These slides represent a comprehensive view of history of using natural products caused to appearance of pharmacognosy as a science and show several aspects of pharmacognosy and natural products use and final their importance in discovering new drugs.

2. Natural Products
&
Pharmacognosy
Seyed Mohammad Zarei
Sm.zarei63@gmail.com
June 2016

3. Natural Products & Pharmacognosy
 Introduction about herbal medicine and its
history
 Definition of pharmacognosy and natural
products
 Pharmacognosy branches
 Pharmacognosy scope
 The role of natural products in drug
discovery

4.  Sumerians and Akkadians (3rd millennium BC)
 Egyptians (Ebers papyrus, 1550 BC)
 Hippocrates (460-377 BC) “The Father of Medicine”
 Dioscorides (40-80 AD) “De Materia Medica” (600
medicinal plants)
 Ibn Altabari (770-850) “‫الحكمه‬ ‫”فردوس‬
 Ibn Sina (980-1037) “‫الطب‬ ‫في‬ ‫”القانون‬
 Ibn Albitar (1148-1197) “‫واألغذية‬ ‫األدوية‬ ‫لمفردات‬ ‫”الجامع‬
Introduction

5. The 18th century, Pharmacognosy
 Johann Adam (1759-1809)
 Carl Linnaeus (naming and classifying
plants)
 At the end of the 18th century, crude
drugs were still being used as powders,
simple extracts, or tinctures

6. The era of pure compounds
(In 1803, a new era in the history of medicine)
 Isolation of morphine from opium
 Strychnine (1817)
 Quinine and caffeine (1820)
 Nicotine (1828)
 Atropine (1833)
 Cocaine (1855)

7.  In the 19th century, the chemical structures of
many of the isolated compounds were
determined.
 In the 20th century, the discovery of important
drugs from the animal kingdom, particularly
hormones and vitamins.
 The late 20th century, pharmacognosy and its
conventional botanical approach has been
broadened up to molecular and metabolomic
level.

8.  Approximately 60% of the world’s population relies
almost entirely on plants for medication.
 Of the 520 new drugs approved between 1983 and 1994,
39% were natural products or derived from natural
products.
 Between 1983 and 1994, 60–80% of antibacterials and
anticancer drugs were derived from natural products.
 Of the 20 best-selling non-protein drugs in 1999, nine were
either derived from or developed as the result of leads
generated by natural products with combined annual sales
of >US$16 billion.

9. Definitions
 Pharmacognosy:
The study of the physical, chemical, biochemical
and biological properties of drugs, drug
substances or potential drugs of natural origin as
well as the search for new drugs from natural
sources.

10. Pharmacognosy
Botany
Ethnobotany
Marine Biology
Microbiology
Herbal
Medicine
Pharmacology
Clinical
Pharmacy
Biotechnology
Pharmaceutics
Chemistry
Phytochemistry

11. Pharmacognosy
Marine
Pharmacognosy
Medical
Ethnobotany
Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology
Ethnopharmacology
Phytotherapy
Aromatic Plants
Phytochemistry
Zoopharmacognosy

12. The study of the traditional
use of plants for medicinal
purposes.
Medical
Ethnobotany

13. the study of the pharmacological
qualities of traditional medicinal
substances.
Ethnopharmacology

14. the study of the use of extracts
of natural origin as medicines
or health-promoting agents.
Phytotherapy

15. the process by which animals
self-medicate, by selecting
and using plants, soils, and
insects to treat and prevent
disease.
Zoopharmacognosy

16. The study of chemicals derived
from marine organisms.
Marine
Pharmacognosy

17. The study of essential oils,
their composition and their
use in medicine, cosmetic
industries and food
industries.
Aromatic
Plants

18. the study of chemicals derived
from plants (including the
identification of new drug
candidates derived from plant
sources).
Phytochemistry

19. the science that covers all
technologies required for the
production, manufacturing
natural products using plant
cell culture.
Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology

20. Scopes of Pharmacognosy
1- CULTIVATION AND COLLECTION OF MEDICINAL
PLANTS
Clove
Cinchona
Cinnamon
Opium

21. Scopes of Pharmacognosy
2- PREPARATION OF HERBAL FORMULATIONS
 Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea and related
species)
 St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum)
 Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)
 Garlic (Allium sativum)
 Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens)
 Ginseng (Panax ginseng or Asian ginseng)
and Panax quinquefolius or American
ginseng)
 Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)
 Valerian (Valeriana officinalis)
 Chamomile (Matricaria recutita)
 Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium)
 Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
 Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis)
 Milk thistle (Silybum marianum)

22. Scopes of Pharmacognosy
3- ISOLATION OR ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHEMICAL

23. Scopes of Pharmacognosy
3- ISOLATION OR ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHEMICAL
 Nutraceuticals, or “functional foods”

24. Scopes of Pharmacognosy
4- DRUGS OF DIRECT THERAPEUTIC USES
 Antibiotics
 Steroids
 Ergot alkaloids
 Anticancers
 Yohimbine, Thymol, Theophylline, Theobromine, Caffeine,
Morphin, Siymarin, Scopolamine, Reserpine, Ephedrine,
Quinidine, Quinine, Pilocarpine, Papaverine, …

25. Scopes of Pharmacognosy
3- DRUGS OBTAINED BY PARTIAL SYNTHESIS OF
NATURAL PRODUCTS:
Cortisone
Progesterone
Diosgenin

26. Scopes of Pharmacognosy
4- STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP STUDIES

27. Scopes of Pharmacognosy
5- NATURAL PRODUCTS AS MODELS FOR SYNTHESIS
OF NEW DRUGS
Morphine Methadone AlfentanilOxymorphone

28. New Chemical Entities and Medical Indications by Source of
Compound 01/1981-06/2006

29. All new chemical entities by source
01/1981-06/2006
N=1184

30. All available anticancer drugs by source
1940s-06/2006
N=175

31. All antiinfective (antibacterial, antifungul, antiparasitic,
antiviral) drugs (N=230)
01/1981-06/2006

32.  There are estimated to be ~250,000 species of plant
in the world and probably ~10% of these have been
tested for some type of biological activity.
 Only approximately 6000 bacterial species have been
named and estimates of 1.5 million species of fungi
and 1.5 million species of algae and prokaryote might
have to be revised upwards.
 it appears that less than 1% of microbial diversity
has been cultured and studied experimentally.
 There are probably 40,000 species of microalgae, but
they have not been extensively studied in terms of
their secondary metabolites.

33. Conclusion
 Natural products very important to
medicine.
 Exist in range of structures that one
wouldn’t think of synthesizing.
 Can act as templates for new drug
development.
 Untapped reservoir of new compounds.

34. Thanks for your attention

35.  Newman, David J., and Gordon M. Cragg. "Natural
Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Last 25
Years⊥." Journal of natural products 70, no. 3 (2007):
461-477.
 Newman, David J., and Gordon M. Cragg. "Natural
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chemistry 1, no. 8 (2009): 1415-1427.
 Kinghorn, A. Douglas. "Pharmacognosy in the 21st
century." Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 53,
no. 2 (2001): 135-148.
 Harvey, Alan. "Strategies for discovering drugs from
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today 5, no. 7 (2000): 294-300.