Tablets are one of the most common oral drug delivery forms, comprising around half of all pharmaceutical products. Tablets offer advantages like high patient compliance and ease of production and marketing. However, some substances may not be well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Tablets are compressed dispersions of particles that come in various types depending on if they are taken intact or not. Their manufacture involves steps like raw material procurement, formulation, granulation, compression, coating and packaging. Granulation can improve properties like flow and compressibility and is usually done by wet or dry processes. Tablets contain active substances and excipients like fillers, disintegrants, binders, lubricants and coatings to provide the desired properties.

1. Ta ble ts
 Definition.
 Half of all pharmaceutical products
are for oral use (tablets or capsules)
 The advantage is that they have
high patient compliance, relatively
easy to produce, easy to market
 Disadvantage the conditions in the
GI tract is difficult for some
substance and all substances are not
absorbed

2. What is a tablet
A compressed
dispersion of
particles.

3. Different types of tablets
Tablets that are taken  Other oral
intact
 Conventional tablets
formulations
 Coated Tablets  Capsules
Tablets that are not  Oral solutions
taken intact
 Chewable tablets
 Effervescent tablets
 Lozenges
 Sublingual and buccal
tablets
 Fast dissolving tablets

4. Tablet Manufacture
 Procurement of raw Material
 Preformulation Studies
 Formulation
 Mixing/Blending
 Granulation
 Compression
 Coating
 Packaging

5. Three Principle Methods Of Developing
Powders For Tablet Making
 Direct Compression
 Wet Granulating
 Dry Granulating

6. WHY GRANULATE?
 To improve powder flow.
 To improve compressibility.
 To reduce fines.
 To control the tendency of powders to
segregate.
 To control density.
 To capture and fuse small quantities
of active material.

7. WET GRANULATING PROCESS STEPS
 Pre-mix
 Wet massing
 Screening
 Drying
 Milling (Sieving)
 Final blend (Lubricant is added)

8. GRANULE FORMATION IN THE WET
GRANULATING PROCESS
 Nucleation
 Transition in the
.
funicular and
capillary stage
 Ball growth

9. Rapid Mixer
Granulator
(Wet Granulation)

10. DRY GRANULATING
 Powders can be
compacted
using a tablet
press; this is
called Slugging.

11. Why Dry Granulating?
 Granulate materials which are sensitive to
heat and/or moisture.
 Produce a uniform particle size range.
 Improve flow properties.
 Control dust.
 Control bulk density.
 Produce uniform blends
 Control particle hardness.

12. HOW GRANULES ARE TESTED
 LOD- water content (Loss on drying)
 Bulk Density, gm/ml
 Particle Size Distribution
 Angle of Repose.

13. What are a tablet composed of
 Active substances
 Filler
 Disintegrant
 Binder
 Gliadant
 Lubricant
 Antiadherent
 (Coating)
 (Colour, humectants)

14. Filler / Diluent
 Give a reasonable size for  Sugars
the tablet ≥50 mg  Lactose
 Properties  Sucrose
 Chemical inert  Mannitol
 Non-hygroscopic  Salts
 Water soluble or  Calcium phosphate
hydrophilic  Calcium carbonate
 Good mechanical  Polymers
properties
 Cellulose
 Acceptable taste
 Cheap

15. Dissintegrant
 Ensure that the tablet  Surfactants “small”
breaks into small pieces molecules that are both
when in contact with water water loving (hydrophilic)
 Addition of Disintegrant and oil loving
 Intragranular addition (hydrophobic)
 Extragranular addition  They will adsorb to
 Disintegration through interfaces and in water
wetting increase the hydrofilicity of
 Surfactant that interface
 Disintegration through  They will tend to form
rupture associated structures
 Starch above a certain
 Cellulose derivates concentration

17. How to increase the release rate
 Increase the surface
area (Disintegrant)
 Starch
 Cellulose materials
(Avicel)
 Include wetting agents
 Surfactants
 Increase solubility
 Avoid drug-excipient
interactions
 Use solid dispersions
or solid solutions

20. Binder
 A binder is added to  Dry powder that is mixed
in with the granulate and
increase the partly dissolved during
cohesion between granulation
 Wet binders that are
particles in dissolved in granulation
granulates to liquid
 Gelatin and starch
ensure mechanical
 Polividon and cellulose
stability of the  Dry binders that are used
granulate in dry granulation
 Normal  Cross linked PVP
 Microcrystalline
concentration of cellulose
binder is 2-10%

21. Lubricants and gliadants
 Gliadants included  Lubricants
to increase included to
flowability of facilitate tabletting
powder and ejection of
 Excipients formed tablets
 Colloidal silica  Excipients
 Magnesium  Magnesium
stearate stearate
 Polyethylene glycol

23. General Formula for a Direct
Compression Tablet
 DRUG 1 PART
 FILLER-BINDER 2 - 3+ PARTS
 DISINTEGRANT
STARCH 10 - 20%
OR
SUPER DISINT. 2 - 5%
 GLIDANT
COLLOIDAL SILICA 0.5 - 1%
 LUBRICANT
MAG. STEARATE 0.5 - 1%

24. Advantages of Direct
Compression over Granulation
 More economical (less  Disadvantages
time, space, materials,
 Problem of content
personnel, fewer steps)
uniformity for low dose
 Avoids heat and moisture drugs
of wet granulation
 Not practical for large
 Disintegrate more dose poorly
directly into primary compactible /poorly
particles flowing drugs
 Requires tight control
over physical properties
of filler-binder

30. High Speed Production
Rotary Tablet Press
55 stations
495,000 tabs/hour

31. Thank You…