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HISTORY: Early Renaissance Architecture
The document discusses early Renaissance architecture, which emerged in Italy between the 14th and 17th centuries, and highlights its cultural and artistic impacts driven by the rise of the upper bourgeoisie and increased patronage of the arts. Key characteristics include symmetrical designs, the use of Roman orders of columns, and advancements in architectural techniques, exemplified by figures such as Filippo Brunelleschi and Leon Battista Alberti. The document also emphasizes the importance of the printing press and compares early Renaissance architecture to Roman styles.
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HISTORY: Early Renaissance Architecture
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- 2. Renaissance - from M.F., rebirth, from O. F. renaistre to be born again - started 14th to 17th century in Italy and later spread to the rest of Europe “Early Modern” - it falls between the medieval period and the industrial revolution Florence – birthplace of Renaissance
- 3. Early Renaissance - Growingimportance of the upper bourgeoisie (especially merchants, bankers) - Expansion of industry and world trade; voyages of exploration begin - Commercial and financial dominance of Flanders and Italy - Increased patronage of the arts by wealthy individuals
- 4. Culture - revival oflearning based on classical sources, the rise of courtly and papal patronage, the development of perspective in painting, and advancements in science - wide-ranging consequences in all pursuits but is best known for its artistic aspects
- 5. Demographic Italy, 13,000,000 Spain andPortugal, 10,000,000 France, 16,000,000, in its boundaries in 1600 England and Wales, 4,500,000 Scotland and Ireland, 2,000,000 Netherlands, 3,000,000, including the Spanish Netherlands in 1600 Denmark, 600,000 Sweden, Norway, and Finland: 1,400,000 Poland with Prussia: 3,000,000 Germany: 20,000,000
- 6. Technology Printing press - mostimportant technological innovation of the time - led to a higher literacy rate
- 7. "Man is themeasure of all things.“ - Protagoras
- 8. (Basilica of Sant'Andrea,Mantua by Alberti) Characteristics - Plans were square, symmetrical appearance in which proportions are usually based on a module which is often the width of an aisle
- 9. (Basilica of Sant'Andrea,Mantua by Alberti) Characteristics - Arches are often used in arcades, supported on piers or columns with capitals
- 10. Characteristics - The Romanorders of columns are used:- Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite which can be structural or decorative - architects aimed to use columns, pilasters, and entablatures as an integrated system Old Sacristy, Brunelleschi
- 11. Characteristics - Vaults donot have ribs. They are semi- circular or segmental and on a square plan, unlike the Gothic vault which is frequently rectangular (Basilica of Sant'Andrea, Alberti)
- 12. Characteristics - Dome isa very large structural feature that is visible from the exterior, and also as a means of roofing smaller spaces where they are only visible internally Florence Cathedral’s Dome, Brunelleschi
- 13. Characteristics - Façades aresymmetrical around their vertical axis - Church façades are generally surmounted by a pediment and organized by a system of pilasters, arches and entablatures Cathedral of Pienza, Rossellino
- 14. Characteristics - Domestic buildingsare often surmounted by a cornice - There is a regular repetition of openings on each floor, and the centrally placed door is marked by a feature such as a balcony, or rusticated surround Palazzo Rucellai, Alberti
- 15. Architectural Materials - ItalianRenaissance construction used materials like stone, marble, terracotta tile and stucco (a mortar mixture) - Watermills to saw timber and convert trees to planks
- 16. Filippo Brunelleschi - Moreinterested in construction rather than the visual appearance of Roman buildings - one of the founding fathers of Renaissance - best known for his work on the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (the Duomo) in Florence
- 17. Science of FlorenceCathedral's Dome - Building up the dome in a succession of horizontal courses as in the concrete dome of the Pantheon - Giving it a double shell so as to reduce the weight, a device borrowed from the baptistery of Pisa - Echoing Gothic rib construction by stretching the outer skin of the de over a frame of 24 ribs - Giving the dome a pointed profile because it exerts less side thrust
- 18. Foundling Hospital (1419)1st in Europe to have its elegantly arcaded loggia Pazzi Chapel
- 19. Church of SantoSpiritoChurch of Santo Lorenzo
- 20. Leon Battista Alberti -provided the first theory of what we now call linear perspective in his book, Della Pittura - His book De Re Aedificatoria was the first architectural book published in moveable type (1485) and was instrumental in reviving the Classical style of architecture - architecture was not merely a means of constructing buildings; it was a way to create meaning
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- 22. Church of Sant’AndreaPalazzo Rucellai, Florence
- 23. Baptistery of SanGiovanni
- 24. Michelozzo di Bartolomeo -architect under patronage of the Medici family - He was one of the first architects to work in the Renaissance style outside Italy, building a palace at Dubrovnik - has respected the Florentine liking for rusticated stone
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- 27. Donato Bramante - ifa building's design is perfect, nothing could be either added to or subtracted from it without ruining the design - first great Renaissance architect in Rome, working on St. Peter's, the Vatican and the Tempietto in S. Pietro in Montorio, Rome
- 28. Santa Maria delleGrazie
- 29. Tempietto - SanPietro in Montorio
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- 31. How did Brunelleschicome up with the science behind the Florence Cathedral’s dome?
- 32. Why did theRenaissance started in Florence, not in other parts of Italy?
- 33. What’s the differencebetween domestic buildings and churches in terms of their facade?
- 34. What’s the importanceof the printing press during the Renaissance period?
- 35. What makes theEarly Renaissance architecture different from Roman architecture?
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Editor's Notes
- #5 It encompassed the revival of learning based on classical sources, the rise of courtly and papal patronage, the development of perspective in painting, and advancements in science. The Renaissance had wide-ranging consequences in all pursuits, but is perhaps best known for its artistic aspects.
- #6 the end of the medieval world and the beginning of the modern may be dated to the Black Deathin the middle of the 14th Century, the Fall of Constantinople in the middle of the 15th Century, or the Age of Exploration and the resulting epidemic deaths.
- #7 The technology to make this possible was introduced from China in the 1300s. By the 1400s, movable type was being used in Europe as Johann Gutenberg began printing the Bible in everyday language. Soon millions of books were in circulation. This invention led to a higher literacy rate among people, and helped with the spreading of Renaissance ideas.
- #8 Alberti set out the mathematical detail of square cube circle sphere and the ideal proportions of a building that should follow on harmonizes with idealized human body A building represents the image of the divine creator if architects followed the logic of mathematical proportions.
- #11 The Roman orders of columns are used:- Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite. The orders can either be structural, supporting an arcade or architrave, or purely decorative, set against a wall in the form of pilasters. During the Renaissance, architects aimed to use columns, pilasters, and entablatures as an integrated system. One of the first buildings to use pilasters as an integrated system was in the Old Sacristy (1421–1440) by Brunelleschi.
- #14 Façades are symmetrical around their vertical axis. Church façades are generally surmounted by a pediment and organised by a system of pilasters, arches and entablatures. The columns and windows show a progression towards the centre. One of the first true Renaissance façades was the Cathedral of Pienza (1459–62), which has been attributed to the Florentine architect Bernardo Gambarelli (known as Rossellino) with Alberti perhaps having some responsibility in its design as well.
- #15 Domestic buildings are often surmounted by a cornice. There is a regular repetition of openings on each floor, and the centrally placed door is marked by a feature such as a balcony, or rusticated surround. An early and much copied prototype was the façade for the Palazzo Rucellai (1446 and 1451) in Florence with its three registers of pilasters
- #17 Filippo Brunelleschi (1377–1446) is widely considered the first Renaissance architect. Trained as a goldsmith in his native city of Florence, Brunelleschi soon turned his interests to architecture, traveling to Rome to study ancient buildings. Among his greatest accomplishments is the engineering of the dome of Florence Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore, also known as the Duomo). He was also the first since antiquity to use the classical orders Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian in a consistent and appropriate manner.Although Brunelleschi’s structures may appear simple, they rest on an underlying system of proportion. Brunelleschi often began with a unit of measurement whose repetition throughout the building created a sense of harmony, as in the Ospedale degli Innocenti (Florence, 1419). This building is based on a modular cube, which determines the height of and distance between the columns, and the depth of each bay.
- #19 Pazzi Chapel A building of great delicacy and subtlety The central domed square is flanked by tunnel vaulted side bays
- #20 S. Lorenzo (1421) S. Spirito (1436) Designed to create an ordered harmonious balance which is a parallel to the discovery of laws of perspective
- #22 First, an artist created a “floor” (a ground or stage on which figures and objects would be placed) in a painting and drew a receding grid to act as a guide to the relative scale of all other elements within the picture. Alberti suggests relating the size of the floor squares to a viewer’s height. This suggestion is important because it reveals an underlying principal of the Renaissance. The act of painting would no longer be to glorify God, as it had been in Medieval Europe. Painting in the Renaissance related instead, to those people looking at the painting.”
- #23 Church of Sant’Andrea The columns here are not used decoratively, but retain their classical function as load-bearing supports.
- #26 It was well known for its stone masonry includes rustication and ashlar. The tripartite elevation used here expresses the Renaissance spirit of rationality, order, and classicism on human scale. This tripartite division is emphasized by horizontal stringcourses that divide the building into stories of decreasing height. The transition from the rusticated masonry of the ground floor to the more delicately refined stonework of the third floor makes the building seem lighter and taller as the eye moves upward to the massive cornice that caps and clearly defines the building's outline.
- #29 Clearly Bramante was aware of the principles set out by Vitruvius and Alberti, and he has followed the ideas of proportion very closely. The intrados of the lunette is created by a circle that can be perfectly doubled between the floor level and the intrados. The extrados creates a circle that when carried down ends in the radius of two rondels in the column base. As well, the line between the uppermost point of the capital on the right extending down to the bottom of the base on the left exactly cuts the door in two.