This document discusses various models of health including the clinical model, health belief model, high-level wellness model, and health promotion model. It also covers factors influencing health such as lifestyle, locus of control, and self-efficacy. Additionally, it defines key concepts like health maintenance, health promotion, disease prevention, and wellness.
MODELS OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS IS USEFUL FOR STUDENTS PURSUING THEIR FIRST YEAR IN HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONAL, EXCLUSIVE FOR FIRST YEAR BSC NURSING STUDENT IN THE SUBJECT OF NURSING FOUNDATION.
THIS PPT LIST DOWN VARIOUS MODELS RELATED TO HEALTH AND ILLNESS AND THEIR DESCRIPTION.
MODELS OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS IS USEFUL FOR STUDENTS PURSUING THEIR FIRST YEAR IN HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONAL, EXCLUSIVE FOR FIRST YEAR BSC NURSING STUDENT IN THE SUBJECT OF NURSING FOUNDATION.
THIS PPT LIST DOWN VARIOUS MODELS RELATED TO HEALTH AND ILLNESS AND THEIR DESCRIPTION.
The health belief model is a social psychological health behavior change model developed to explain and predict health-related behaviors, particularly in regard to the uptake of health services.
The health belief model is a social psychological health behavior change model developed to explain and predict health-related behaviors, particularly in regard to the uptake of health services.
Briefly describe stages of illness behaviour as described by Suchman:
- The symptom experience stage
- Assumption of the sick role
- The medical care contact stage
- The dependent patient role
- The operative phase
- The post-operative phase
- The recovery and rehabilitation
- The terminal phase
- Briefly discuss the stressful experiences associated with hospitalisation and contact - with other health facilities under the following headings:
- Loss of privacy
- Loss of independence
- Depersonalisation and the loss of identity
introduction
Sociology and psychology in public health
Theories of sociology and psychology
Sociological and psychology methods, investigations and interventions.
Developing interventions to change health-related behaviour and;
Conclusion
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iemsa Stain report; Table of ContentsIntroductionObjectives of Giemsa stainPrincipleReagents UsedProcedureStaining procedure 1: Thin Film stainingStaining Procedure 2: Thick Film StainingResultsInterpretation/ConclusionApplications Giemsa stainAdvantagesLimitationsReferencesFour Charged in Plot to Kidnap an Iranian Journalist in New YorkIntroductionGiemsa stain was a name adopted from a Germany Chemist scientist, for his application of a combination of reagents in demonstrating the presence of parasites in malaria.It belongs to a group of stains known as Romanowsky stains. These are neutral stains made up of a mixture of oxidized methylene blue, azure, and Eosin Y and they performed on an air-dried slide that is post-fixed with methanol. Romanowsky stains are applied in the differentiation of cells, pathological examinations of samples like blood and bone marrow films and demonstration of parasites e.g malaria. There are four types of Romanoswsky stains:Giemsa stainJenner StainWright stainMay-Grunwald StainLeishman stainObjectives of Giemsa stainTo accurately prepare the Giemsa stain stock solutionTo stain and identify blood cellsTo differentiate blood cells nuclei from the cytoplasmPrincipleGiemsa stain is a gold standard staining technique that is used for both thin and thick smears to examine blood for malaria parasites, a routine check-up for other blood parasites and to morphologically differentiate the nuclear and cytoplasm of Erythrocytes, leucocytes and Platelets and parasites.Like any type of Romanowsky stains, it composed of both the Acidic and Basic dyes, in relation to affinities of acidity and basicity for blood cells. Azure and methylene blue, a basic dye binds to the acid nucleus producing blue-purple color. Eosin is an acidic dye that is attracted to the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic granules which are alkaline-producing red coloration. The stain must be buffered with water to pH 6.8 or 7.2, to precipitate the dyes to bind simple materials.Classically, Giemsa stain is a differential stain which is made up of a combination of reagents (Azure, Methylene blue, and Eosin dye) used widely in cytogenetics and histopathology for the diagnosis of:Malaria, spirochetes and other blood parasitesChlamydia trachomatis inclusion bodiesBorrelia sppYersinia pestisHistoplasma sppPneumocystis jiroveci cystsReagents UsedMethanolGiemsa powderGlycerinWater (Buffer)ProcedurePreparation of the Giemsa Stain Stock solution (500ml)Into 250ml of methanol, add 3.8g of Giemsa powder and dissolve.Heat the solution up to ~60oCThen, add 250ml of glycerin to the solution, slowly.Filter the solution and leave it to stand for about 1-2 months before use.Preparation of Working solutionAdd 10ml of stock solution to 80ml of distilled water and 10ml of methanolStaining procedure 1: Thin Film stainingOn a clean dry microscopic glass slide, make a thin film of the specimen (blood) and leave to air dry.dip the smear (2-3 dips) into pure methanol for fixation of the smear, lea
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
2. Health, Illness, and Wellness
Health is the process through which a
person seeks to maintain an equilibrium
that promotes stability and comfort.
Health is a dynamic process that varies
according to a person’s perception of
well-being.
3. Health, Illness, and Wellness
Health refers to all aspects of a person’s
life.
• Physical status
• Emotional well-being
• Social relationships
• Intellectual functioning
• Spiritual condition
4. Health, Illness, and Wellness
Illness is the inability of an individual’s
adaptive responses to maintain physical
and emotional balance, which results in
an impairment of functional abilities.
Wellness is the condition in which an
individual functions at optimal levels.
5. Models of Health
Health is the maintenance of harmony
and balance among body, mind, and
spirit.
• Balance or homeostasis is an equilibrium
among psychological, physiological,
sociocultural, intellectual, and spiritual
needs.
6. Models of Health
Clinical model
Health-belief model
High-level wellness model
Social learning theory
Host-agent-environment model
Health promotion model
7. MODELS OF HEALTH
CLINICAL MODEL
• Traditional Perspective
• Health is absence of illness
• Individuals who are not sick are healthy
HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
• Rosenstock
• Expectations direct behavior that leads to the fulfillment of
the expectations
• Group values exert influence on beliefs about health
• Belief may change as the person grows and develops
8. MODELS OF HEALTH
HIGH LEVEL WELLNESS MODEL
Dunn
Health is influenced by the interaction among
the individual, family and community
Health is viewed toward achieving one’s
fullest potential
Health is viewed as an attempt toward
achieving one’s fullest potential
9. MODELS OF HEALTH
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
Bandura
• Beliefs strongly influence action
Rosenstock
• Behavior is influenced by expectations and
reinforcements
10. MODELS OF HEALTH
HOST AGENT ENVIRONMENT MODEL
Leavell and Clark
Health depends on the interaction of host
agent and environment
Balance among these elements results in
health
Illness occurs when there is an imbalance in
one of the three elements
Model is used most often in predicting risk of
illnes
11. MODELS OF HEALTH
HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL
People engage in health promoting behavior when
they:
• Value health
• Perceive health as being within their control
• Can identify benefits in self-care behaviors
• Have a positive perception of their health status
Health promoting behavior is influence by:
• An individual’s inherited and acquired characteristics
• Significant others, who model the behavior, expect the
behavior to occur, and facilitate the behavior
• Families, peers, and health care providers
12. Cultural Influence on Health
Culture affects how an individual views
health and illness.
One’s cultural background influences
health-related behaviors and
expectations of treatment when illness
occurs.
13. Family Influences on
Health Care
Families help determine the following:
• Whether or not to seek treatment.
• What type of treatment is appropriate.
• Who should provide the treatment or care.
• Where the treatment or care should be
provided.
14. Family Influences on
Health Care
Families are often the major caregivers
for their relatives.
Extended families and communities have
traditionally acted as a buffer against
excessive stress and illness.
15. Family Influences on
Health Care
Lack of social support from family or
significant others results in psychological
and spiritual isolation, which may
negatively impact a person’s
physiological state.
16. Illness Perspectives
Illness is the result of a disease or injury
that affects functioning and occurs when
there is an inability to meet one’s needs.
An acute illness is usually characterized
by a rapid onset, intense manifestations,
and a relatively short duration.
A chronic illness is usually characterized
by a gradual, insidious onset with lifelong
changes, usually irreversible.
17. Parson’s 4 Aspects of the Sick
Role
Clients are not held responsible for their
condition
Clients are excused from certain social roles
and tasks
Clients are obliged to try to get well as quickly
as possible.
Clients or their families are obliged to seek
competent help
18. Suchman’s Stages of Illness
Stage 1 – Symptom Experience
• Person comes to believe something is wrong.
• May experience some symptoms such as pain, rash,
cough, fever, or bleeding.
• Unwell person usually consults others about the
symptoms or feelings
• May try home remedies
• If self management is ineffective, person enters next
stage
• 3 Aspects:
• Physical experience of symptoms
• Cognitive aspect (the interpretation of the symptoms in terms that
have some meaning to the person)
• The emotional response
19. Suchman’s Stages of Illness
Stage 2 – Assumption of the Sick Role
• Person accepts the sick role and seeks confirmation
from family and friends
• Often continues with self-medication and delay contact
with health care professionals as long as possible
• People may be excused from normal duties and role
expectations
• When symptoms persist, person is motivated to seek
professional help
• Emotional Responses during this stage – withdrawal,
anxiety, fear, and depression
20. Suchman’s Stages of Illness
Stage 3 –Medical Care Contact
Sick person seeks the advice of a health professional either
on their own initiative or at the urging of significant others
Information Obtained from health Care Professionals:
- Validation of real illness
- Explanation of symptoms in understandable terms
- Reassurance that they will be all right or prediction of what
the outcome will be
Client may accept or deny the diagnosis. If the diagnosis is
accepted, the client usually follows the prescribed treatment
plan. If diagnosis is not accepted, client may seek the
advice of other health
care professionals or quasi-practitioners who will provide a
diagnosis that fits the client’s perceptions.
21. Suchman’s Stages of Illness
Stage 4 – Dependent Client Role
• Dependent on health care professional for help
• People vary greatly in the degree of ease with
which they can give op their independence.
Role obligations such as those of wage earners,
father, mother, student etc. complicate the
decision to give up independence.
• Dependent on family and friends for support
22. Suchman’s Stages of Illness
Stage 5 – Recovery and Rehabilitation
• Client is expected to relinquish the dependent
role and resume formers roles and
responsibilities
• For people with acute illness, the time is
generally short and recovery is usually rapid
• For people with long term illnesses and must
adjust their lifestyle may find recovery difficult
• For clients with permanent disability, this stage
may require therapy to learn how to make
major adjustment in functioning.
23. Wellness Perspectives
Wellness places health on a continuum,
from one’s optimal level (wellness), to a
maladaptive state (illness).
High-level wellness means functioning to
one’s maximum health potential while
remaining in balance with the
environment.
24. Health Behaviors and Variables
Influencing Health
Behavior is defined as the observable
response of an individual to external
stimuli.
All behavior has meaning.
25. FACTORS CAUSING ILLNESS
Predisposing Factor – a condition that is characterized by a
previous tendency and susceptibility to a disease
E.g. Family history of heart disease
Contributing Factor – a condition that helps bring about an
illness
E.g. Smoking
Obesity
Precipitating Factor – a condition that brings on an illness
with undue rapidity, suddenly hastens the onset of illness,
or activates it under certain conditions.
E.g. stressful event
26. Health Behaviors and Variables
Influencing Health
Variables Influencing Health
• Lifestyle
• Locus of Control
• Self-Efficacy
• Health Care Attitudes
• Self-Concept
• Cognition
27. Health Behaviors and Variables
Influencing Health
Variables Influencing Health
• Age and Developmental Levels
• Gender
• Previous Experiences with the Health Care
System
• Environment
• Economic Resources
28. Health Maintenance
Behavior directed toward maintaining a
current level of health
Health maintenance activities are the
activities/behaviors an individual
performs to maintain or improve a current
level of health.
30. Health Promotion and Disease
Prevention (Health Protection)
Health Promotion
• Behavior motivated by the desire to shape a
healthy lifestyle.
• Process of enabling people to increase
control over their health and to improve their
health.
• Includes avoidance of unhealthy behaviors.
• Health promotion efforts intervene with
healthy, rather than ill populations.
31. Health Promotion and Disease
Prevention (Health Protection)
Disease Prevention
• Activities/behaviors that protect people from
the ill effects of actual or potential health
threats
- Primary prevention
- Secondary prevention
- Tertiary prevention
32. LEVELS OF PREVENTION
(Leavell and Clark)
Primary Prevention – precedes disease or dysfunction and is
applied to generally healthy individuals or groups
Purpose: to decrease the risk or exposure of the individual or
community to disease.
Focus:
• health promotion
• protection against specific health problems.
Examples:
Health education on healthy lifestyle
Immunizations
Risks assessment for specific diseases
Family planning services and marriage counseling
Environmental sanitation and provision of adequate housing,
recreation, and work conditions
33. Quit smoking
Avoid/limit alcohol intake
Exercise regularly
Eat well-balanced diet
Reduce fat and increase fiber in diet
Take adequate fluids
Maintain ideal body weight
34. LEVELS OF PREVENTION
(Leavell and Clark)
Secondary Prevention –includes prevention of complication and
disabilities
Purpose: to identify individuals in an early stage of a disease
process and to limit future disability.
Focus:
early identification of health problems
prompt intervention to alleviate health problems
Examples:
Screening surveys and procedures of any type
Encouraging regular medical and dental check-ups
teaching self examination for breast and testicular cancer
Assessing the growth and development of children
Nursing assessments and care provided in home, hospitals
and other agencies to prevent complications (e.g. turning
bedridden clients to prevent pressure ulcers etc.)
35. Annual physical examination
Regular Pap smear for women
Monthly BSE for women who are 20
years old and above
Sputum for TB
Annual guiac stool test and rectal
examination for clients over 50 years
36. LEVELS OF PREVENTION
(Leavell and Clark)
Tertiary Prevention – begins after an illness, when a defect or
disability is fixed, stabilized, or determined to be irreversible.
Purpose: Help rehabilitate individuals and restore them to an
optimum level of functioning within the constraints of
disability.
Focus:
restoration
rehabilitation
Examples:
Referring a client who has had a colostomy to a support
group
Teaching a client who has diabetes to identify and prevent
complications
Teaching a client to use crutches
37. Undergo speech therapy after
laryngectomy.
Attend self-management education for
diabetes.
Participate in cardiac rehabilitation of MI.
Physical therapy after CVA.