Second of two lectures on using atomic physics techniques to look for exotic physics, given at the Nordita Workshop for Science Writers on Quantum Theory. This one focusses on the measuring of tiny frequency shifts using techniques developed for atomic clocks.
Talk for the Bristol (UK) Festival of Ideas on similarities between everyday activities like crosswords, card games, and sports and the process of scientific discovery.
2013 Briefing Update
CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FOR ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES By James E. Cox
It is proposed that the various types of antigravity devices be categorized into the following seven groups:
I. MECHANICAL ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
These are purely mechanical devices generally involving high speed rotation and forced precessional features using different materials in some cases. Example members are from Laithwaite, Wallace, Kidd, McCabe, Stratchen, Delroy, Foster, Dean, Forward, dePalma, Hayasaka and Cowlishaw.
II. ACCOUSTICAL ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
These devices have no moving parts but employ vibration to alter nuclear interactions with gravity such as the work of Keely, Tibetan's stone levitation, Leedskelstein, and some inventors of acoustical levitation devices.
III. CHARGED STATIC/ROTATING DISC/CONES ANTIGRAVITY:
These are electrostatic/magnetic devices using stationary electrodes at high voltage such as T.T. Brown/Bielfeld and Bahnson, Naudin, Hartman, Nipher, Pages, Kelly, Rieken as well as rotating components such as Searl, Hammel, Davidson, Saxl, Halik, Schauberger, Carr, Hooper, Huaro, Smith and Vril/Schumann.
IV. AC/RF OR MICROWAVE ELECTROMAGNETIC ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
In this group are devices with no moving parts having high frequency electromagnetic fields such as Alzofon, Tesla, Littlejohn, Sweet, Nielson, Seike, Hutchinson, Farrow, Bielek, Zinsser, Peshka, Schlecker, and Smith, etc.
V. SOLID STATE ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
These devices have their seat of antigravitic/shielding action within the atomic/lattice structure in both steady-state and transient modes such as the BaICuO superconductors used in the Podkletnov and Schnurer devices, (and those who have replicated their effects) as well as excitons in doped crystals.
VI. NUCLEAR ANTIGRAVITATION:
This entails the alteration of the interactions with the nucleus or its modification, to yield a change in weight or generation of gravity beams, or breakdown of Newton's third law such as in the work of Bearden, Wallace, Dan Fry, Gilber Jordan, extraterrestrial spacecraft (Lazar's element 115), Celtan, white powder (monoatomic elements), Dr. Charles Brush, and possibly cold fusion with ZPE interaction.
t
VII. BIOLOGICAL ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
These involve the human or animal element to obtain levitation, or weightless, psychokinetic action or inertia modification as in the Dr. William Crookes work on Home, Clark's party levitation, yogi masters, religious saints, Russian mirror chamber research, bumblebee flight as well as the Rhino Beetle.
Copyright Antigravity News and Space Drive Technology
Vol. 2, No. 1, January-February 1998, p. 4.
All Rights Reserved.
Permission is Granted to Copy, Forward, or Post with this Unaltered Notice kept intact.
The AGN Website is at: http://www.padrak.com/agn/
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and most powerful particle collider, most complex experimental facility ever built, and the largest single machine in the world.
It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) between 1998 and 2008 in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and engineers from over 100 countries, as well as hundreds of universities and laboratories.
The Higgs boson is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physics. It is the quantum excitation of the Higgs field, a fundamental field of crucial importance to particle physics theory first suspected to exist in the 1960s and was discovered in 2012 in lhc.
Inside the accelerator, two high-energy particle beams travel at close to the speed of light before they are made to collide. The beams travel in opposite directions in separate beam pipes – two tubes kept at ultrahigh vacuum. They are guided around the accelerator ring by a strong magnetic field maintained by superconducting electromagnets.
The God Particle or God particle may refer to: Higgs boson, a particle in physics sometimes referred to as the God's Particle.
Talk for the Bristol (UK) Festival of Ideas on similarities between everyday activities like crosswords, card games, and sports and the process of scientific discovery.
2013 Briefing Update
CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FOR ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES By James E. Cox
It is proposed that the various types of antigravity devices be categorized into the following seven groups:
I. MECHANICAL ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
These are purely mechanical devices generally involving high speed rotation and forced precessional features using different materials in some cases. Example members are from Laithwaite, Wallace, Kidd, McCabe, Stratchen, Delroy, Foster, Dean, Forward, dePalma, Hayasaka and Cowlishaw.
II. ACCOUSTICAL ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
These devices have no moving parts but employ vibration to alter nuclear interactions with gravity such as the work of Keely, Tibetan's stone levitation, Leedskelstein, and some inventors of acoustical levitation devices.
III. CHARGED STATIC/ROTATING DISC/CONES ANTIGRAVITY:
These are electrostatic/magnetic devices using stationary electrodes at high voltage such as T.T. Brown/Bielfeld and Bahnson, Naudin, Hartman, Nipher, Pages, Kelly, Rieken as well as rotating components such as Searl, Hammel, Davidson, Saxl, Halik, Schauberger, Carr, Hooper, Huaro, Smith and Vril/Schumann.
IV. AC/RF OR MICROWAVE ELECTROMAGNETIC ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
In this group are devices with no moving parts having high frequency electromagnetic fields such as Alzofon, Tesla, Littlejohn, Sweet, Nielson, Seike, Hutchinson, Farrow, Bielek, Zinsser, Peshka, Schlecker, and Smith, etc.
V. SOLID STATE ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
These devices have their seat of antigravitic/shielding action within the atomic/lattice structure in both steady-state and transient modes such as the BaICuO superconductors used in the Podkletnov and Schnurer devices, (and those who have replicated their effects) as well as excitons in doped crystals.
VI. NUCLEAR ANTIGRAVITATION:
This entails the alteration of the interactions with the nucleus or its modification, to yield a change in weight or generation of gravity beams, or breakdown of Newton's third law such as in the work of Bearden, Wallace, Dan Fry, Gilber Jordan, extraterrestrial spacecraft (Lazar's element 115), Celtan, white powder (monoatomic elements), Dr. Charles Brush, and possibly cold fusion with ZPE interaction.
t
VII. BIOLOGICAL ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
These involve the human or animal element to obtain levitation, or weightless, psychokinetic action or inertia modification as in the Dr. William Crookes work on Home, Clark's party levitation, yogi masters, religious saints, Russian mirror chamber research, bumblebee flight as well as the Rhino Beetle.
Copyright Antigravity News and Space Drive Technology
Vol. 2, No. 1, January-February 1998, p. 4.
All Rights Reserved.
Permission is Granted to Copy, Forward, or Post with this Unaltered Notice kept intact.
The AGN Website is at: http://www.padrak.com/agn/
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and most powerful particle collider, most complex experimental facility ever built, and the largest single machine in the world.
It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) between 1998 and 2008 in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and engineers from over 100 countries, as well as hundreds of universities and laboratories.
The Higgs boson is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physics. It is the quantum excitation of the Higgs field, a fundamental field of crucial importance to particle physics theory first suspected to exist in the 1960s and was discovered in 2012 in lhc.
Inside the accelerator, two high-energy particle beams travel at close to the speed of light before they are made to collide. The beams travel in opposite directions in separate beam pipes – two tubes kept at ultrahigh vacuum. They are guided around the accelerator ring by a strong magnetic field maintained by superconducting electromagnets.
The God Particle or God particle may refer to: Higgs boson, a particle in physics sometimes referred to as the God's Particle.
In 1994, Miguel Alcubierre proposed a method for changing the geometry of space by creating a wave that would cause the fabric of space ahead of a spacecraft to contract and the space behind it to expand. The ship would then ride this wave inside a region of flat space, known as a warp bubble, and would not move within this bubble but instead be carried along as the region itself moves due to the actions of the drive.
In a recent study, physicist Dr Erik Lentz outlined a way that a rocket could theoretically travel faster than light – or over 186,000 miles per second. At that speed, astronauts could reach other star systems in just a few years, allowing humanity to colonise faraway planets. Current rocket technology would take roughly 6,300 years to reach Proxima Centauri, the closest star to our Sun. So-called “warp drives” have been proposed before, but often rely on theoretical systems that break the laws of physics. That’s because according to Einstein’s general theory of relativity, it’s physically impossible for anything to travel faster than the speed of light.
Dr Lentz, a scientist at Göttingen University in Germany, says his imaginary warp drive would operate within the boundaries of physics. While other theories rely on “exotic” concepts, such as negative energy, his gets around this problem using a new theoretical particle. These hyper-fast “solitons” can travel at any speed while obeying the laws of physics, according to a Göttingen University press release. A soliton – also referred to as a “warp bubble” – is a compact wave that acts like a particle while maintaining its shape and moving at constant velocity.
Dr Lentz said he cooked up his theory after analysing existing research and discovered gaps in previous warp drive studies. He believes that solitons could travel faster than light and “create a conducting plasma and classical electromagnetic fields”. Both of these concepts are understood under conventional physics and obey Einstein’s theory of relativity. While his warp drive provides the tantalising possibility of faster-than-light travel, it’s still very much in the idea phase for now.
The contraption would require an enormous amount of energy that isn’t possible using modern technology. “The energy savings would need to be drastic, of approximately 30 orders of magnitude to be in range of modern nuclear fission reactors,” Dr Lentz said. The research was published in the journal Classical and Quantum Gravity.
The Ion Propulsion is being mostly used in the vacuum of space for accurate movement of various small ( less than 4800kgs) space bound vehicles like satellites. Although they are not used for launching bodies space from earth through the atmosphere primarily for their weak thrust (in hundreds of micro-Newton) which can’t overcome the pull of gravity & the drag of air successfully, technological advances may or may not enable the launching alongside chemical propulsion or entirely on its own in the far future. The motivation behind the experiment conducted was to gauge empirically the thrust produced by a simple ion thruster working in the near sea-level atmospheric conditions & to observe the propulsion at different configurations. Ion thrusters being one of the efficient engines poses some unanswered questions & are worth investigating mainly because of their high efficiencies. Although the prediction made is that the thrust will be in micro-Newton because of the low power input to the system & the overall efficiency may also be low (less than 50%) due to various losses in electrical systems, design, viscosity of air, etc. A well designed commercial thruster may be able to produce acceptable efficiencies but the setup used here is a simple one
In 1994, Miguel Alcubierre proposed a method for changing the geometry of space by creating a wave that would cause the fabric of space ahead of a spacecraft to contract and the space behind it to expand. The ship would then ride this wave inside a region of flat space, known as a warp bubble, and would not move within this bubble but instead be carried along as the region itself moves due to the actions of the drive.
In a recent study, physicist Dr Erik Lentz outlined a way that a rocket could theoretically travel faster than light – or over 186,000 miles per second. At that speed, astronauts could reach other star systems in just a few years, allowing humanity to colonise faraway planets. Current rocket technology would take roughly 6,300 years to reach Proxima Centauri, the closest star to our Sun. So-called “warp drives” have been proposed before, but often rely on theoretical systems that break the laws of physics. That’s because according to Einstein’s general theory of relativity, it’s physically impossible for anything to travel faster than the speed of light.
Dr Lentz, a scientist at Göttingen University in Germany, says his imaginary warp drive would operate within the boundaries of physics. While other theories rely on “exotic” concepts, such as negative energy, his gets around this problem using a new theoretical particle. These hyper-fast “solitons” can travel at any speed while obeying the laws of physics, according to a Göttingen University press release. A soliton – also referred to as a “warp bubble” – is a compact wave that acts like a particle while maintaining its shape and moving at constant velocity.
Dr Lentz said he cooked up his theory after analysing existing research and discovered gaps in previous warp drive studies. He believes that solitons could travel faster than light and “create a conducting plasma and classical electromagnetic fields”. Both of these concepts are understood under conventional physics and obey Einstein’s theory of relativity. While his warp drive provides the tantalising possibility of faster-than-light travel, it’s still very much in the idea phase for now.
The contraption would require an enormous amount of energy that isn’t possible using modern technology. “The energy savings would need to be drastic, of approximately 30 orders of magnitude to be in range of modern nuclear fission reactors,” Dr Lentz said. The research was published in the journal Classical and Quantum Gravity.
The Ion Propulsion is being mostly used in the vacuum of space for accurate movement of various small ( less than 4800kgs) space bound vehicles like satellites. Although they are not used for launching bodies space from earth through the atmosphere primarily for their weak thrust (in hundreds of micro-Newton) which can’t overcome the pull of gravity & the drag of air successfully, technological advances may or may not enable the launching alongside chemical propulsion or entirely on its own in the far future. The motivation behind the experiment conducted was to gauge empirically the thrust produced by a simple ion thruster working in the near sea-level atmospheric conditions & to observe the propulsion at different configurations. Ion thrusters being one of the efficient engines poses some unanswered questions & are worth investigating mainly because of their high efficiencies. Although the prediction made is that the thrust will be in micro-Newton because of the low power input to the system & the overall efficiency may also be low (less than 50%) due to various losses in electrical systems, design, viscosity of air, etc. A well designed commercial thruster may be able to produce acceptable efficiencies but the setup used here is a simple one
Dr. Toma Susi (University of Vienna, Austria) invited talk at the MRS Spring Meeting 2018 in Phoenix, AZ titled "Towards atomically precise manipulation of 2D nanostructures in the
electron microscope".
Airborne and underground matter-wave interferometers: geodesy, navigation and...Philippe Bouyer
The remarkable success of atom coherent manipulation techniques has motivated competitive research and development in precision metrology. Matter-wave inertial sensors – accelerometers, gyrometers, gravimeters – based on these techniques are all at the forefront of their respective measurement classes. Atom inertial sensors provide nowadays about the best accelerometers and gravimeters and allow, for instance, to make the most precise monitoring of gravity or to device precise tests of the weak equivalence principle (WEP). I present here some recent advances in these fields
Kilohertz-Rate MeV Ultrafast Electron Diffraction for Time-resolved Materials...Yi Lin
Ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) enables direct insight into structural dynamics of solids. Relativistic MeV-scale electron beams yield access to high-momentum scattering and preserve beam coherence, yet their application at high repetition rates for high-sensitivity UED has been limited. We discuss the High Repetition-rate Electron Scattering (HiRES) instrument at Berkeley Lab and its first applications to UED of metallic films and quantum materials. HiRES employs a state-of-the-art photoinjector with RF bunch compression to generate high-brightness, relativistic 0.75 MeV electron pulses with up to 105-106 el./pulse and with highest achievable coherence length of 10 nm. The resulting high momentum range (±10 Å-1) yields access over multiple Brillouin zones. The sub-500 fs electron pulses are provided at 0.1-250 kHz repetition rate, and combined with optical pumping via a 1.03 µm fiber amplifier enable UED of cryogenically cooled materials. We will show examples of first experiments including transient Debye-Waller dynamics in ultrathin metals at kHz repetition rate as well as studies of charge density waves in 2D materials.
Work at LBNL was supported by the DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences.
international workshop accelerator based neutron sources for medical industrial and scientific applications torino eurosea international workshop accelerator based neutron sources for medical industrial and scientific applications torino eurosea
The Exotic Physics of an Ordinary MorningChad Orzel
Slides from my TEDxAlbany talk, December 3, 2015. The topic was showing the was that quantum-mechanical phenomena show up in mundane morning activities like making toast, waking to an alarm, and checking social media.
Talking Dogs and Galileian Blogs: Social Media for Communicating ScienceChad Orzel
Slides from my Forman Lecture talk at Vanderbilt University 3/26/15. Arguing that the current state of the world demands greater engagement with a broader public on the part of scientists, and that social media can be a powerful tool for this. Including discussion of pros and cons of specific platforms, and advice based on 12+ years of talking science on the Internet, sometimes with my dog.
Slides for a talk given at Physics Day at Space Center Houston, May 1-2 2014. Explains why nothing can move faster than the speed of light using spacetime diagrams.
Lecture slides for a class giving a historical overview of quantum mechanics, including black-body radiation, the photoelectric effect, and the Bohr model of hydrogen. Used in a class for non-majors titled "A Brief History of Timekeeping," as a lead-in to talking about atomic clocks.
Lecture slides from a class on atomic clocks, giving an overview of the basic idea and some of the history leading up to modern laser-cooled cesium fountain clocks. Given as part of a class for non-majors titled "A Brief History of Timekeeping."
Lecture slides from a class introducing quantum mechanics to non-majors, giving an overview of black-body radiation, the photoelectric effect, and the Bohr model. Used as part of a course titled "A Brief history of Timekeeping," as a lead-in to talking about atomic clocks
What's So Interesting About AMO Phyiscs?Chad Orzel
A talk given at the 2011 meeting of the Division of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics (DAMOP) of the American Physical Society, summarizing recent and exciting results in AMO physics being presented at the meeting.
What Every Dog Should Know About Quantum PhysicsChad Orzel
A public lecture on quantum physics and why it is important enough that even dogs should know about it. Based on my book, ow to Teach Physics to Your Dog. Given at the University of Alabama on 9/30/10.
What Every Dog Should Know About Quantum PhysicsChad Orzel
A talk on the essential elements of quantum mechanics, given to a group of Albany area home-schooled students and parents. The second slide is a video of a dramatic reading of Chapter 3 of _How to Teach Physics to Your Dog_ (Scribner, 2009, available wherever books are sold); the video can be found on YouTube.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
High Precision, Not High Energy: Using Atomic Physics to Look Beyond the Standard Model (Part II)
1. High Precision, Not High Energy
Using Atomic Physics to Look Beyond the Standard Model
Part 2: Never Measure Anything But Frequency
2. Beyond the Standard Model
Ways to look for new physics:
1) Direct creation
2) Passive detection
Image: Mike Tarbutt/ Physics World
3) Precision measurement
Look for exotic physics in
relatively mundane systems
using precision spectroscopy to
measure extremely tiny effects
3. New Physics from Forbidden Events
Parity-Violating Transitions
Observed, levels consistent with Standard Model
Photon Statistics, other departures from normal
No sign, consistent with Standard Model
Lorentz/ CPT symmetry violation
No sign, consistent with Standard Model
Standard Model holding strong…
… but more stringent tests possible
frequency shift measurements
4. Frequency
“Never measure anything but frequency!”
-- Arthur Schawlow
(1981 Nobel in Physics)
Art Schawlow, ca. 1960
http://www.aip.org/history/exhibits/
laser/sections/whoinvented.html
Extremely well-developed techniques for
frequency measurements
Atomic clocks
Same techniques enable
ultra-precise measurements of
all sorts of frequencies
5. Clocks
Harrison’s marine chronometer
Image: Royal Museums Greenwich
Newgrange passage tomb
Built ~3000 BCE
Timekeeping: counting “ticks”
Clock: Model compared to
standard
7. Comparing Clocks
Step 1: Synchronize unknown clock with standard
Step 2: Wait a while
8. Comparing Clocks
Step 1: Synchronize unknown clock with standard
Step 2: Wait a while
Step 3: Check standard again
Adjust as needed…
9. Atomic Clocks
Δ퐸 = ℎ푓
Atoms are ideal time standards:
Frequency of light fixed by Quantum Mechanics
No moving parts (not accessible by users…)
All atoms of given isotope are identical
SI Unit of Time (definition 1967):
The second is the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the
radiation corresponding to the transition between the two
hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom.
10. Ramsey Interferometry
Norman Ramsey ca. 1952
Image: AIP, Emilio Segre archive
Atomic clock:
Microwave source compared
to atomic transition
Complicated by motion of atoms
Doppler shifts
Inhomogeneities
Limited interaction time
Best frequency measurements use Ramsey Interferometry
(1989 Nobel Prize in Physics)
11. Ramsey Interferometry
Step 1: Prepare superposition state
Light from lab oscillator used to make “p/2-pulse”
p/2
“Bloch Sphere” picture
12. Ramsey Interferometry
Step 1: Prepare superposition state
“Bloch Sphere” picture
Step 2: Free evolution for time T
Upper and lower states evolve at different rates “phase”
(wave frequency depends on energy of state)
13. Ramsey Interferometry
Step 1: Prepare superposition state
“Bloch Sphere” picture
Step 2: Free evolution for time T
Step 3: Second p/2-pulse, interference
Final population determined by phase between states
p/2
14. Ramsey Interferometry
Step 1: Prepare superposition state
“Bloch Sphere” picture
Step 2: Free evolution for time T
Step 3: Second p/2-pulse, interference
Final population determined by phase between states
p/2
15. Ramsey Interferometry
Clock signal:
interference fringes
Maximum probability exactly
on resonance frequency
Uncertainty in frequency
depends on 1/T
For best performance, need to maximize free evolution time T
Cold atoms, fountain clocks
Image: NIST
16. Fountain Clock
Dawn Meekhof and Steve Jefferts
with NIST-F1 (Images: NIST)
T~1s
Part in 1016 accuracy
1.0000000000000000 ±0.0000000000000001 s
17. Clocks for New Physics
Clock technology enables
15-digit precision
Experimental clocks at
17-18 digits
Change in clock frequency due to
33-cm change in elevation
(Data from Chou et al.,
Science 329, 1630-1633 (2010))
Sensitive to tiny shifts
Lorentz violation
Changing “constants”
Forbidden moments
General Relativity
18. Fine Structure Constant
훼 =
1
4휋휖0
푒2
ℏ푐
~
1
137
Enrico Fermi Image: Chicago/AIP
Determines strength of EM force
Energies of atomic states
“Fine structure”: DEfs ~ Z2a2
“Hyperfine”: DEhfs ~ Za2 푚푒푙푒푐푡푟표푛
푚푝푟표푡표푛
Exotic physics changes a
(not this much
change…)
19. Electron g-Factor
(from Hanneke et al., PRA 83 052122 (2011))
Best measurement of a uses
single trapped electron
Rotation:
Δ퐸 = ℎ휈푐
Spin flip:
Δ퐸 =
푔
2
ℎ휈푐
Dirac Equation predicts g=2
Difference tests QED
g = 2.00231930436146 ± 0.00000000000056
20. Fine Structure Constant
g = 2.00231930436146
± 0.00000000000056
Extract value of a from QED
1
훼
= 137.035999166(34)
Value from atom interferometry
1
훼
= 137.035999037(91)
8th-order Feynman
diagram
Comparison tests high-order QED, including muons and hadrons
Extend to positrons, protons, antiprotons…
21. Changing Constants
훼 =
1
4휋휖0
푒2
ℏ푐
=
1
137.035999166(34)
(Right now…)
Limits on past change:
Oklo “natural reactor”
Image: R. Loss/Curtin Univ. of Tech.
Fission products from
1.7 billion years ago
Constrains possible
change in a over
time
22. Astronomical Constraints
Image: NASA
Look at absorption/emission
lines from distant galaxies
Wavelength depends on
value of a in the past
Compare many transitions,
sort out redshift vs. Da
24. Modern AMO Physics
Limits on change in a around
Δ훼
훼
≤ 10−5
Average rate of change:
훼
훼
≤ 10−16 푦푟−1
One year of atomic clock operation
Spatial variation should lead to
훼
훼
≈ 10−19 푦푟−1
Image: NASA
(Sun orbiting Milky Way moves through dipole)
25. Clock Comparisons
! " # " $ % &
14 years
6 years
~1 year
~1 year
훼
훼
= −0.16 ± 0.23 × 10−16 푦푟−1
26. Clocks for New Physics
Clock technology enables
15-digit precision
Experimental clocks at
17-18 digits
Change in clock frequency due to
33-cm change in elevation
(Data from Chou et al.,
Science 329, 1630-1633 (2010))
Sensitive to tiny shifts
Lorentz violation
Changing “constants”
Forbidden moments
27. Electric Dipole Moment
Fundamental particles have “spin”
Magnetic dipole moment, energy shift in magnetic field
Electric dipole moment would violate T symmetry
Only tiny EDM (~10-40 e-cm) allowed in Standard Model
Larger in all Standard Model extensions
29. Measuring EDM
Basic procedure: Apply large electric field, look for change in energy
Problem 1: Electrons are charged, move in response to field
Solution 1: Look at electrons bound to atoms or molecules
Problem 2: Electrons redistribute to cancel internal field
Solution 2: Relativity limits cancelation, look at heavy atoms
Problem 3: Extremely large fields are difficult to produce in lab
Solution 3: Polar molecules provide extremely large (GV/cm)
internal fields for small applied lab fields
Look for EDM in polar molecules involving heavy atoms
30. EDM Measurement
Atomic
Beam
Source
State
Preparation
State
Detection
Magnetic field
Electric field
32. EDM Limits
Source: B. Spaun thesis, Harvard 2014
YbF molecule
(Imperial College)
Thallium atom
(Berkeley)
ThO molecule
(Harvard/Yale)
de < 8.7 ×10-29 e-cm (90% c.l.)
33. Other Opportunities
1) Systematic improvement
Steady improvement of uncertainties in clocks, etc.
Longer run times
ACME projects another factor of 10 in EDM limit
34. Other Opportunities
1) Systematic improvement
2) Similar processes, new systems
New molecules, ions for EDM searches
“Nuclear clock” in thorium
Dysprosium spectroscopy
Lorentz symmetry tests, coupling to dark matter
35. Other Opportunities
1) Systematic improvement
2) Similar processes, new systems
3) Exotic systems
Measure g-factor for positron, proton, antiproton
Test CPT symmetry
Exotic “atoms” positronium, muonic hydrogen
“Proton charge radius problem”
36. Other Opportunities
1) Systematic improvement
2) Similar processes, new systems
3) Exotic systems
4) ????
Never underestimate the ingenuity of physicists…
No new physics yet, but it has to be out there…
Just a matter of looking carefully in the right places
37.
38. Names to Conjure With
Experiment Theory
Toichiro Kinoshita
Cornell University
Gerald Gabrielse
http://gabrielse.physics.harvard.edu/
Dave DeMille
http://www.yale.edu/demillegroup/
Ed Hinds
http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/ccm/
NIST Time and Frequency
http://www.nist.gov/pml/div688/
ACME Collaboration
http://laserstorm.harvard.edu/edm/
LNE-SYRTE
http://syrte.obspm.fr/tfc/frequences_optiques/accueil_en.php
39. Clock Comparisons
Single clock can’t detect change in a, but comparison of two atoms can
1) Cs-Rb ground-state hyperfine, monitored over 14 years
훼
훼
= −0.25 ± 0.26 × 10−16 푦푟−1
2) Sr optical lattice clocks, over 6 years (compare to Cs standard)
훼
훼
= −3.3 ± 3.0 × 10−16 푦푟−1
3) Al+ and Hg+ trapped ions, over 1 year
훼
훼
= −0.16 ± 0.23 × 10−16 푦푟−1
40. Frequency Comb
Ultra-fast pulsed laser: lots of little lasers with different frequencies
Spaced by repetition rate determined by size of cavity
Allows comparison of laser frequencies over huge range
Frequency
Intensity
nn=n nrep+fcav ×2
nbeat = fcav
n2n=2n nrep+fcav