health and illness,health care team and agencies

2. Health :
• Health means different things to different people,
depending in the situation.
• Level of functional metabolic efficiency of a living
organism
• Good health is a prerequisite of human productive
and developmental process.

3.  In 1948 the world health organization (WHO)defines
health as,
◦ “A state of complete physical, mental, social, spiritual
wellbeing and not merely absence of disease or
infirmity”
 Dynamic state in which the individual adapts to changes
in internal and external environments to maintain a state
of well being “
(Potter and Perry- 2014)

4.  Wellness (health) - An active state, oriented toward
maximizing the potential of the individual
“Well being is a subjective perception of vitality and
feeling well…..can be described objectively,
experienced, and measured …..and can be plotted on
a continuum”
(Hood and Leddy,2003)

6.  Illness - Response of a person to disease, which is based on the
person’s perception ….SYMPTOM
◦ Persons physical ,emotional, intellectual , social, developmental
or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired
 Disease - A pathologic change in structure and/ or function
…..SIGN
◦ Disease can be described as an alternation in body functions
resulting in reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal
life span.

7.  Health is evolved over the centuries as a concept from
individual concern to world wide social goal and
encompasses the whole quality of life.
Changing concept of health till now are,
 Biomedical concept
 Ecological concept
 Psychosocial concept
 Holistic concept

8.  Traditionally, health viewed as an “absence of
disease”,.
 The medical profession viewed the human body as a
machine, disease as a consequence of the breakdown of
the machine

9.  Health is viewed as a dynamic equilibrium
between human being and environment
 Disease a maladjustment of the human organism to
environment.
 According to Dubos “Health implies the relative
absence of pain and discomfort and a continuous
adaptation and adjustment to the environment to
ensure optimal function.”

10.  According to psychosocial concept ,
“health is not only biomedical phenomenon, but
is influenced by social, psychological, cultural,
economic and political factors of the people
concerned.”

11.  Its the synthesis all the above concepts.
 It recognizes the strength of social, economic ,
political and environmental influences on health.
 It described health as a unified or multidimensional
process involving the wellbeing of whole person in
context of his environment .

12.  Clinical model- state of not being sick
 Role performance model- ability to fulfil societal roles
 Adaptive model- health as a creative process, disease
failure in adaptation
 Eudemonistic model- health as a condition of actualization
 The agent-host- environment model
 Health illness continuum

13.  The 3 interact in ways that create risk factors

14. At
Equilibrium
Agents
Biological, Nutrient, Physical,
Chemical, Mechanical
Human Host
Age, Sex, Race, Genetic
factors, Personality
Environment
Physical,
social,
Economic,
Biological
LEVER

16.  Health –A dynamic state that fluctuates as a person
adapts to changes in the internal and external
environments to maintain a state of well being
 Health and illness –
◦ Are relative concepts (not separate absolutes)
◦ Has two ends as a graduated scale
 Health- illness continuum -
◦ Is used to describe the cause of illness
◦ Helps identify risk factors that result from Agent-Host-
Environment

17.  Health is a constantly changing state with high level
wellness and death on opposite ends
 Composed of two arrows pointing in opposite direction
and joined at a neutral point.

18.  Movement to the right to the arrows (toward
the high level of wellness) equals an increase
in level of health and wellbeing
Achieved in three steps ,
Awareness
Education
Growth

19.  Movement to the left to the arrows (towards
premature death) equates a progressively decreasing
state of health.
Achieved in three steps,
Signs
Symptoms
Disability

21. ◦ High level wellness in a favorable environment – An
example is a person who implements the healthy lifestyle
behaviors and has the biopsychosocial, spiritual and
economic resources to support this lifestyle.
◦ Emergent high-level wellness in an unfavorable
environment – Example, a woman who has the knowledge
to implement healthy lifestyle practices doesn’t implement
adequate self-care practices because of family
responsibilities, job demands or other factors.

22. ◦ Protected poor health in a favorable environment –
Example, An ill person whose needs are met by the health
care system and who has access to appropriate medications,
diet and health care instruction.
◦ Poor health in an unfavorable environment – Example, a
young child who is starving in a draught-stricken country.

23. Factors and variables of health
Causes and risk factors.

24.  Biological
 Environmental
 Psychological
 VARIABLES:
◦ Internal variables
◦ External variables

25.  Developmental stage
 Intellectual background
 Perception of functioning
 Emotional factors
 Spiritual factors

26.  Developmental stage
◦ Health belief of an adult is different than of child
◦ Level of growth and development

27.  Intellectual background
◦ Concepts about body functions and illness
◦ Knowledge level
◦ Educational background
◦ Past experiences

28.  Perception of functioning
◦ People differ in their perception about
physical functioning.
◦ Nurse should gather subjective and objective
data

29.  Emotional factors
◦ Stress, depression and fear
 Very calm …………little emotional response
 Depressed …………over react to the illness

30.  Spiritual factors
 Some religions restrict the use of certain
forms of medical treatment
 Nurses must understand client’s spiritual
levels to involve them effectively in nursing
care

31.  Family practices
 Socio-economic factors
 Cultural background

32.  Family practices
 Depends on how his family uses health care
services
 Family response to disease and their
preventive care behaviors.

33.  Socio-economic factors
◦ Social and psychosocial factors influence
health and health practices
 Psycho social variables
 Marital and intimate relationship
 Life style habits and occupational environment
 Economic variables
 Poverty
 Malnourishment
 Deficiency diseases

34.  Cultural background
 Beliefs about the causes of illness and treatment
practices
 Nurses should be aware of the cultural patterns of
their clients

35.  BILOGICAL FACTORS-
◦ genetic makeup, growth & development
◦ race, age, sex
◦ pathogenic organisms
 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS-
◦ Climate
◦ Environmental pollution
◦ Radiation, both from machines and drugs.
◦ Sun’s UV ray’s

36.  PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS-
◦ mind-body interactions
◦ self-concept- emotions, feelings
 SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
◦ Political and economic system in the society
◦ Cultural system.
◦ Income and social status
◦ Education
 LIFESTYLE
 Marital and intimate relationship
 Life style habits and occupational environment
 Economic variables

38. Illness results from a disease(physiological or
psychological)or from an injury that affects body
functioning
◦ Multiple causative factors
 Poor immunity
 Poor health
 Accumulation of toxins inside the body
 Exposure to microorganisms
 Poor thoughts

39. A risk factor is anything that increases the
vulnerability of an individual or community to an
illness or accident.
 Does not mean that the individual develop disease
 Only increases the chance for experiencing the disease

40. Most common risk factors,
 Genetic factors
 Physiological factors
 Environment
 Age
 Lifestyle
 Dietary habits
 Other factors
 Biological factors and behavioral factors
 Immunologic factors
 Services, social factors and spiritual factors

42. Illness is a state in which the physical, social,
developmental, intellectual, emotional or spiritual
functioning of the individual is diminished or impaired
 Acute illness
 Chronic illness

43. Acute illness
◦ Short duration
◦ Mostly severe
◦ Starts abruptly and subsides in relatively short period (less
than 6 months)
Chronic illness
◦ Persist for more than six months
◦ May affect functioning of body in any dimension
◦ Up to the level of disability
◦ Major health problem

44.  The way the sick person acts is called illness behavior.
◦ Involves :
 How the interpret and view the symptoms
 Use remedial measures
 Utilize the health care facilities
 Nature of illness

45.  Recognizing of illness symptoms.
 The extent the person perceives symptoms as
serious.
 Information, knowledge and cultural assumption.
 Disruption in family work and social activity.
 Frequency of appearance.
 Toleration level.
 Physical proximity of treatment resources

46.  Denial
 Anger
 Fear
 Grief
 Acceptance

47. • Edward suchman (1972) identified stages of illness behavior.
1. Symptoms experience
 Awareness of physical changes.
 Pain, rashes and lump etc
2. Assumption of the sick role
 Accept sick role and seek confirmation
 Self treatment
 Excuses
 Emotional responses
 Illness persist seek professional help
3. Medical care contact
 Seek professional advice
 Accept or deny diagnosis
 Follow the treatment plan

48. 4. Dependent patient role
 Dependent for professional help.
 Accept their dependence on the primary care provider.
5. Recovery and rehabilitation
 Relinquish the dependent role
 Resume former roles and responsibilities.
 Acute illness (short term) – recovery fast
 Chronic illness (Long term) – recovery difficult

50. Illness always puts a patient under stress
◦ Serious illness
 Frustration and he may lose his hope for life
•Irritability
•Anger
•Resentment
•Anxiety
•Hopelessness
•Shock
•Denial
•Withdrawal
•Powerlessness

51.  Assist the client and family to cope up with stress
 Spirituality and spiritual leaders
 Help slowly accept the illness and will try to adjust
with it
 Help to make changes in daily routine and
occupation
 Involve family members for patient care
 Should act as a counselor

52. ? Client is bread winner of the family
? Financial problems
? Role reversal
Family dynamics : It is the process by which the
family functions, makes decisions and gives support to
the individuals
If the parent is ill ?
◦ Family activities
◦ Decision making
 Nurses role :
◦ Help the family to gain maximum level of functioning

53.  Self concept: is that what a person views about his own
strengths and weakness in all aspects of personality
◦ Components
 Identity
 Body image
 Role performance
 Self esteem: is a person’s overall feeling of self worth.
It is the emotional appraisal of self concept

54.  Self concept the client with illness :
◦ Not be able to perform as per the family expectations
◦ Affect the interaction with the family members
 Nurses role :
◦ Observe the changes in client and family members
◦ Help them overcome the changes

55.  Changes in the physical appearance
 Depending on the type of change
◦ Short term : they will accept
◦ Permanent(eg: amputation) :show reaction
 Shock
 Withdrawal
 Acknowledgment
 Acceptance
 Rehabilitation
 Use of prosthesis
 Change life style – diet, exercise, activity, sleep & rest

56.  Acknowledge and accept expression of feelings of
frustration, dependency, anger, grief, and hostility.
 Maintain nonjudgmental attitude while giving care.
 Support verbalization of positive or negative feelings
about the actual or perceived loss.
 Encourage family interaction with each other and with
rehabilitation team.

58.  Any medical or remedial care or
service, recognized under state
law, for the purpose of
preventing, alleviating and
curing/ healing illness, physical
disability or injury

59.  Aims to reach optimal (perfect) health by -
◦ Promotion of health
◦ Prevention & control of disease and health hazards
 Depends upon –
◦ Nature & extent of health problem
◦ Level of care required for quality life

60. Health care services are rendered by multi-
disciplinary team in India
 It’s the totality of services offered by all health
disciplines
1. Public sector
2. Private sector

61. Health care services are provided to public
◦ Governmental agencies
◦ Voluntary agencies
◦ Non profit agencies
 Services
◦ curative services
◦ preventive services
◦ Promotive services
◦ Rehabilitative services
 It administered in the central level and state level

62.  Non governmental agencies
 It comprises largest segment of the health care system

63.  Preventive & Primary health care
 Secondary care
 Tertiary care
 Restorative care
 Continuing care

64. 1. Preventive & Primary health care (health
promotion)- health for all
 Focuses on improved health outcomes for an entire
population
 It includes
 Nutrition counseling
 Family planning
 Maternal & child health
 Health education
 Immunization

65.  Secondary & tertiary care- hospitals
◦ Secondary acute care
• Emergency care
• Acute medical-surgical care
• Radiological procedures
 Tertiary care
◦ Intensive & sub acute care

66.  Restorative care-to regain maximal functional status,
enhance quality of life, self-care
◦ CPR
◦ Home care
◦ Rehabilitation

67.  Continuing care- for a prolonged period
◦ Nursing centers
 24hr intermediate & custodial care like nursing, rehabilitation,
dietary, recreational etc.
◦ Assisted living
 long term care setting with a homier environment
◦ Respite care
 provides short-term relief or time off for persons providing home
care to an ill, disabled, or frail older adult(-complex medical
problems)
◦ Hospice care
 a system of family-centered care
 allows clients to live and remain at home with comfort,
independence, and dignity while easing the pains of terminal
illness- palliative care

69. PUBLIC HEALTH PHYSICIAN’S OFFICES
 Established at the local ,
state ,federal levels.
 Funds generally from taxes
are administered by elected
or appointed officials.
 Local department have
responsibility for
developing programs.
 Primary care setting
 Majority have their own
offices
 Can be group practices
 Routine screening illness
diagnosis and treatment.

70. AMBULATORY CARE
CENTERS
OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH CLINIC

71. AMBULATORY CARE
CENTERS
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
CLINIC
 Provide ambulatory care
 Have diagnostic and
treatment facilities
 Term ambulatory care
replaced the term clinic.
 Setting for the employee
health care
 Recognize the value of
health employees
 Encourage healthy lifestyle
◦ Exercise facilities
◦ Health promotion
activities

72. HOSPITALS
SUBACUTE CARE
FACILITIES

73.  Size from 12 bed (rural) to
1500 bed (metropolitan).
 Governmental or non
governmental.
 Variety of health care
services based on their size
and location.
 Designed for patient with
acute illness, injury or
exacerbation of disease
process.
 Generally more intensive
than long term care
HOSPITALS
SUBACUTE CARE
FACILITIES

74. EXTENDED CARE
FACILITIES
RETIREMENT AND
ASSISTED LIVING
CENTERS

75. EXTENDED CARE
FACILITIES
RETIREMENT AND
ASSISTED LIVING
CENTERS
 Formerly called nursing
homes.
 Provide personal care those
who are chronically ill.
 Provide care for elderly
clients.
 Consist of separate houses
condominiums(apartments
for residents)
 Offer meals , laundry
services , nursing care,
transportation and social
activities.

76. REHABILITATION
CENTERS
HOME HEALTH CARE
AGENCIES

77. REHABILITATION
CENTERS
HOME HEALTH CARE
AGENCIES
 Independent community
centers or special units.
 Assist to restore the health
 Eg:- drug and alcoholic
rehabilitation centers.
 Services offered in the
home.
 Education to the client and
family.
 Provide care to acute ,
chronic and terminally ill
client.

78. DAY CARE CENTERS RURAL CARE

79. DAY CARE CENTERS RURAL CARE
 Provide care for infants and
children while parents
work.
 Elder care centers also
available (socializing,
exercise programs and
simulation)
 Counseling and physical
therapy
 Provide emergency care to
clients in rural areas.
 Nurse in rural setting must
be generalists who are able
to manage a wide variety of
clients and health care
problems

80. HOSPICE SERVICES CRISIS CENTERS

81. HOSPICE SERVICES CRISIS CENTERS
 Hospice was a place for
travelers to sit.
 Care provided in the home
or other health care setting .
 Services given to the
terminally ill, their families
and support persons.
 Improving and maintaining
the quality of life.
 Provide emergency services
 24 hr service.
 Help people to cope up with
an immediate crisis.
 Provide guidance and
support for long term care.

82. MUTUAL SUPPORT AND
SELF HELP GROUP
 Deal with people
experiencing life crisis
 Alcoholic anonymous
groups

84.  Health promotion is an important component of nursing
practice.
 It is a way of thinking that revolves around a
philosophy of wholeness ,wellness and well-being.

85.  Health promotion is a process of enabling people to
increase control over the determinants of health and
their by improve their health.
 The process is carried out through –
◦ Activating policy makers to make health supportive policies
◦ Empowering people to live healthy
◦ Building social support systems – for making healthy choices
and lead healthy lives

86.  Promotes quality of life
 Reduces inequalities in health
 Reduces pressure on services
 Is about making healthier, easier choices”.
 It is cost effective and efficient

87.  International organizations
 Governmental organizations
 Non-Governmental Organizations
 Health authorities
 Primary health care team
 Private physician
 Other health professions: nurses, allied
professions
 Religious organizations

88.  Information dissemination.
 Health risk appraisal and wellness assessment.
 Lifestyle and behavioral change.
 Environmental control programs.

89.  Model healthy life style behaviors and attitudes.
 Facilitate client involvement in the assessment ,
implementation and evaluation of health goal.
 Teach client health care strategies to enhance
fitness improve nutrition ,manage stress and
enhance relationships.

90.  Assist individuals, families and communities to increase
their levels of health.
 Educate client to be effective health care consumers .
 Assist clients ,families ,and communities to develop and
choose health promoting options.
 Guide clients development in effective problem solving and
decision making
 Reinforce clients personal and family health promoting
behaviors.
 Advocate in the community for changes that promote a
healthy environment.

91. INFANTS
 Infant parent
attachment/bonding
 Breast feeding
 Sleep patterns
 Playful activity to stimulate
development
 Immunization
 Safety promotion and injury
control

92. CHILDREN
 Nutrition
 Dental checkup
 Rest and exercise
 Immunizations
 Safety promotion and injury
control

93. ADOLECENTS
 Communicating with the
teen
 Hormonal changes
 Nutrition
 Exercise and rest
 Peer group influences
 Self concept and body
image
 Sexuality
 Safety promotion and
accidental prevention.
Health promotion topics

94.  Adequate sleep
 Appropriate use of alcohol
 Dental/oral health
 Drug management
 Exercise
 Foot health
 Health screening
 Hearing aid use
 Safety precautions
 Weight control etc.
ELDERS

95. The behavior motivated by a desire to
avoid or detect disease, or to maintain functioning
within the constraints of illness or disability.
(Pender, Murdaugh & Parson, 2006)
Goal:-
 To maintain optimal health by preventing disease

96. TERITIARY
SECONDARY
PRIMARY
PRIMODIAL
Individual & Mass health
education
Health promotion &
specific protection
Early diagnosis, treatment,
disability limitation
Restoration &
rehabilitation

97.  DEFINITION :
It is the prevention of emergence of risk factors
in population , in which they have not get appeared.
 Starts early in life -
◦ Individual and Mass health education
On life style
◦ Govt policies – Restrict smoking, sale
of alcohol…
◦ Regular physical activity
◦ Genetic counseling

98.  DEFINITION:
Primary prevention can be defined
as action taken prior to the onset of
disease, which removes the possibility
that a disease will ever occur,
 Vaccinations, wellness programs, good
nutrition for health, and safe sex
programs.

99. Health Promotion
Specific
Protection
• Immunizations & seroprophylaxis
• Chemoprophylaxis
• Specific nutrients/ supplements
• Protection against occupational
hazards
• Safety of drugs and foods
• Control of environmental hazards
• Health education
• Environmental
modifications
• Nutritional interventions
• Lifestyle & behavioural
changes

100.  DEFINITION:
The action which halts the progress of a disease at
its incipient stage and complications.
 INTERVENTION:
◦ Early detection.
◦ Prompt treatment.

101.  Early detection.
 Individual & mass screening
surveys
 Selective examination to cure &
prevent disease process and prevent
disease spread
 Prompt treatment
 To arrest disease process
 Prevent complications
 Limit disability & death

102.  DEFINITION:
All measures available to reduce or limit
impairment and disabilities , minimize suffering
caused by existing departures from good health and
to promote the patient adjustment irremediable
conditions.
 INTERVENTIONS:
◦ Disability limitation
◦ Rehabilitation

103.  Disability limitation
 Provision of hospital & community facilities for retaining
& education
 Rehabilitation
 The action of restoring someone to health or normal life
through training and therapy after imprisonment, addiction,
or illness.
 Medical rehabilitation
 Vocational rehabilitation
 Social rehabilitation
 Psychological rehabilitation

104. Disease
Impairment
Disability
Handicap
Loss/ abnormality of Psychological/
Physical structure or function
Disability that limits/ prevents the
fulfillment of a role in the community
that is normal for that individual
Restriction/ lack of ability to perform
in the manner/ range considered
normal for the human being

105.  Conclusion :
◦ Health promotion aims at
 Disease prevention
 Health protection
◦ Thus prevention, in a narrow sense, means avoiding the
development of disease in the future, and, in broader sense
consists of all interventions to limit progression of a disease.

107.  India is rich with many health care agencies
 Function: to promote health, to prevent illness and
to provide curative services
 Aim : to reduce the mortality and morbidity rates

108.  Provision for promotive and preventive care
 Rendering curative services
 Reduction in population growth rate
 Improvement in nutritional status
 Improvement in sanitation facilities
 Development of manpower resources
 Provision for safe water and food supply
 Increasing the literacy rate
 Reducing the levels of poverty

110. 1. Hospital agencies
◦ It may be private or government
◦ IP and OP services
◦ Govt ,
 PHC
 CHC
 Rural hospital
 Taluk hospitals
 District hospitals
 Specialist hospital
 Teaching institutions

111. 2. Day care centers
◦ “Creche” -provided for the infants and
children, where parents are working

112. 3. Health insurance schemes
◦ E.S.I (Employees state insurance)
 Introduced in 1948
 Employees working under the scheme are given,
 maternity benefits
 Medical care in cash and kind
 Benefits in case of employment injury
 Pension for dependents on death of worker due
to employment injury

113. ◦ Central government health scheme (CGHS)
 Introduced in 1954
 Covers employees of autonomous organizations
 Retired central government servants
 Widows receiving family pension
 MP’s
 Ex- governors and retired judges

114. 4. Rehabilitation centers
 Assist the clients to restore their health
 Nurses co-ordinate the client activities and ensure that
clients are complying with their treatments
 Need specialized skills and knowledge

115. 5. Home for aged
 Nurses look after both physical and
psychological needs of the aged clients
6. Nursing homes, clinics and
dispensaries:
 Treatments of minor ailments is carried out
7. Defense medical services
 Provides medical care to defense personnel
(Armed forces medical services)

116. 8. Hospices
 Family centered care
 During the course of terminal illness
 Physical ,physiological and spiritual care
 Symptom management is the main aspect of care

117. 9. Voluntary health agencies
 These are organizations administered by
autonomous boards who conduct programmes to
provide health services, health education or
relative activities for the improvement of public
health
 National voluntary agencies
 Indian Red Cross Society
 Hind Kusht Nivaran Sangh
 Bharath Sevak Samaj
 Indian Council For Child Welfare

118.  Governmental
◦ WHO
◦ UNICEF
◦ UNDP
◦ USAID
◦ UNFPA
◦ FAO
◦ UNAIDS
◦ ILO
◦ CDC
 Non
Governmental
◦ Rockefeller
foundation
◦ Ford foundation
◦ IRC
◦ CARE

119. ◦ Indigenous system of medicine
 Ayurvedha
 Siddha
 Unani
 Homeopathy

120. • Hospital is an integral part of a social and medical
organization ,the functions of which is to provide for
the population complete health care both curative
and preventive , and whose outpatients services
reach out to the family and its home environment

121.  Patient care
 Diagnosis and treatment of disease
 Outpatient services
 Medical education and training
 Medical and nursing research
 Prevention of disease and promotion of
health.

122. 1. Length of patient
stay - Long term &
short term, Acute
care(1-30 days) 2. Clinical basis-
General &
speciality
3. Ownership /control
basis- Public, voluntary,
voluntary nursing
homes, corporative
hospitals
4. Objectives- Teaching cum
research hospitals, general
hospitals, specialized
hospitals & isolation hospitals
5. Size- District,
Thaluk, CHC, PHC
6. Management -Union
government hospitals,
State government,
Autonomous bodies,
Private hospitals,
Voluntary agencies
7. System of medicine-
Allopathic, Ayurvedic,
Homeopathic,
Unani,Others

125. OUT PATIENT DEPARTMENT
 Consultation with doctor
 Undergo investigations
 Minor procedures
 Health education
 Receive specialty
services
 Rehabilitation services
•Medical
•Surgical
•OB and Gynec
•Ophthalmology
•ENT
•Pediatrics
•Orthopedic
•Cardiology
•Urology
•Neurology
•Psychiatry etc

126. • located in an area which is Easily accessible to
patients
•Should have sufficient medical and nursing personnel
•Supplies and equipments and facilities for meeting
the emergency situation
EMERGENCY/CASUALTY
DEPARTMENT
 Victims of accidents
 Patients with cardiac
arrest
 Patients with breathing
difficulty

127. Services
Dietary dept
Pharmacy
Other paramedical services
(radiology and laboratory)
 Patient who require continuous
medical care and attention
 Stay over night or for several days or
weeks or months for diagnosis,
treatment and therapy
 Patients are given the facilities for
lodging, medical and nursing care
INPATIENT SERVICE (IP)

128.  Consist of nursing service and nursing
education service
◦ Nursing service
 Most important dept
 Head : nursing officer / nursing superintendent
 Other personnel
 Assisstant nursing supdt
 Nursing supervisors
 Head nurses
 Staff nurses
◦ All nurses should possess registration/license to
practice as a nurse in the hospital
◦ Nursing education service

129.  Laboratory : various investigations are carried out in the
laboratories
 Urine
 Feces
 Blood etc
 Different sessions:
 Hematology
 Biochemistry
 Bacteriology
 Parasitology
 Pathology
 Blood bank

130.  Radiology : Radiological examinations and
treatment are provided to the patient
 This department should have safety precautions to
prevent radiological exposure to the patients and staff
of the hospital
 Dietary :Meets the dietary requirements of the
patients
 Special diets are served according to the condition of
patients.
Eg : Salt restricted diet, fat restricted diet,
diabetic diet etc
 Dietician is the responsible person for his department

131.  Pharmacy :this department is responsible for storing
and dispensing medicines and IV fluids

132.  Administration and accounts
 Housekeeping
 Maintenance
 CSSD
 Laundry department

134. The health care team or health
professionals are nurses and health personnel from
different disciplines who coordinate their skills to assist
clients and their support persons.
 Mutual goal is to restore clients health and promote
wellness

135.  Responsible for medical diagnosis and to determining
the therapy for who has disease or injury.
◦ General medicine
◦ Dermatologist
◦ Oncologist
◦ Pediatrician
◦ Psychiatrist etc

136.  A registered nurse assesses a clients health status ,
identifies health problems and develops & coordinate
care.
 Registration depending on state regulation.
 Nurse specialist ;
◦ Critical care
◦ Mental health
◦ Oncology etc.

137.  Role is to ensure that clients receive fiscally sound ,
appropriate care in the best setting.
 They can be a;
◦ Nurse
◦ Social worker
◦ Occupational therapist or
◦ any other member of health care

138.  Dentist diagnose and treat dental problems
 Involved in preventive measures to maintain healthy
oral structures.

139.  Registered nutritionist has special knowledge about the
diets required to maintain and to treat diseases.
 Plan therapeutic diet.
 Meet the nutritional needs of individual.
 Supervise the preparation of meals

140.  Assist patient with impaired function to gain the skills
to perform activities of living.
 Teaches skills that are therapeutic at same time provide
some fulfillment.

141.  Laboratory technologist, Radiological technologist,
Nuclear medicine technologist.
◦ Lab ;Examines the specimens (urine ,blood , feces etc.)
◦ Radiology (CT ,MRI)
◦ OT technician

142.  Prepare and dispenses pharmaceuticals in hospital and
community setting.
 Monitoring and evaluating the actions and effects of
medications on clients.

143.  Assist the clients with musculo skeletal problems.
 Asses clients mobility strength and provide therapeutic
measures.
◦ Exercise and heat application
 Independent practitioners at community setup

144.  Perform certain task under the direction of a physician
,they diagnose and treat certain diseases, conditions
and injuries

145.  Doctors of podiatric medicine (DPM) diagnose and
treat foot conditions.
 Licensed to perform surgeries and prescribe
medications.

146.  Skilled in therapeutic measures used in the care of
clients with respiratory problems.
 They will be efficient in use of,
◦ Oxygen therapy devices
◦ Intermittent positive pressure breathing respirator
◦ Artificial mechanical ventilator
◦ Administer pulmonary function test.

147. ◦ A social worker counsels clients and their support persons
regarding problems such as,
 Financial issues
 Marital difficulties
 Adoption of children …..

148.  Chaplains, pastors ,rabbis, priests and other
religious or spirituals advisors serve as part of
the healthcare team by attending spiritual needs
of patients

149.  Health care staff who assume delegated aspects
of basic client care.
 nurse assistant
 Hospital attenders
 Patient care technician etc