This document provides information about particle physics research conducted at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It begins with an overview of the LHC's goal of colliding protons at high energies to recreate conditions after the Big Bang. It then discusses what particle physicists study, including probing unanswered questions about the standard model and exploring new frontiers like dark matter. The document outlines the structure and function of the LHC, including its racetrack tunnel, proton beams, superconducting magnets, and detectors that analyze collision data. Key topics of interest to physicists, such as the Higgs particle, are also summarized.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN will collide protons and lead ions at very high energies to recreate conditions shortly after the Big Bang. It consists of a 27km ringed accelerator and four large detectors that will observe collision outcomes. The LHC is an enormously complex engineering project involving accelerating particles to near light speed using superconducting magnets and detecting collision results using specialized detector technologies to help explain fundamental questions in physics.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator, located at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. It was built between 1998-2008 by over 10,000 scientists from over 100 countries. The LHC accelerates beams of hadrons, like protons, to energies of 7 TeV per particle and collides them to study fundamental particles and forces. Its main goals are to discover the Higgs boson, investigate dark matter and extra dimensions, and recreate conditions shortly after the Big Bang. It has four main detecting cabins - ATLAS, CMS, ALICE and LHCb - that collect and analyze data from the high-energy collisions.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and most powerful particle collider located at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland. Built between 1998 and 2008 by over 10,000 scientists and engineers from over 100 countries, the LHC lies in a 27-kilometer tunnel up to 175 meters underground. Physicists use the LHC to study the collisions of beams of hadrons (protons and heavy ions) circulating at nearly the speed of light to investigate fundamental questions in physics, such as the Higgs mechanism, supersymmetry, extra dimensions, and dark matter. The LHC led to the 2012 discovery of the Higgs boson and continues making new discoveries through high-energy collisions analyzed using detectors like AT
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and most powerful particle collider, most complex experimental facility ever built,
Largest single machine in the world.
It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) between 1998 & 2008
10,000 scientists and engineers from over 100 countries,
Lies in a tunnel 27 kilometres (17 mi) in circumference, as deep as 175 metres (574 ft) beneath the France–Switzerland border near Geneva, Switzerland,
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is a large particle accelerator located at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland. Built between 1998 and 2008 at a cost of $9 billion, it collides opposing beams of protons or lead ions to study particle physics, including attempts to detect the Higgs boson. The LHC is housed in a 27 km circular tunnel 175 m underground and can accelerate protons up to 7 TeV per nucleon. Six international experiments analyze particles produced in the collisions. While initial operation was delayed by a magnet quench in 2008, the LHC discovered the Higgs boson in 2012 and continues operating to explore new physics.
Do thank me after downloading it on dhroovp.0330@gmail.com.
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5p5GC6o1kqcZE1YHq4gS6g
The Large Hadron Collider is Highest energy particle collider ever made, to test the predictions of particle physics and high-energy physics theories.
CERN operates the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a particle accelerator that was built to study fundamental subatomic particles and recreate conditions similar to those shortly after the Big Bang. The LHC accelerates beams of hadrons, which are particles composed of quarks, and causes the beams to collide within the 27 kilometer circumference accelerator. Scientists hope these high-energy collisions will help answer questions about the universe and allow observation of what occurred after the Big Bang and what may happen in the future evolution of the universe.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN will collide protons and lead ions at very high energies to recreate conditions shortly after the Big Bang. It consists of a 27km ringed accelerator and four large detectors that will observe collision outcomes. The LHC is an enormously complex engineering project involving accelerating particles to near light speed using superconducting magnets and detecting collision results using specialized detector technologies to help explain fundamental questions in physics.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator, located at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. It was built between 1998-2008 by over 10,000 scientists from over 100 countries. The LHC accelerates beams of hadrons, like protons, to energies of 7 TeV per particle and collides them to study fundamental particles and forces. Its main goals are to discover the Higgs boson, investigate dark matter and extra dimensions, and recreate conditions shortly after the Big Bang. It has four main detecting cabins - ATLAS, CMS, ALICE and LHCb - that collect and analyze data from the high-energy collisions.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and most powerful particle collider located at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland. Built between 1998 and 2008 by over 10,000 scientists and engineers from over 100 countries, the LHC lies in a 27-kilometer tunnel up to 175 meters underground. Physicists use the LHC to study the collisions of beams of hadrons (protons and heavy ions) circulating at nearly the speed of light to investigate fundamental questions in physics, such as the Higgs mechanism, supersymmetry, extra dimensions, and dark matter. The LHC led to the 2012 discovery of the Higgs boson and continues making new discoveries through high-energy collisions analyzed using detectors like AT
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and most powerful particle collider, most complex experimental facility ever built,
Largest single machine in the world.
It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) between 1998 & 2008
10,000 scientists and engineers from over 100 countries,
Lies in a tunnel 27 kilometres (17 mi) in circumference, as deep as 175 metres (574 ft) beneath the France–Switzerland border near Geneva, Switzerland,
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is a large particle accelerator located at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland. Built between 1998 and 2008 at a cost of $9 billion, it collides opposing beams of protons or lead ions to study particle physics, including attempts to detect the Higgs boson. The LHC is housed in a 27 km circular tunnel 175 m underground and can accelerate protons up to 7 TeV per nucleon. Six international experiments analyze particles produced in the collisions. While initial operation was delayed by a magnet quench in 2008, the LHC discovered the Higgs boson in 2012 and continues operating to explore new physics.
Do thank me after downloading it on dhroovp.0330@gmail.com.
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5p5GC6o1kqcZE1YHq4gS6g
The Large Hadron Collider is Highest energy particle collider ever made, to test the predictions of particle physics and high-energy physics theories.
CERN operates the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a particle accelerator that was built to study fundamental subatomic particles and recreate conditions similar to those shortly after the Big Bang. The LHC accelerates beams of hadrons, which are particles composed of quarks, and causes the beams to collide within the 27 kilometer circumference accelerator. Scientists hope these high-energy collisions will help answer questions about the universe and allow observation of what occurred after the Big Bang and what may happen in the future evolution of the universe.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the highest energy particle collider ever built. It was constructed by CERN near Geneva, Switzerland to test theories of particle physics by colliding protons at high energies, recreating conditions shortly after the Big Bang. The LHC aims to answer questions like discovering the Higgs boson and exploring dark matter, extra dimensions, and what happened in the early universe. While searching for unknown particles, the LHC may provide insights with applications for medicine, technology, and understanding antimatter asymmetry that could explain our matter-dominated universe.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is a 17-mile long particle accelerator that smashes protons together at nearly the speed of light to recreate conditions shortly after the Big Bang and answer fundamental questions about the universe. It aims to detect elusive particles like the Higgs boson and help explain mysteries like dark matter. The LHC accelerates two beams of protons in opposite directions around its ring and uses powerful magnets to force the beams to collide in four locations, where detectors observe the collision debris to gain insights into physics at the smallest scales.
The Large Hadron Collider The Worlds Largest MicroscopeworldTC
The document discusses the Large Hadron Collider, including its purpose to help understand the structure of matter and the four fundamental forces. It will collide particles at high energies to help provide a final picture and address remaining theory issues in physics. Sections cover the collider itself, fundamental particles, the four forces, goals for developing a final model, how the collider works, and outstanding theoretical questions.
Particle Physics, CERN and the Large Hadron Colliderjuanrojochacon
The document discusses particle physics research done at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It describes the LHC as the most powerful particle accelerator ever built, with a 27 km long tunnel housing detectors that observe proton collisions at very high energies. One of the LHC's major discoveries was the Higgs boson particle in 2012. The document outlines how the LHC allows scientists to study the fundamental building blocks of matter at the smallest observable scales.
Large hadron collider by 1329040094(shivam chaudhary)Shivam Chaudhary
Shivam presented on the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The LHC is a 27 km particle accelerator that collides beams of hadrons, which are particles made of quarks, at nearly the speed of light. This generates enormous energy that scientists hope will help create a model of the early universe and discover more fundamental particles. While the LHC could provide benefits like cancer therapy advances, it also requires a large amount of energy in one place and there is a risk it could create small black holes, with no fixed time for when the experiment will end.
The document provides an overview of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, including its history, construction challenges, and operation. It discusses the LHC's magnets and particle focusing scheme using superconducting magnets to achieve unprecedented beam energies of 7 TeV. It also describes the LHC's luminosity goals and interaction regions where particle collisions take place, as well as its injection and beam filling schemes to maximize collision rates.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and ATLAS detector:
- The LHC is a large particle accelerator that collides beams of protons around a 4.3km ring to study particle physics.
- ATLAS is one of the main detectors at the LHC, measuring 46m long and weighing 7,000 tonnes.
- The LHC and ATLAS involve thousands of physicists from 34 countries and will collect 1 petabyte of collision data per year over 10 years of operation to study rare particles like the top quark.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest particle accelerator, located at CERN in Switzerland. It accelerates particles to near light-speed and collides them to study subatomic particles. Researchers use it to answer fundamental questions about the universe and discover particles like the Higgs boson. Some physicists have theorized that colliding particles at very high energies could potentially trigger a microscopic black hole that could grow and absorb the planet, though this risk is considered very small. The document discusses the ethical questions around continuing such high-energy research.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and highest-energy particle collider located at CERN near Geneva. Protons are accelerated and collided at energies of 7 TeV in the 27 km circular tunnel. Four detectors - ATLAS, CMS, ALICE, and LHCb - study the particles produced in the collisions to address fundamental questions in physics such as the discovery of the Higgs boson and exploration of dark matter and extra dimensions. The LHC began operations in 2008 but was halted that year due to an incident. It resumed collisions in 2009 and made its first major discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and most powerful particle collider located near Geneva, Switzerland. Built by CERN in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists from around the world, the LHC has a circumference of 27 km and accelerates protons to energies of 13 TeV before colliding them. Some of the LHC's major discoveries include the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2013 and observations of tetraquarks and quark-gluon plasma, while hoped-for discoveries like supersymmetric particles have not yet been found. The LHC continues to analyze vast amounts of data to probe unexplained phenomena and search for physics beyond the Standard Model.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and most powerful particle collider located in a tunnel under the France-Switzerland border. Built by CERN between 1998 and 2008, the LHC was designed to collide beams of protons or heavy ions at very high energies to study the smallest known particles and discover new ones. Its primary goals are to test theories like supersymmetry and the existence of the Higgs boson, which was discovered in 2012. The LHC contains several large detectors that analyze collision data to advance understanding of fundamental physics.
This document provides an introduction to CERN and summarizes a presentation given to Dutch professors. It discusses CERN's mission of training scientists and engineers, pushing the frontiers of knowledge through experiments like those exploring the Big Bang, developing new technologies, and uniting people from different countries. The document outlines CERN's history and founding in 1954 with 12 European member states. It has now grown to include 21 member states. CERN operates the Large Hadron Collider, a 27km ring that collides protons and heavy ions at very high energies to study particle physics and probe beyond the Standard Model. CERN provides opportunities for students and engineers from around the world through research projects and training programs.
The Standard Model and the LHC in the Higgs Boson Erajuanrojochacon
The document discusses the Standard Model of particle physics and the role of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) following the discovery of the Higgs boson. It provides background on the development of the Standard Model and discovery of its key particles like quarks, gluons, and weak bosons. It describes the LHC as the most powerful particle collider built to explore physics at the highest energies and probe unanswered questions left by the Standard Model. Four main detectors at the LHC, including ATLAS and CMS, precisely measure collision products to explore fundamental particles and forces.
The document discusses the history of particle physics and the development of the Standard Model of particle physics. It describes how particles like electrons, protons, neutrons were discovered and how the atomic model evolved. Experiments at particle accelerators revealed more fundamental particles that were grouped into families and the three quark model was developed. The Higgs mechanism was proposed to explain how fundamental particles acquire mass through interacting with the hypothesized Higgs field. The Large Hadron Collider was built at CERN to search for the predicted but not yet observed Higgs boson and potentially discover signs of new physics like supersymmetry.
HIGG's BOSON - The 'GOD' Particle - Theerumalai GaTheerumalai Ga
A debut prize winning 5 minute presentation on the GOD particle 'Higg's Boson" at "CHENMAPH- 2K16". A brief description on what is Higg's Boson, it's properties, it's discovery, it's Nobel prize feat and it's importance. A short note on "L.H.C" - Large Hadron Collidor
The document discusses the discovery of the Higgs boson particle, also known as the "God particle". It provides background on the development of the standard model of particle physics and the theoretical prediction of the Higgs boson. Experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider aimed to detect the Higgs boson, and in 2012 they announced evidence of a new boson that matches the properties of the Higgs boson, with its existence being confirmed in 2013. Finding the Higgs boson was a major milestone in understanding particle physics and mass.
The Higgs boson is the last “missing piece” of the Standard Model and the 5th member of the boson family (but not a force carrier).
The Higgs is a hypothetical particle that gives mass to all other particles that normally have mass.
The Higgs particle creates a Higgs field that permeates spacetime.
The Higgs particle and its corresponding field are critical to the understanding and validation of the SM, since the Higgs is deemed responsible for giving particles their mass.
The elusive Higgs is so central to the SM and the theory on which the whole understanding of matter is based, if the Higgs does not exist (is not detected), we will not be able to explain the origin of mass.
Numerous people chat quietly in a fairly crowded room.
Rajnikanth enters the room causing a disturbance in the field.
Followers cluster and surround Rajnikanth as this group of people forms a “massive object”.
The document discusses the Higgs boson particle and its significance in fundamental physics. It explores how the concept of the "god particle" emerged and led to the development of the Standard Model. The Higgs boson is the only particle in the Standard Model that has not been observed. Finding evidence of the Higgs boson would complete the Standard Model and help explain the origin of mass. Large experiments like the LHC were built to detect the rare Higgs boson and gain insights into fundamental forces and particles.
Lattice Energy LLC - HESS Collaboration reports evidence for PeV cosmic rays ...Lewis Larsen
HESS Collaboration has published important paper in Nature: detected gamma rays coming from Milky Way’s black hole indicating that PeV cosmic rays come from same source. Widom-Larsen-Srivastava theory provides many-body collective mechanism that can accelerate protons to PeV and higher energies in the immediate vicinity of such black holes. Cosmic ray particle energies depend upon field strength in magnetic structures, size of structure, and duration of charged particle accleration.
This presentation is about large hadron colliders .
The LHC is based at the European particle physics laboratory CERN, near Geneva in Switzerland,
Topics covered in presentation are
1)What is LHC?
2)What is main purpose of the LHC?
3)What is Higg boson and its speed
4)How particles are accelerated
5)Detectors
1)ATLAS
2)ALICE
3)CMS
4)LHCB
6)Application
7)Merits
8)Demerits
Particle accelerators and colliders have been used since the early 20th century to study particle physics. Colliders accelerate two beams of particles to high energies and allow them to collide. Past colliders included the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) at CERN and the Tevatron at Fermilab. The current collider is the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. Future proposed colliders include the International Linear Collider (ILC).
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the highest energy particle collider ever built. It was constructed by CERN near Geneva, Switzerland to test theories of particle physics by colliding protons at high energies, recreating conditions shortly after the Big Bang. The LHC aims to answer questions like discovering the Higgs boson and exploring dark matter, extra dimensions, and what happened in the early universe. While searching for unknown particles, the LHC may provide insights with applications for medicine, technology, and understanding antimatter asymmetry that could explain our matter-dominated universe.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is a 17-mile long particle accelerator that smashes protons together at nearly the speed of light to recreate conditions shortly after the Big Bang and answer fundamental questions about the universe. It aims to detect elusive particles like the Higgs boson and help explain mysteries like dark matter. The LHC accelerates two beams of protons in opposite directions around its ring and uses powerful magnets to force the beams to collide in four locations, where detectors observe the collision debris to gain insights into physics at the smallest scales.
The Large Hadron Collider The Worlds Largest MicroscopeworldTC
The document discusses the Large Hadron Collider, including its purpose to help understand the structure of matter and the four fundamental forces. It will collide particles at high energies to help provide a final picture and address remaining theory issues in physics. Sections cover the collider itself, fundamental particles, the four forces, goals for developing a final model, how the collider works, and outstanding theoretical questions.
Particle Physics, CERN and the Large Hadron Colliderjuanrojochacon
The document discusses particle physics research done at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It describes the LHC as the most powerful particle accelerator ever built, with a 27 km long tunnel housing detectors that observe proton collisions at very high energies. One of the LHC's major discoveries was the Higgs boson particle in 2012. The document outlines how the LHC allows scientists to study the fundamental building blocks of matter at the smallest observable scales.
Large hadron collider by 1329040094(shivam chaudhary)Shivam Chaudhary
Shivam presented on the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The LHC is a 27 km particle accelerator that collides beams of hadrons, which are particles made of quarks, at nearly the speed of light. This generates enormous energy that scientists hope will help create a model of the early universe and discover more fundamental particles. While the LHC could provide benefits like cancer therapy advances, it also requires a large amount of energy in one place and there is a risk it could create small black holes, with no fixed time for when the experiment will end.
The document provides an overview of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, including its history, construction challenges, and operation. It discusses the LHC's magnets and particle focusing scheme using superconducting magnets to achieve unprecedented beam energies of 7 TeV. It also describes the LHC's luminosity goals and interaction regions where particle collisions take place, as well as its injection and beam filling schemes to maximize collision rates.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and ATLAS detector:
- The LHC is a large particle accelerator that collides beams of protons around a 4.3km ring to study particle physics.
- ATLAS is one of the main detectors at the LHC, measuring 46m long and weighing 7,000 tonnes.
- The LHC and ATLAS involve thousands of physicists from 34 countries and will collect 1 petabyte of collision data per year over 10 years of operation to study rare particles like the top quark.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest particle accelerator, located at CERN in Switzerland. It accelerates particles to near light-speed and collides them to study subatomic particles. Researchers use it to answer fundamental questions about the universe and discover particles like the Higgs boson. Some physicists have theorized that colliding particles at very high energies could potentially trigger a microscopic black hole that could grow and absorb the planet, though this risk is considered very small. The document discusses the ethical questions around continuing such high-energy research.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and highest-energy particle collider located at CERN near Geneva. Protons are accelerated and collided at energies of 7 TeV in the 27 km circular tunnel. Four detectors - ATLAS, CMS, ALICE, and LHCb - study the particles produced in the collisions to address fundamental questions in physics such as the discovery of the Higgs boson and exploration of dark matter and extra dimensions. The LHC began operations in 2008 but was halted that year due to an incident. It resumed collisions in 2009 and made its first major discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and most powerful particle collider located near Geneva, Switzerland. Built by CERN in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists from around the world, the LHC has a circumference of 27 km and accelerates protons to energies of 13 TeV before colliding them. Some of the LHC's major discoveries include the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2013 and observations of tetraquarks and quark-gluon plasma, while hoped-for discoveries like supersymmetric particles have not yet been found. The LHC continues to analyze vast amounts of data to probe unexplained phenomena and search for physics beyond the Standard Model.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and most powerful particle collider located in a tunnel under the France-Switzerland border. Built by CERN between 1998 and 2008, the LHC was designed to collide beams of protons or heavy ions at very high energies to study the smallest known particles and discover new ones. Its primary goals are to test theories like supersymmetry and the existence of the Higgs boson, which was discovered in 2012. The LHC contains several large detectors that analyze collision data to advance understanding of fundamental physics.
This document provides an introduction to CERN and summarizes a presentation given to Dutch professors. It discusses CERN's mission of training scientists and engineers, pushing the frontiers of knowledge through experiments like those exploring the Big Bang, developing new technologies, and uniting people from different countries. The document outlines CERN's history and founding in 1954 with 12 European member states. It has now grown to include 21 member states. CERN operates the Large Hadron Collider, a 27km ring that collides protons and heavy ions at very high energies to study particle physics and probe beyond the Standard Model. CERN provides opportunities for students and engineers from around the world through research projects and training programs.
The Standard Model and the LHC in the Higgs Boson Erajuanrojochacon
The document discusses the Standard Model of particle physics and the role of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) following the discovery of the Higgs boson. It provides background on the development of the Standard Model and discovery of its key particles like quarks, gluons, and weak bosons. It describes the LHC as the most powerful particle collider built to explore physics at the highest energies and probe unanswered questions left by the Standard Model. Four main detectors at the LHC, including ATLAS and CMS, precisely measure collision products to explore fundamental particles and forces.
The document discusses the history of particle physics and the development of the Standard Model of particle physics. It describes how particles like electrons, protons, neutrons were discovered and how the atomic model evolved. Experiments at particle accelerators revealed more fundamental particles that were grouped into families and the three quark model was developed. The Higgs mechanism was proposed to explain how fundamental particles acquire mass through interacting with the hypothesized Higgs field. The Large Hadron Collider was built at CERN to search for the predicted but not yet observed Higgs boson and potentially discover signs of new physics like supersymmetry.
HIGG's BOSON - The 'GOD' Particle - Theerumalai GaTheerumalai Ga
A debut prize winning 5 minute presentation on the GOD particle 'Higg's Boson" at "CHENMAPH- 2K16". A brief description on what is Higg's Boson, it's properties, it's discovery, it's Nobel prize feat and it's importance. A short note on "L.H.C" - Large Hadron Collidor
The document discusses the discovery of the Higgs boson particle, also known as the "God particle". It provides background on the development of the standard model of particle physics and the theoretical prediction of the Higgs boson. Experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider aimed to detect the Higgs boson, and in 2012 they announced evidence of a new boson that matches the properties of the Higgs boson, with its existence being confirmed in 2013. Finding the Higgs boson was a major milestone in understanding particle physics and mass.
The Higgs boson is the last “missing piece” of the Standard Model and the 5th member of the boson family (but not a force carrier).
The Higgs is a hypothetical particle that gives mass to all other particles that normally have mass.
The Higgs particle creates a Higgs field that permeates spacetime.
The Higgs particle and its corresponding field are critical to the understanding and validation of the SM, since the Higgs is deemed responsible for giving particles their mass.
The elusive Higgs is so central to the SM and the theory on which the whole understanding of matter is based, if the Higgs does not exist (is not detected), we will not be able to explain the origin of mass.
Numerous people chat quietly in a fairly crowded room.
Rajnikanth enters the room causing a disturbance in the field.
Followers cluster and surround Rajnikanth as this group of people forms a “massive object”.
The document discusses the Higgs boson particle and its significance in fundamental physics. It explores how the concept of the "god particle" emerged and led to the development of the Standard Model. The Higgs boson is the only particle in the Standard Model that has not been observed. Finding evidence of the Higgs boson would complete the Standard Model and help explain the origin of mass. Large experiments like the LHC were built to detect the rare Higgs boson and gain insights into fundamental forces and particles.
Lattice Energy LLC - HESS Collaboration reports evidence for PeV cosmic rays ...Lewis Larsen
HESS Collaboration has published important paper in Nature: detected gamma rays coming from Milky Way’s black hole indicating that PeV cosmic rays come from same source. Widom-Larsen-Srivastava theory provides many-body collective mechanism that can accelerate protons to PeV and higher energies in the immediate vicinity of such black holes. Cosmic ray particle energies depend upon field strength in magnetic structures, size of structure, and duration of charged particle accleration.
This presentation is about large hadron colliders .
The LHC is based at the European particle physics laboratory CERN, near Geneva in Switzerland,
Topics covered in presentation are
1)What is LHC?
2)What is main purpose of the LHC?
3)What is Higg boson and its speed
4)How particles are accelerated
5)Detectors
1)ATLAS
2)ALICE
3)CMS
4)LHCB
6)Application
7)Merits
8)Demerits
Particle accelerators and colliders have been used since the early 20th century to study particle physics. Colliders accelerate two beams of particles to high energies and allow them to collide. Past colliders included the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) at CERN and the Tevatron at Fermilab. The current collider is the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. Future proposed colliders include the International Linear Collider (ILC).
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator, built by CERN between 1998 and 2008. It was constructed by scientists and engineers from over 100 countries and is used to collide beams of hadrons like protons and lead ions at very high energies to study the fundamental structure of the universe and laws of physics. Analysis of the collision byproducts provides evidence about subatomic particle structure and the forces governing the natural world.
- The document describes the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) particle accelerator located at CERN. It is made up of several components that sequentially accelerate protons to higher energies, including Linac 2, the Proton Synchrotron Booster, the Proton Synchrotron, and the Super Proton Synchrotron.
- The largest component is the LHC, which is 27 kilometers in circumference and accelerates the protons to an energy of 7 TeV before they collide in detectors. It requires operating at a temperature colder than outer space to function.
- The document provides details on each component of the accelerator chain and their purpose in accelerating the protons up to collision energy in the LHC. It
Project report on LHC " Large Hadron Collider " MachineJyotismat Raul
This is a Project report on "LARGE HADRON COLLIDER MACHINE ". So just have a look and get some knowledge and Few known facts about this Mega new on demand topic.
THANK YOU
Большие данные в физике элементарных частиц на примере LHCb - Guy Wilkinson, ...Yandex
The LHCb experiment is one of the four large CERN LHC detectors. Its goal is to search for evidence of new physics phenomena through precise measurements of the decay properties of particles containing beauty and charm quarks. The requirements of particle physics experiments such as LHCb have many commonalities with information retrieval. Both domains deal with large datasets, rely heavily on computational power, and require sophisticated data analysis algorithms, which are based on similar principles. For this reason many potential benefits can be discerned in conducting interdisciplinary research in the two areas. Guy Wilkinson, LHCb spokesperson, will give a brief overview of LHCb and its goals, suitable for a non-specialist audience. He will then focus on the challenges that the large datasets present, and outline the technologies and approaches that are currently being deployed to manage and analyse these datasets. Effective solutions to these problems are critical for aiding the exploration of the frontiers of fundamental science at LHCb, and similar experiments.
This document discusses various types of particle detectors used in high energy physics experiments. It describes semiconductor detectors, solid state detectors, ionization chambers, Geiger-Muller detectors, and photoconductive detectors. It also discusses applications of these detectors at particle physics labs like LHC, CMS, ATLAS, and SLAC. Specific detectors at the BESIII experiment are described, including the drift chamber, electromagnetic calorimeter, and muon counter. In conclusion, the document outlines how these detectors are important for solving physics problems and their applications in high energy physics.
The document discusses the use of cryogenics at CERN for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The LHC requires superconducting magnets that must be cooled to 1.9K using superfluid helium to generate magnetic fields of 8.3T. This makes the LHC's cryogenic system the largest refrigeration system in the world, cooling over 36,000 tons of magnets. The system produces 144kW of refrigeration at 4.5K and 20kW at 1.9K, distributed through a 27km tunnel to the magnets.
"How the Universe is put to the test" – Andrei Golutvin, Ulrik Egede, CERNYandex
With the current state of human knowledge we can pinpoint a position on Earth from satellites with a precision of a few centimetres, and we can control life by inserting genes into plants to achieve specific behaviour. Yet, the same level of human knowledge doesn’t offer anything when it comes to describing 96% of the energy content of the Universe. Or, indeed, when we need an answer to the question why there is matter to make stars and planets from in the Universe at all. This talk will set the scene for how experiments conducted at the Large Hadron Collider may be able to fill the voids in our knowledge. An overview of a specific analysis will be given, which will walk you through the data reduction steps, from the recording of the proton-proton collisions in the collider to the final scientific result. Special emphasis will be placed on how multivariate classifiers have allowed us to massively expand our scientific program, as well as achieve the current precision of our measurements.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is a 27-kilometer ring tunnel located between France and Switzerland that accelerates and collides beams of protons and heavy ions at nearly the speed of light to study particle physics. Some key facts about the LHC include that its tunnel was excavated to within 1 centimeter at its two ends, its superconducting magnets operate at temperatures colder than deep space, and it can achieve temperatures over 100,000 times hotter than the center of the Sun during heavy ion collisions. The data recorded from experiments at the LHC each year would fill over 50,000 hard disks with 1 terabyte of storage each.
1. The document discusses using laser technology, specifically the Coherent Amplification Network (ICAN) laser, to remove space debris from low Earth orbit. It notes the large amount of debris currently in space and the increasing risk of collisions.
2. The ICAN laser architecture is proposed as a solution because it can achieve high average power and pulse repetition rates needed for efficient debris removal. The laser beams from many fiber amplifiers would be coherently combined to impact debris with high intensity pulses.
3. The project described involves modeling laser-debris interactions, optimizing ICAN system parameters for removal, and designing an experimental setup to test the models at the CETAL laser facility. The goals are to
The document discusses the Atlas experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. Atlas is a particle physics experiment that uses a detector to explore fundamental forces and the nature of matter. The Atlas detector consists of four major components: an inner detector to measure particle momentum, calorimeters to measure particle energies, a muon spectrometer to identify and measure muon momentum, and a magnet system to bend charged particles for momentum measurement. The LHC and Atlas experiment are expected to generate large amounts of data to advance understanding of physics.
ServiceNow Event 15.11.2012 / ITIL for the Enterprise @CERNRené Haeberlin
The document discusses how service management best practices used in IT can be applied more broadly at CERN, a large particle physics research organization. It provides context on CERN, including its missions, facilities like the Large Hadron Collider, and challenges. It describes CERN's service management environment, covering many different types of services across the organization. It outlines the project to implement a service management approach at CERN, including defining services, processes, and structures. The goal is to bring more maturity and efficiency to managing CERN's diverse infrastructure and services through an established framework.
This document provides an overview of the basics of quantum mechanics. It discusses how classical mechanics explains macroscopic phenomena while quantum mechanics is needed to explain microscopic phenomena. The key differences between classical and quantum mechanics are examined from the classical point of view of particles with trajectories and the quantum point view. The concept of particle-wave duality in quantum mechanics is introduced along with examples like the photoelectric effect. Blackbody radiation is used as an example to illustrate the inadequacies of classical physics and the need for a new quantum theory.
Cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED) involves studying the interaction between light confined in cavities and matter. It has two main types of cavities - microwave and optical. The Jaynes-Cummings model describes situations where an atom interacts with light in a cavity, both when light is present and not present. It can illustrate phenomena like vacuum Rabi oscillations and revivals in excited state probability over time. The Jaynes-Cummings-Hubbard model describes photon tunneling between coupled cavities. CQED experiments can realize quantum systems using atoms, ions, quantum dots, or superconducting circuits.
The document summarizes key aspects of a cyclotron, which is a device that accelerates charged particles outwards in a spiral path using crossed electric and magnetic fields. It was invented in 1929 and the first operational cyclotron was built in 1932 by Ernest Lawrence. Cyclotrons work by subjecting particles to an oscillating electric field while they travel in a circle due to a static magnetic field. Modifications allow relativistic speeds. Cyclotrons are used in nuclear physics experiments and for producing isotopes for PET imaging and particle cancer therapy. Limitations include inability to accelerate neutral particles or electrons.
The document discusses chemistry in the interstellar medium (ISM). It notes that chemistry in the ISM occurs under very different physical conditions than on Earth, including low pressure, extreme temperatures, and high-energy radiation. Quantum tunneling allows chemical reactions to occur even in these hostile environments by allowing particles to tunnel through energy barriers. The document provides examples of organic molecules and cosmic dust found in the ISM through astrochemical analysis.
The document discusses the upcoming upgrade of the LHCb experiment's tracker detector. The current Time Tracker (TT) will be replaced by the Upstream Tracker (UT), composed of silicon strip sensors held by lightweight staves. Mock-ups of the staves and modules are being constructed and tested to finalize the design. The assistant is involved in precision assembly of these prototypes to evaluate construction techniques for the UT tracker's mass production. The new tracker must provide full coverage, operate at high speed and in a cold environment to precisely measure particle trajectories in the LHCb experiment.
This document discusses graphics hardware components. It describes various graphics input devices like the mouse, joystick, light pen etc. and how they are either analog or digital. It then covers common graphics output devices such as CRT displays, plasma displays, LCDs and 3D viewing systems. It provides details on the internal components and working of CRT displays. It also discusses graphics storage formats and the architecture of raster and random graphics systems.
The document describes different algorithms for filling polygon and area shapes, including scanline fill, boundary fill, and flood fill algorithms. The scanline fill algorithm works by determining intersections of boundaries with scanlines and filling color between intersections. Boundary fill works by starting from an interior point and recursively "painting" neighboring points until the boundary is reached. Flood fill replaces a specified interior color. Both can be 4-connected or 8-connected. The document also discusses problems that can occur and more efficient span-based approaches.
This document discusses techniques for filling 2D shapes and regions in raster graphics. It covers seed fill algorithms that start with an interior seed point and grow outward, filling neighboring pixels. Boundary fill and flood fill are described as variations. The document also discusses raster-based filling that processes shapes one scanline at a time. Methods for filling polygons are presented, including using the even-odd rule or winding number rule to determine if a point is inside the polygon boundary.
The document derives Bresenham's line algorithm for drawing lines on a discrete grid. It starts with the line equation and defines variables for the slope and intercept. It then calculates the distance d1 and d2 from the line to two possible pixel locations and expresses their difference in terms of the slope and intercept. By multiplying this difference by the change in x, it removes the floating point slope value, resulting in an integer comparison expression. This is defined recursively to draw each subsequent pixel, using pre-computed constants. The initial p0 value is also derived from the line endpoint coordinates.
The document discusses algorithms for drawing lines and circles on a discrete pixel display. It begins by describing what characteristics an "ideal line" would have on such a display. It then introduces several algorithms for drawing lines, including the simple line algorithm, digital differential analyzer (DDA) algorithm, and Bresenham's line algorithm. The Bresenham algorithm is described in detail, as it uses only integer calculations. Next, a simple potential circle drawing algorithm is presented and its shortcomings discussed. Finally, the more accurate and efficient mid-point circle algorithm is described. This algorithm exploits the eight-way symmetry of circles and uses incremental calculations to determine the next pixel point.
The document provides an introduction to XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations), including:
1) It discusses XSLT basics like using templates to extract values from XML and output them, using for-each loops to process multiple elements, and if/choose for decisions.
2) It covers XPath for addressing parts of an XML document, and functions like contains() and position().
3) The document gives examples of transforming sample XML data using XSLT templates, value-of, and apply-templates.
XML documents can be represented and stored in memory as tree structures using models like DOM and XDM. XPath is an expression language used to navigate and select parts of an XML tree. It allows traversing elements and their attributes, filtering nodes by properties or position, and evaluating paths relative to a context node. While XPath expressions cannot modify the document, they are commonly used with languages like XSLT and XQuery which can transform or extract data from XML trees.
This document provides an overview of XML programming and XML documents. It discusses the physical and logical views of an XML document, document structure including the root element, and how XML documents are commonly stored as text files. It also summarizes how an XML parser reads and validates an XML document by checking its syntax and structure. The document then covers various XML components in more detail, such as elements, attributes, character encoding, entities, processing instructions, well-formedness, validation via DTDs, and document modeling.
XML Schema provides a way to formally define and validate the structure and content of XML documents. It allows defining elements, attributes, and data types, as well as restrictions like length, pattern, and value ranges. DTD is more limited and cannot validate data types. XML Schema is written in XML syntax, uses XML namespaces, and provides stronger typing capabilities compared to DTD. It allows defining simple and complex element types, attributes, and restrictions to precisely describe the expected structure and values within XML documents.
This document discusses style sheet languages like CSS that are used to control the presentation of XML documents. CSS allows one to specify things like fonts, colors, spacing etc. for different elements in an XML file. A single XML file can then be formatted in multiple ways just by changing the associated CSS stylesheet without modifying the XML content. The document provides examples of using CSS selectors, rules and properties to style elements in an XML file and controlling presentation aspects like layout of elements on a page. It also discusses how to link the CSS stylesheet to an XML file using processing instructions.
An attribute declaration specifies attributes for elements in a DTD. It defines the attribute name, data type or permissible values, and required behavior. For example, an attribute may have a default value if not provided, be optional, or require a value. Notations can label non-XML data types and unparsed entities can import binary files. Together DTDs and entities provide a schema to describe document structure and relationships.
This document discusses XML web services and their components. It defines XML web services as software services exposed on the web through the SOAP protocol and described with WSDL and registered in UDDI. It describes how SOAP is used for communication, WSDL describes service interfaces, and UDDI allows for service discovery. Examples of web services are provided. The architecture of web services is shown involving clients, services, and standards. Finally, it discusses how XML data can be transformed to HTML for display in web pages using XSLT transformation rules.
This document provides an introduction and overview of XML. It explains that XML stands for Extensible Markup Language and is used for data transportation and storage in a platform and language neutral way. XML plays an important role in data exchange on the web. The document discusses the history of XML and how it was developed as an improvement over SGML and HTML by allowing users to define their own tags to structure data for storage and interchange. It also provides details on the pros and cons of XML compared to other markup languages.
This document provides instructions for packaging and deploying a J2EE application that was developed in IBM Rational Application Developer. It describes resetting the database to its original state, exporting the application as an EAR file, using the WebSphere administrative console to install the EAR file on the application server, and testing the application in a web browser. The goal is to simulate taking an application developed in a development environment and deploying it to a production server.
This document provides an overview of key Java enterprise technologies including JNDI, JMS, JPA and XML. It discusses the architecture and usage of JNDI for accessing naming and directory services. It also covers the point-to-point and publish/subscribe messaging models of JMS, the core JMS programming elements like connection factories, connections and destinations, and how applications use these elements to send and receive messages. Finally, it briefly introduces JPA for object-relational mapping and the role of XML.
The document discusses the benefits of using Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs) for developing Java EE applications. It explains that EJBs provide infrastructure for developing and deploying mission-critical, enterprise applications by handling common tasks like database connectivity and transaction management. The three types of EJBs - session, entity, and message-driven beans - are described as well as how they are contained in EJB containers.
This document provides an overview of JSP and Struts programming. It discusses the advantages of JSP over servlets, the JSP lifecycle, and basic JSP elements like scriptlets, expressions, directives. It also covers creating simple JSP pages, the JSP API, and using scripting elements to include Java code in JSP pages.
This document provides lecture notes on servlet programming. It covers topics like the introduction to servlets, GET and POST methods, the lifecycle of a servlet, servlet interfaces like Servlet, GenericServlet and HttpServlet. It also discusses request dispatching in servlets, session management techniques and servlet filters. Code examples are provided to demonstrate servlet implementation and request dispatching.
The document discusses Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) and provides details about its core components and usage. It covers:
1) The four core components of JDBC - drivers, connections, statements, and result sets.
2) The four types of JDBC drivers and examples of each.
3) How to use JDBC to connect to a database, execute queries using statements, iterate through result sets, and update data. Prepared statements are also discussed.
The document is a set of lecture notes on Enterprise Java from January to June 2014 prepared by Mr. Hitesh Kumar Sharma and Mr. Ravi Tomar. It covers core J2EE technologies, enterprise application architectures like 2-tier, 3-tier and n-tier, advantages and disadvantages of architectures, J2EE application servers, web containers and EJB containers. The notes are to be submitted by B.Tech CS VI semester students specializing in MFT, O&G, OSS and CCVT.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Nunit vs XUnit vs MSTest Differences Between These Unit Testing Frameworks.pdfflufftailshop
When it comes to unit testing in the .NET ecosystem, developers have a wide range of options available. Among the most popular choices are NUnit, XUnit, and MSTest. These unit testing frameworks provide essential tools and features to help ensure the quality and reliability of code. However, understanding the differences between these frameworks is crucial for selecting the most suitable one for your projects.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
Skybuffer AI, built on the robust SAP Business Technology Platform (SAP BTP), is the latest and most advanced version of our AI development, reaffirming our commitment to delivering top-tier AI solutions. Skybuffer AI harnesses all the innovative capabilities of the SAP BTP in the AI domain, from Conversational AI to cutting-edge Generative AI and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). It also helps SAP customers safeguard their investments into SAP Conversational AI and ensure a seamless, one-click transition to SAP Business AI.
With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdf
Large hadron collider
1. 1
LARGE HADRON COLLIDER
What’s the big deal anyway?
Dr. Gail Van Ekeren
Gill St.Bernards School
Secondary School
Freshman Physics Course
2. 2
LHC - the aim of the collider:
To smash protons moving at 99.999999%
of the speed of light into each other and
so recreate conditions a fraction of a
second after the big bang. The LHC
experiments try and work out what
happened. See short introductory
video:
http://lhc-machine-outreach.web.cern.ch/lhc%2Dmachine%2Doutreach/lhc-video-links.htm
3. 3
OVERVIEW OF
PRESENTATION
• 1. What do particle physicists do?
• 2. What are the structure and function
of the parts of the LHC?
• 3. What are some LHC topics of
interest to physicists?
4. 4
WHAT DO PARTICLE PHYSICISTS
DO?
• 1. Review of Standard Model
• 2. Unanswered questions
• 3. Frontiers of particle physics
– a. Cosmic Frontier
– b. Intensity Frontier
– c. Energy Frontier
5. 5
WHAT DO PARTICLE PHYSICISTS
DO?
"Particle physics is the unbelievable in pursuit of
the unimaginable. To pinpoint the smallest
fragments of the universe you have to build
the biggest machine in the world. To recreate
the first millionths of a second of creation you
have to focus energy on an awesome scale.”
The Guardian
• lhc-machine-outreach.web.
cern.ch/lhc-machine-outreach/
6. 6
WHAT DO PARTICLE PHYSICISTS DO?
Review of Standard Model
www-d0.fnal.gov/Run2Physics/WWW/results/final/NP/N07B/standardmodel.jpg
7. 7
WHAT DO PARTICLE PHYSICISTS DO?
Some unanswered questions
People have long asked,
• "What is the world made of?”
• "What holds it together?”
Physicists hope to fill in their answers to
these questions through the analysis of
data from LHC experiments
8. 8
WHAT DO PARTICLE PHYSICISTS DO?
Some unanswered questions
• Why do we observe matter and almost no antimatter
if we believe there is a symmetry between the two in
the universe?
• What is this "dark matter" that we can't see that has
visible gravitational effects in the cosmos?
• Why can't the Standard Model predict a particle's
mass?
• Are quarks and leptons actually fundamental, or
made up of even more fundamental particles?
• Why are there exactly three generations of quarks
and leptons?
• How does gravity fit into all of this?
www.particleadventure.org/frameless/beyond_start.html
9. 9
WHAT DO PARTICLE PHYSICISTS DO?
Frontiers of Particle Physics
Kevin McFarland’s (Univ. of Rochester) present
do you mean you don't work at the LHC?" A rep
other frontiers of particle physics,” 5/31/2008
10. 10
WHAT DO PARTICLE
PHYSICISTS DO?
Frontiers
• The Energy Frontier,using high-energy colliders
to discover new particles and directly probe the
architecture of the fundamental forces.
• The Intensity Frontier, using intense particle
beams to uncover properties of neutrinos and
observe rare processes that will tell us about new
physics beyond the Standard Model.
• The Cosmic Frontier, using underground
experiments and telescopes, both ground and space
based, to reveal the natures of dark matter and dark
energy and using high-energy particles from space to
probe new phenomena.
US Particle Physics: Scientific Opportunities A Strategic Plan for the Next Ten Years Report of the Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel , 29 May 2008 p.7
11. 11
WHAT DO PARTICLE PHYSICISTS DO?
Cosmic Frontiers
www.scholarpedia.org/article/Dark_energ
y
12. 12
WHAT DO PARTICLE PHYSICISTS DO?
Intensity Frontiers
Kevin McFarland (University
of Rochester) KITP
13. 13
WHAT DO PARTICLE PHYSICISTS DO?
Intensity Frontiers
Kevin McFarland (University of
Rochester) KITP presentation
14. 14
WHAT DO PARTICLE PHYSICISTS DO?
Intensity Frontiers
Kevin McFarland
(University of Rochester)
KITP presentation
15. 15
WHAT DO PARTICLE PHYSICISTS DO?
Intensity Frontiers
Kevin McFarland
(University of
Rochester) KITP
presentation
16. 16
WHAT DO PARTICLE PHYSICISTS DO?
Intensity Frontiers
WHAT ARE QUANTUM FLUCTUATIONS?
• Quantum fluctuation = the temporary change in the
amount of energy in a point in space,
• Due to Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
∆ Ε∆t = h/2π
• Conservation of energy can appear to be violated, but
only for small times.
• Allows creation of particle-antiparticle pairs of virtual
particles.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_fluctuation
17. 17
WHAT DO PARTICLE PHYSICISTS DO?
Energy Frontiers
• Instead of creating many particles in “particle
factories,” physicists collide two streams of particles
at a time, each with extremely high energy
• The energy of the collisions in the LHC increase by
one order of magnitude the energies in previous
studies
18. 18
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE
PARTS OF THE LHC
Overview
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is located in a circular
tunnel 27 km (17 miles) in circumference. The tunnel
is buried around 100 m (about the size of a football
field) underground.
It straddles
the Swiss
and French
borders on
the outskirts
of Geneva..
lhc-machine-
outreach.web.cern.ch/lhc-
machine-outreach/
nobelprize.org
19. 19
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE
PARTS OF THE LHC
Overview
The LHC is designed to collide two counter rotating beams of
protons. Proton-proton collisions are foreseen at an energy of 7
TeV per beam.
• The beams move around the LHC ring inside a continuous
vacuum guided by magnets.
• The magnets are superconducting and are cooled by a huge
cryogenics system. The cables conduct current without
resistance in their superconducting state.
• The beams will be stored at high energy for hours. During this
time collisions take place inside the four main LHC experiments.
lhc-machine-outreach.web.cern.ch/lhc-machine-outreach/
Animation of collision:http://www-visualmedia.fnal.gov/VMS_Site/gallery/v_animations.html
20. 20
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE
PARTS OF THE LHC
Overview
Lets see what happens to the protons!
“The beams are made up of bunches containing billions of protons.
Traveling at a whisker below the speed of light they will be injected,
accelerated, and kept circulating for hours, guided by thousands of
powerful superconducting magnets.
For most of the ring, the beams travel in two separate vacuum pipes,
but at four points they collide in
the hearts of the main experiments, known by their acronyms: ALICE,
ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb. The experiments’ detectors will watch
carefully as the energy of colliding protons transforms fleetingly into a
plethora of exotic particles.” www.symmetrymagazine.org/cms/?pid=1000095
21. 21
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE
PARTS OF THE LHC
The “Racetrack”
• Circular with 27 km circumference
Linear track-run out of “real estate”
• 40,000 leak tight pipe junctions
• Vacuum: 10-10
Torr or 3 million molecules/cm3
(sea level-760 Torr)
Protons must avoid collisions with other gas
molecules
22. 22
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE
PARTS OF THE LHC
The Proton Beam
• Sources of protons-bottles of hydrogen gas
• 2808 bunches of protons in routine beam
• Stored energy of 350 MJ
• Beams are focused by magnets into a 40-µm
-cross-section
• Pt 6 of LHC has beam dumping system
• Collimation system keeps beam from melting
metal
23. 23
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE
PARTS OF THE LHC
The Proton Beam
Why is luminosity important?
Luminosity determines the
probability of collision
“Among the responsibilities of Princeton’s
team are the measurement and delivery
of the luminosity to CMS.”
Princeton Physics News, vol.2 issue 2,Fall 2006
24. 24
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE
PARTS OF THE LHC
The Proton Beam
What is luminosity?
“Luminosity is the number of particles per
unit area per unit time times the opacity
of the target” en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosity#In_scattering_theory_and_accelerator_physics
Cross section of a sample particle beam
is pictured. Assume targets are
completely opaque, with an opacity of 1.
25. 25
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE
PARTS OF THE LHC
The Proton Beam
What is luminosity?
L = f n N1N2 where
A
f is the revolution frequency (c/27 km)
n is the number of bunches in one beam in the
storage ring. (2808 bunches)
Ni is the number of particles in each bunch
(billions)
A is the cross section of the beam (40 µm)
26. 26
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE
PARTS OF THE LHC
The Proton Beam
What is luminosity?
• maximum luminosity for LHC: 1034
/cm2
s
• proton cross section: ~20x10-25
cm2
• 20 collisions in each bunch crossing
• 1 bunch crossing every 25 ns
• ~1 250 000 000 collisions each second
27. 27
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE
PARTS OF THE LHC
The Proton Beam
What is collimation?
Collimation is the use of
lenses (magnets in this
case) to cause the proton
beams to travel parallel to
each other. The bottom
diagram illustrates
collimated light.
Diagram: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collimated_light
28. 28
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE
PARTS OF THE LHC
Magnets
The final
megamagnet of
the LHC was
ceremonially
lowered into
place through a
special shaft on
April 26, 2007.
news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/04/images/
070430-collider-magnet_big.jpg
29. 29
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE
PARTS OF THE LHC
Magnets
“To help identify the explosion of
particles produced when protons
are smashed together, particle
detectors typically include a
powerful magnet. LHCb is no
exception. The experiment’s
enormous magnet consists of two
coils, both weighing 27 tonnes,
mounted inside a 1,450 tonne
steel frame. Each coil is
constructed from 10 ‘pancakes’,
wound from almost 3,000 metres
of aluminium cable.” lhcb-
public.web.cern.ch/.../Magnet-en.html
public/Objects/Detecto r/Magnet1.jp g
30. 30
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE
PARTS OF THE LHC
Magnets
Some Magnet Facts
• 58 different kind of magnets
• ~93 000 magnets
• Superconducting magnets sit in 1.9 K
bath of superfluid helium at atmospheric
pressure
Not your everyday
ordinary magnets!
www.print.org.nz
chemistry.about.co
m
31. 31
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE
PARTS OF THE LHC
Magnets
Some Magnet Facts
Dipole magnets:
– cause protons to follow circular path
– produce magnetic field 100 000 times earth’s magnetic field
– Main budget item
– 1232 dipole magnets
– 14.3 meters long; 35 tons each
32. 32
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE
PARTS OF THE LHC
Magnets
Some Magnet Facts
• Other magnets
– focus proton beam-see diagram
– cause resulting particles to curve
lhc-machine-
outreach.web.cern.ch/lhc-
machine-outreach/collisions.htm
33. 33
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE
PARTS OF THE LHC
Detectors
6 areas around
circumference that
will collect and
analyze data
•ATLAS
•CMS
•ALICE
•LHCb
•TOTEM (minor study)
•LHCf (minor study)
hepoutreach.syr.edu/.../accel_overvi ew.html
34. 34
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE
PARTS OF THE LHC
Detectors
A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS (ATLAS)
• 46 meters long, 25 meters high, 25 meters wide
• Core: Inner tracker detects and analyzes momentum
of particles
• Outside: Calorimeters analyze energy by absorbing
particles; only muons go through calorimeter
• Outside calorimeter: Muon Spectrometer; charged
particle sensors can detect changes in magnetic field;
momentum of muons can be determined
• http://atlas.ch/multimedia/html-nc/feature_episode1.html
35. 35
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE
PARTS OF THE LHC
Detectors
Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS)
• Large detector like ATLAS
• Inside a large solenoid with magnetic
field 100 000 times that of earth
36. 36
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE
PARTS OF THE LHC
Detectors
A Large Ion Collider Experiment (ALICE)
• Collides iron ions to study conditions right
after big bang
• Expect to see ions break apart into quarks
and gluons
• Time Projection Chamber (TPC) exams and
reconstructs particle trajectories
• Also has muon spectrometer
37. 37
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE
PARTS OF THE LHC
Detectors
Large Hadron Collider beauty (LHCb)
• Searches for beauty quarks as evidence of
antimatter
• Series of small detectors stretch 20 meters in
length around collision point
• Detectors move easily in tiny precise ways to
catch unstable, short-lived beauty quarks
38. 38
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE
PARTS OF THE LHC
Detectors
TOTal Elastic and diffractive cross section
Measurement (TOTEM)
Studies luminosity and proton size
Large Hadron Collider forward (LHCf)
Simulates cosmic rays in controlled
environment so scientists can develop ways
to study naturally-occurring cosmic rays
40. 40
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE
PARTS OF THE LHC
Computing
lcg-computing-
fabric.web.cern.ch/LCG-
Computing-
Fabric/fabric_presentations/o
verview_docs/tier_model_lhc.
BMP
41. 41
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE
PARTS OF THE LHC
Computing
• LHC will produce ~ 15 petabytes (15 million
Gigabytes) of data annually.
• Data will be accessed and analyzed by thousands of
scientists around the world.
“The mission of the LHC Computing Grid (LCG) is to
build and maintain a data storage and analysis
infrastructure for the entire high energy physics
community that will use LHC”
Lcg.web.cern.ch/LCG
42. 42
TOPICS OF INTEREST
Higgs Particle
HIGGS SEEN AT LHC!
www.fnal.gov/pub/presspass/pre
ss_releases/cdms-result-
2008.html
Alan Walker/AFP/Getty Images
Peter Higgs, the
man for whom the
Higgs boson
particle was
named tours the
LHC
43. 43
TOPICS OF INTEREST
Higgs Particle
What role does the Higgs Particle Play?
Higgs particle
interacts with
particles, thus
slowing them
down. This
results in energy
converted into
mass.
Raman Sundrum (Johns Hopkins Univ,KITP
Teachers Conference, 5/31/2008
44. 44
THE HIGGS MECHANISM
1.To understand the Higgs mechanism, imagine that
a room full of physicists quietly chattering is like
space filled only with the Higgs field....
2. a well known scientist walks in, creating a
disturbance as he moves across the room, and
attracting a cluster of admirers with each step ...
3. this increases his resistance to movement, in other
words, he acquires mass, just like a particle moving
through the Higgs field ...
4. if a rumour crosses the room ...
5. it creates the same kind of clustering, but this time
among the scientists themselves. In this analogy,
these clusters are the Higgs particles.
www.pparc.ac.uk/ps/bbs/bbs_mass_hm.asp
1
2
3
4
5
45. 45
TOPICS OF INTEREST
Higgs Particle
What do we already know about the Higgs
Particle (experimentally)?
• Precision measurements of electroweak observables exclude a
Standard Model Higgs boson mass of 170 GeV/c2 at the 95%
confidence level[9] as of August 2008 (incorporating an updated
measurement of the top quark and W boson masses)www.physorg.com/news137076565.html,
via Wikipedia
• The non-observation of clear signals leads to an experimental
lower bound for the Standard Model Higgs boson mass of 114
GeV/c2 at 95% confidence level.
• A small number of events were recorded by experiments at LEP
collider at CERN that could be interpreted as resulting from
Higgs bosons, but the evidence is inconclusive.
• Searches for Higgs Bosons (pdf), from W.-M. Yao et al. (2006). "Review of Particle Physics". J Phys. G 33:
46. 46
TOPICS OF INTEREST
Higgs Particle
How will Higgs Particle be made at LHC?
Feynman
diagrams
• Gluon
fusion
b. Vector
boson
fusion
c. Assoc
prod
with W
d. Assoc
prod
47. 47
TOPICS OF INTEREST
Higgs Particle
How will Higgs Particle be detected at LHC?
Products depend on Higgs’ mass.
MASS DECAY
PRODUCTS
>2 top quarks Z bosons
Below 2 top quarks Bottom quarks
Medium range ??
Light 2 photons
www.hep.lu.se
/atlas//thesis/e
gede/thesis-
node14.html
49. 49
TOPICS OF INTEREST
Dark Matter
A PALE BLUE DOT
www.phys.lsu.edu
On October 13, 1994, the
famous astronomer Carl
Sagan was delivering a public
lecture at his own university of
Cornell. During that lecture, he
presented this photo:
www.bigskyastroclub.org/pale_blue_dot.html
Earth is
located
between
white
arrows.
50. 50
TOPICS OF INTEREST
Dark Matter
A PALE BLUE DOT
www.phys.lsu.edu
The previous photo
was taken by
Voyager 1 in 1990
as it sailed away
from Earth, more
than 4 billion miles in
the distance… Quite
by accident the earth
was captured in one
of the sun’s rays.
This picture is
an
enlargement.
Earth can be
seen as a tiny
blue dot.
His speech is
included at the
end of the
presentation.
www.bigskyastroclub.org/pale_blue_
dot.html
51. 51
TOPICS OF INTEREST
Dark Matter
WMAP
• The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)
mission reveals conditions as they existed in the early
universe by measuring the properties of the cosmic
microwave background radiation over the full sky.
• This microwave radiation was released approximately
380,000 years after the birth of the universe. WMAP
creates a picture of the microwave radiation using
differences in temperature measured from opposite
directions
• map.gsfc.nasa.gov/mission/index.html
53. 53
TOPICS OF INTEREST
Dark Matter
WMAP-composition of the universe
WMAP measures the composition
of the universe. The top chart
shows a pie chart of the relative
constituents today. A similar chart
(bottom) shows the composition at
380,000 years old (13.7 billion
years ago) when the light WMAP
observes emanated.
map.gsfc.nasa.gov/news/index.html
Credit: NASA/WMAP
Science Team
54. 54
TOPICS OF INTEREST
Dark Matter
What happened to the dark matter?
James Wells (University of
Michigan) KITP presentation
5/31/2008
55. 55
TOPICS OF INTEREST
Dark Matter
Vera Rubin
• Vera Rubin is an astronomer who has done pioneering work on
galaxy rotation rates. Her discovery of what is known as "flat
rotation curves" is the most direct and robust evidence of dark
matter.
• Studied outer regions of galaxies because most astronomers
were studying inner regions and she wanted to balance career
and family, so chose seemingly less competitive area.
• Throughout education she worked with great physicists
including Richard Feynman and George Gamow:
– Vassar College AB 1948
– Cornell University MA 1951
– Georgetown University PhD 1954
– Princeton University-would not accept her into astronomy program.
Began accepting women in 1975
57. 57
TOPICS OF INTEREST
Dark Matter
Existing Evidence
Cluster smashup is dark matter proof
•Recent Hubble image is of
another “bullet cluster.”
•5.6-billion light years
away; further away and
older than earlier
discovered bullet cluster
•Composite image from
optical and x-ray
telescopes
Image from Hubble Space Telescope courtesy of NASA, ESA, CXC,
M. Bradac (University of California, Santa Barbara), and S. Allen
(Stanford University)
From National Geographic News,
Aug. 27, 2008
58. 58
TOPICS OF INTEREST
Dark Matter
Existing Evidence
Cluster smashup is dark matter proof
•Ordinary matter (pink) slows
down during collision
•Most of cluster’s mass (blue)
keeps up speed, passing
through the visible matter,
creating clumps that are moving
away from collision
•Astronomers think clumps are
dark matter.
Image from Hubble Space Telescope courtesy of NASA, ESA, CXC, M. Bradac
(University of California, Santa Barbara), and S. Allen (Stanford University)
From National Geographic News,
Aug. 27, 2008
60. 60
TOPICS OF INTEREST
Dark Matter
Other Confirming Experiments
• We could infer dark matter’s existence through the use of the
Planck Surveyor, a satellite which, among other things, plans to
look for gravitational lensing.
• The Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) will:
“Search for signs of new laws of physics and what composes
the mysterious Dark Matter.”
• We could also directly detect dark matter using Xenon. The
Large Underground Xenon Detector is an experiment where
Xenon is placed in a cave deep underground, awaiting dark
matter interactions.
• www.patrickgage.com/text/article/556/carnegie-mellon-2008-buhl-lecture-dark-matter
63. 63
“Pale blue dot”
speech by Carl Sagan
"We succeeded in taking that picture [from deep space], and, if
you look at it, you see a dot. That's here. That's home. That's
us. On it, everyone you ever heard of, every human being who
ever lived, lived out their lives. The aggregate of all our joys and
sufferings, thousands of confident religions, ideologies and
economic doctrines, every hunter and forager, every hero and
coward, every creator and destroyer of civilizations, every king
and peasant, every young couple in love, every hopeful child,
every mother and father, every inventor and explorer, every
teacher of morals, every corrupt politician, every superstar,
every supreme leader, every saint and sinner in the history of
our species, lived there on a mote of dust, suspended in a
sunbeam.
www.bigskyastroclub.org/pale_blue_dot.html
64. 64
“Pale blue dot”
speech by Carl Sagan
The earth is a very small stage in a vast cosmic
arena. Think of the rivers of blood spilled by all those
generals and emperors so that in glory and in triumph
they could become the momentary masters of a
fraction of a dot. Think of the endless cruelties visited
by the inhabitants of one corner of the dot on
scarcely distinguishable inhabitants of some other
corner of the dot. How frequent their
misunderstandings, how eager they are to kill one
another, how fervent their hatreds. Our posturings,
our imagined self-importance, the delusion that we
have some privileged position in the universe, are
challenged by this point of pale light. www.bigskyastroclub.org/pale_blue_dot.html
65. 65
“Pale blue dot”
speech by Carl Sagan
Our planet is a lonely speck in the great enveloping
cosmic dark. In our obscurity -- in all this vastness --
there is no hint that help will come from elsewhere to
save us from ourselves. It is up to us. It's been said
that astronomy is a humbling, and I might add, a
character-building experience. To my mind, there is
perhaps no better demonstration of the folly of human
conceits than this distant image of our tiny world. To
me, it underscores our responsibility to deal more
kindly and compassionately with one another and to
preserve and cherish that pale blue dot, the only
home we've ever known."
www.bigskyastroclub.org/pale_blue_dot.html
Editor's Notes
Students have already been introduced to LHC, via newspaper articles, and the standard model, via study guides based on www.particleadventure.org. These study guides focus on identification of particles and methods of studying them. The students are 9th graders. This presentation will be divided into 3 class periods; one for the first part--what particle physicists do; one for the second part--the LHC; one for the 3rd part--topics of interest.
Open 2 minute CERN tour video,
They study the identity and interactions of the particles that make up all matter and that control the forces that act on the matter. (Briefly review particles and what is known about them)
Dark matter may be made from exotic particles; Higgs boson may provide particle’s mass; why do we need 3 generations of particles?; super symmetry may help explain gravity; string theory also theorized to help answer questions.
From Kevin McFarland’s (Univ. of Rochester) presentation” What do you mean you don't work at the LHC?" A report from the other frontiers of particle physics,” 5/31/2008, KITP Teacher’s Conference, Santa Barbara, CA Point our placement of topics to students
www.scholarpedia.org/article/Dark_energy “ Observers' view of the accelerating universe. The apparent brightness of supernovae gives a measure of the distance away and time taken for the light to reach us (horizontal axis), while the redshift of their spectra measures the expansion factor or change in average distance between galaxies or any points in space (vertical axis). Points shown in white are supernovae data that led to the 1998 discovery of the accelerating universe: they clearly lie on a curve in the blue region that requires a recent period of acceleration.”
From Kevin McFarland (University of Rochester) KITP presentation 5/31/2008
From Kevin McFarland (University of Rochester) KITP presentation 5/31/2008 ** is hyperlink to antimatter machine video clip. Must have Real Time to view
From Kevin McFarland (University of Rochester) KITP presentation 5/31/2008
From Kevin McFarland (University of Rochester) KITP presentation 5/31/2008
Explain meaning of uncertainty principle; Explain meaning of symbols.
End of day 1: Assign worksheets on scientific notation and metric system.
Go to 2nd animation. Looking lengthwide down accelerator. Translate 7TeV into Reveryday terms so that students will understand amount of energy.
27 km is about 17 miles. Ask students what a vacuum is and introduce them to ways vacuums are quantified
Ask students if they know formula for hydrogen gas. Translate MJ into something students are familiar with. Write our .ooooooo40 m and introduce students to metric notation
Luminosity has specific meanings for different areas of science. Ask students if they have heard of the term and in what context.
The cross section for the LHC is circular, not oval as pictured. Point out that each dot represents a proton
Have students write items in scientific notation on board.
Point out British spelling of ton. How far is 3000 meters--more than 30 football fields.
Superconductivity means that the flow is ~frictionless. Explain Kelvin measurements and the concept of absolute zero
Notice how bunch of protons are focused for the collision.
TOTEM and LHCf are not shown.
Calorimeters measure temperature, or heat energy. When a particle strikes an object and is absorbed by it, the colliding objects heat up. This is expected due to energy conservation.
Beauty quarks have had their name changed.
Trace the points where the proton’s speed is increased. How is this done?
Collecting and analyzing the data is an enormous job. Some detectors dump uninteresting data,
End of 2nd day of presentation. Have students work scientific notation and metric problems.
Point out that Feynman diagrams are useful in communication between scientists. Students aren’t expected to understand them. Essentially, collisionb between gluons and between quarks should produce the Higgs particle. Have students pick out symbols and try to identify the particle represented by the symbol.
Higgs are not expected to be found directly. Scientists will be looking for evidence of products of Higgs particle decay.
James Wells (University of Michigan) KITP presentation 5/31/2008
James Wells (University of Michigan) KITP presentation 5/31/2008
Cosmic rays have been traveling since the big bang. Different colors represent different temperatures.
Where did all the dark matter go?
Explain formula --symbols and what they stand for--to students. Students should become comfortable with seeing mathematical symbos representing operations and letter symbols representing physical quantities and constants.
Explain what a light year is and express things near to us in light years.
But, lifetime of particle in experiment (detector) is a few nanoseconds. Dark matter should have longer life time.