in peptic ulcer.
Duodenal Ulcer :
Peptic ulcer that develops in first part of the small intestine.
Hypersecretion of acid
Tissue resistance is normal
Acid hypersecretion is due to increased number of parietal cells and impaired rapid gastric emptying with loss of buffering effect.
Excess production of acid and pepsin is the primary factor.
Gastric Ulcer
In this course you will learn the digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body. Food passes through a long tube inside the body known as the alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal tract(GI tract).
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
2. Digestive System
The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into
energy and basic nutrients to feed body cells. Food passes through a long tube
inside the body known as the alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal tract (GI
tract). The alimentary canal is made up of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small intestines, and large intestines. In addition to the alimentary canal,
there are several important accessory organs that help your body to digest food,
but do not have food pass through them. Accessory organs of the digestive system
include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
3. Digestive System Parts:
Mouth - Teeth chop food into small pieces, which are moistened by saliva before
the tongue and other muscles push the food into the pharynx
PharynxEsophagus - The pharynx is responsible for the passing of masses
of chewed food from the mouth to the esophagus. The esophagus continuous to
carry chewed food along to the stomach.
Stomach – The stomach acts as a storage tank for food. It also contains
hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes that continue the digestion of food that
began in the mouth.
4. Digestive System Parts:
Small Intestine - Made up of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum
is largely responsible for the continuous breaking-down process, with the jejunum and
ileum mainly responsible for absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. The small
intestine absorbs about 90% of the nutrients from the food.
Large Intestine - The large intestine absorbs water and contains many symbiotic
bacteria that aid in the breaking down of wastes to extract some small amounts of
nutrients.
Rectum
5. Accessory Organs:
Chemical digestion in the small intestine relies on the activities
of three accessory digestive organs: the liver, pancreas, and
gallbladder The digestive role of the liver is to produce bile
and export it to the duodenum. The gallbladder primarily
stores, concentrates, and releases bile. The pancreas produces
pancreatic juice, which contains digestive enzymes and
bicarbonate ions, and delivers it to the duodenum.
6. Major Functions:
Ingestion of food
Secretion of fluids and digestive enzymes
Mixing and movement of food and wastes through the body
Digestion of food into smaller pieces
Absorption of nutrients
Excretion of wastes
8. Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive
System
Appendicitis - an inflammation of the appendix
Signs and symptoms – lack of appetite, pain in and around the navel area or in the
abdomen, nausea, slight fever, pain in the right leg, and increased white blood cell
content
Causes – Blockage in the lining of the appendix with feces or tumor that results in
an infection
treatments – Surgery to remove the appendix, Antibiotics to prevent infection
9. Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive
System
cirrhosis - a long lasting liver disease in which normal liver tissue is
replaced with nonfunctional scar tissue
Causes – Excessive alcohol consumption, Hepatitis C&B infection and
fatty liver
treatments – Liver transplant, Lifestyle changes to stop medications or
use of alcohol
According to the National Institutes of Health,
cirrhosis is the 12th leading cause of death by disease.
10. Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive
System
Colitis - defined as inflammation of the large intestine (colon).
Causes – caused by viral or bacterial infection or the use of antibiotics.
Ulcers in the large intestine, Crohn’s disease, various other diseases,
and stress may contribute
Symptoms – Belly pain or cramps, diarrhea, bleeding from the rectum
treatments – Treating underlying causes, changing antibiotics, repair of
ulcers
Some people find that certain foods make their symptoms
worse.
11. Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive
System
Heartburn - called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - occurs
when stomach acids are pushed into the esophagus this create a
burning discomfort in the upper abdomen or below the breast bone.
Causes – alcohol, some foods high in fat and oils, defective esophageal
sphincter, pregnancy, obesity, hiatal hernia, and repeated vomiting.
treatments – Not lying down after meal
Reducing weight
Diet changes
Reduce alcohol consumption
Medications
Heartburn is a weekly occurrence for up to 20% of a population
and is very common in pregnant women.
12. Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive
System
Hepatitis - inflammation of the liver.
Causes –it may be caused by drugs, alcohol use, or certain
medical conditions. But in most cases, it’s caused by a virus this
is known as viral hepatitis, A, B, and C.
treatments – Bed rest, abstaining from alcohol, and taking
medication to help relieve symptoms. Most people who have
hepatitis A and E get well on their own after a few weeks.
Hepatitis B is treated with drugs, such as lamivudine and
adefovir dipivoxil. Hepatitis C is treated with a combination of
peginterferon and ribovarin.
Liver transplant of hepatitis B or C, or D-caused liver failure.
13. Bacterial Diseases of the Upper Digestive
Tract (Mouth & Stomach)
Tooth Decay (dental caries): Causative agent – Streptococcus mutans
and sucrose
A) Most common infectious disease of humans
B) Young are more susceptible than old
Periodontal Disease:
A) Hundreds of bacterial species are involved but the most likely cause is
Porphyromonas gingivalis
B) Chronic inflammation of the gums (gingivitis) and tissues around the
roots of the teeth (periodontitis)
C) Primarily a disease of persons 35+
14. Quiz!
1.Stores the liver's digestive juices until they are needed by the intestines?
Pancreas
2.The job of the digestive system?
To take in and break down food for use by the body
3.An organ that produces a bodily juice called bile?
Gallbladder
4.A long tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach?
Esophagus
5.This part of the digestive system removes solid wastes such as feces from the body?
Large Intestine