Health psychology;Definition, areas,Aims, Need & Significance|Aboutpsy.comAboutPsy
Definition of health psychology
Definition of Health
Areas of health psychology
Aims of health psychology
Need and significance of health psychology
Health psychology is devoted to understanding psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when they do get ill.
Health psychologists both study such issues and develop interventions to help people stay well or recover from illness.
..........aboutpsy.com
Health psychology;Definition, areas,Aims, Need & Significance|Aboutpsy.comAboutPsy
Definition of health psychology
Definition of Health
Areas of health psychology
Aims of health psychology
Need and significance of health psychology
Health psychology is devoted to understanding psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when they do get ill.
Health psychologists both study such issues and develop interventions to help people stay well or recover from illness.
..........aboutpsy.com
Human psychology an intriguing subject in which a very important aspect is how we recognize and tend to form impressions about our environment and other individuals in the social world is brilliantly explained in this chapter summarized in a visual format.
According to psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings" (1985).
Briefly this field has been discussed.
The historical development of Abnormal Psychology or Psychopathology is worth studying. The progressive as well as conservative steps have contributed to a balanced view of abnormal behavior.
Biography
Basic Assumptions
Human Needs
Burden of Freedom
Character Orientations
Personality Disorders
Psychotherapy
Methods of Investigation
Critique of Fromm
Concept of Humanity
Social cognition is a sub-topic of social psychology that focuses on how people process, store, and apply information about other people and social situations.
It focuses on the role that cognitive processes play in our social interactions.
The way we think about others plays a major role in how we think, feel, and interact with the world around us.
Human psychology an intriguing subject in which a very important aspect is how we recognize and tend to form impressions about our environment and other individuals in the social world is brilliantly explained in this chapter summarized in a visual format.
According to psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings" (1985).
Briefly this field has been discussed.
The historical development of Abnormal Psychology or Psychopathology is worth studying. The progressive as well as conservative steps have contributed to a balanced view of abnormal behavior.
Biography
Basic Assumptions
Human Needs
Burden of Freedom
Character Orientations
Personality Disorders
Psychotherapy
Methods of Investigation
Critique of Fromm
Concept of Humanity
Social cognition is a sub-topic of social psychology that focuses on how people process, store, and apply information about other people and social situations.
It focuses on the role that cognitive processes play in our social interactions.
The way we think about others plays a major role in how we think, feel, and interact with the world around us.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. Application to Health Psychology
Health psychology is a branch of applied psychology that applies the principles, theories and knowledge about
psychology to the filed of health, both personal and community.
Social psychology can be used in health psychology not only to understand health related behaviours but also to
develop suitable intervention strategy in order to modify the behaviours.
Relationship between health attitudes and health behaviour
Healthy behaviours are key to health, wellbeing and overall development of an individual. And attitudes in this
context that people have can have an influence on the health related behaviour or individuals. The relationship
between health attitudes and health behaviour cane be described with the help of the following beliefs (Sears,
Peplau and Taylor, 1991):
- General health values: These pertain to the display of interest and concern with regard to health. For example:
An individual may or may not be concerned about recurrent cough that he/ she is getting.
3. Application to Health Psychology
Threat to health: Degree of severity of the threat of a disease or disorder to health. For example: What is
the extent of threat posed by the cough? its severity. Whether it is just usual coughing or is it more severe
may be related to more severe disease.
Vulnerability of the person: How vulnerable is this person to the disease or disorder. For example, what is
the perception of the individual with regard to how vulnerable he/ she feels of developing tuberculosis or
lung cancer.
Self efficacy with regard to dealing with the threat: To what extent is the individual confident that he/
she will be able to deal with the threat posed by the disease or disorder. For example, to what extent they
feel that they will be able to make certain lifestyle and behavioural changes.
Response efficacy: If certain measures are taken by the individual whether they will result in the desired
outcome or not. For example, to what extent they feel that if the lifestyle and behavioural changes are made
then it will result in prevention or management of the disease, in this case tuberculosis or lung cancer.
4. This model states that the health related behaviour of individuals depends on their presumption of the
threat that is posed by the illness as well as the advantages and disadvantages of taking suitable action.
The following will thus determine the action taken by the individual:
1. Perceived susceptibility or vulnerability: The perception of the individual about his/ her susceptibility
to the illness in based of any precaution or protective measures.
2. Perceived severity: This mainly has to do with the severity of the illness and also the consequences of
this illness, to what extent it will affect the individual physical and socially.
3. Perceived benefits: This is related to the benefits if certain health related behaviours as recommended
by say medical practitioner or lifestyle coach is followed. Whether they will reduce the perceived
susceptibility/ vulnerability or perceived severity or not.
4. Perceived barriers: This is related to the barriers or negative features of the health related behaviour
that has been suggested to the individual.
Health Belief Model
5. 1. With my sedentary lifestyle and the fact that my parents
also have diabetic, I am susceptible to developing diabetes
2. Developing diabetes will result in restriction of food, need
to take medication, increased vulnerability to other illnesses.
This will restrict my day to day life
3. If I exercise regular and stop consumption of certain types of
food, development of diabetes can be avoided.
4. But I will not be able to live my life to the fullest and will
not be able to consume what i like. Also it is impossible to
spend so much time on exercise with my tight work schedule
and lack of time for family
Belief that developing
diabetes is a threat
If I change my life style and
follow healthy diet, diabetes
can be avoided
Will follow health life style
and diet
Example
6. The theory was proposed by Ajzen. The focus here is on behavioural intensions and the theory states that in order to bering
about change in health related behaviour of individuals we need to focus on behaviour intentions. Behavioural intensions in
this case can be as a result of attitude towards behaviour, that includes and beliefs and evaluation of the consequences;
subjective norms about the behaviour, that is beliefs related to other’s expectations and how motivate the individual is to
follow the norms. There is also a third aspect and that is the perception about the control that he/ she has on the behaviour.
Regular practice of Yoga will help me deal with my
stress.
Will start practicing
yoga
My colleagues and my parents strongly believe that
practicing yoga will help me deal with stress and
enhance my wellbeing.
I intend to learn and
practice yoga
I feel that I will be able to practice yoga on regular
basis and thus deal effectively with stress.
Theory of Planned Behaviour
7. This model was developed by Prochaska and Diclemente. The stages in this model are described as follows:
Stage 1: Precontemplation: This is the very first stage where the individual has no intentions what so ever
about changing the behaviour. They have not yet perceived the behaviour as causing a problem. For example,
the individual has not realised that regular and frequent consumption of junk food and soft drinks could have
negative consequences on his/ her health.
Stage 2: Contemplation: This is the second stage where individual realise that they need to change their
behaviour and are contemplating on changing the said behaviour. For example, the individual realises that
regular and frequent consumption of junk food and soft drinks can have negative health impacts and thus he/
she is contemplating that either the consumption should be stopped or drastically reduced.
Stages of Change Model
8. Stages of Change Model
Stage 3: Preparation: Based on his/ her contemplation in the second stage now the individual makes
preparation to make the necessary health change. They will decide that from the day they will practice the
required health related behaviour. They might also take some action in the direction of achieving the health
related behaviour. For example, they may inform friends about their decision and that they should not tempt
him/ her with the junk food or soft drinks henceforward.
Stage 4: Action: Her the individual will actually change the behaviour. They will take necessary action in this
direction. For example, they will stop buying junk food and soft drinks or whenever hungry, will go for
alternative healthy options.
Stage 5: Maintenance: Once the health behaviour is adopted, it is really important to maintain the same and
that can also be difficult. here the individual with work toads maintaining the health related behaviour. For
example, the individual will maintain the behaviour of not consuming junk food or soft drinks.
9. • Chronic illnesses obviously have a major negative impact on the individuals’, their health, their activities and even their close
family and friends. Most often than not, individuals suffering from any of the chronic illnesses will have a theory with regard to
how they developed this illness, which could be some injury, stress, bacteria or even God’s will.
• The impact of chronic illness affects all facets of an individual’s life including their day to day activities, family life, work and
leisure activities etc. There could also be side effects of the medication and frequent trips to the doctor and financial implications.
The person may also go though the coping process and may or may not accept the situation that he/ she is going through.
• Certain chronic illness like HIV/ AIDS also have stigma attached to them and individuals suffering from such illness may also
be stigmatised and may not received required treatment. Individuals suffering from chronic illnesses and their family members
may requires suitable counselling or psychotherapy. Interventions can also be designed for such individuals and their family
members.
• Social psychology can also be applied to prevention of illness and promotion of healthy behaviour besides on the relationship
between the patient and practitioner whether psychologist, psychiatrist or a medical doctor. It can also play a major role in
dealing with certain misconc
• Social psychology can also in greater way contribute to evaluation and improvement of health care system in a particular
society.
Perspective of Social Psychology on
Chronic Illness
10. • Industrial and Organisational psychology is a branch of psychology that mainly includes
systematic and scientific study of human behaviour at workplace.
• It is application of theories and principles of psychology to an organisational set up. Industrial
psychology may focus to a greater extent on the individual at workplace, where as the
organisational psychology focuses on the structure of and processes in organisations and also
the interactions amongst the employees.
• These are two important terms that determine the productivity and performance of an employee.
• Motivation can be categorised into intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic
motivation is one where the individual internally feels that he needs to work in a particular
direction and extrinsic motivation is when an individual is driven to perform due to an external
source.
Application to Industrial and
Organisational Psychology
11. • In an organisational set up, individuals are necessarily interdependent and have to work in tandem with each other despite of
their differences.
• In this context how others are perceived by the individuals is significant. Fiske (1993) defined social perception as “ the
process of selecting and interpreting information about how we view others and ourselves”
• Others are most often perceived in a subjective manner and in this there could be a number of perceptual biases.
• Perceptual biases can be described as errors that interfere with the process of perception.
• Two significant perceptual biases that are discussed in this regard are:
- Selective perception: We are normally exposed to a large amount of information and it is not possible to absorb all this
information. Thus only certain information that mainly catches our attention is taken by us. In a crowd of people, therefore, we
may easily notice clown due to its distinctive costume and behaviour. Selective perception is extremely important in an
organisational set up as from selection to performance appraisal, there could occur perceptual biases that can be traced to
selective perception. In this context the schemas and heuristics that we discussed in social cognition (chapter 4) are relevant.
- Halo effect: In this generalisations are made about an individual based on a single piece of information. For example, an
employee who is punctual will be seen by the superior as being particular about work and honest and an employee is clumsy
with arrangement on his/ her may be seen as ineffective. This may not be a reality though and thus perceptual bias can take
place. Halo effect can also be as a result of “similar to me effect”, where a manager will have a favourable perceptions about
an employee because he/ she perceives the employees as being similar to him/ her.
Social Perception in Organisational Setup
12. • Most often we also want to know why certain individuals behave or perform the way they behave. The
process in which causes are assigned to such behaviours can be described as attribution process
• In this context a covariance model was suggested by Kelly in 1973 ( Coutts and Gruman, 2012). In this model an
individuals behaviour is attributed two either something that is internal (under control of the individual) or something
external (due to factors not under control of the individual).
• Further, while making these attributions and deciding whether they are due to internal or external factors there are three
different types of information that are considered.
- Distinctiveness: Whether the behaviour is distinctive or not? Is is common to many situations or not. If it is
common then distinctiveness is low and if it is not common distinctiveness is high.
- Consensus: Do others behave in this manner as well or not? If yes then consensus if high and if no then consensus
is low.
- Consistency: This has to dow with behaviour over the period of time. Whether the person behaves the same way in
such situations in other times as well or not. If yes then the consistency is high and if no then the consistency is low.
• Based on the above if an individual display high distinctiveness and consensus but low consistency we could attribute
his/ her behaviour to external causes and in case if the individual displayed low distinctiveness and consensus but high
consistency then his/ her behaviour will be attributed to internal causes.
Social Perception in Organisational Setup Cont…
13. Conflicts could often occur when individuals are working together. Such conflicts could not only affect the
productivity of the individuals but will hamper the overall production and profitability of an organization. Conflicts could be at
workers level or even at highest levels of management. Either ways it if necessary to understand them so as to deal with them
effectively.
There are number of causes of conflict at work place, they are discussed as follows:
- Organisational causes: These are related to the structure and process in an organization. These include, competition with
regard to resources, power disparities, lack of clarity in roles, responsibilities and even jurisdiction, work interdependence and
reward systems that are increasingly competitive in nature (Baron and Byrne, 1995).
- Interpersonal factors: There are also certain interpersonal factors or causes related to lack of adequate communications,
attributions that are faulty, stereotypes and negative attitudes, feelings of resentment and inequality and having grievances
(Baron and Byrne, 1995). What we studied in the chapter 6 on interpersonal relationship finds its application here.
As is obvious, conflicts can have grave impact on the functioning of the organization. Differences in opinions are in a way
necessary to promote creativity and effective problem solving in an organization. Therefore necessary steps need to be taken to
promote constructive arguments and criticism but avoid conflicts.
1. Bargaining
2. Superordinate goals
3. Incompatibility response strategy
Conflict at Workplace
14. Application of Social Psychology Topics to Organisational Setup
Social Psychology topic Application to organisational set up
Social Cognition and Social
perception
Can be used to understand the thinking pattern of the employees as well see how they
perceive each other. Could have its application from selection to performance appraisal
Interpersonal relationship How employees relate to each other in organisational set up. This is also important as in an
organisational set up employees may also develop friendship or even close relationship.
Attitudes It is very important to focus on employee attitude towards the organization, its structure and
process and towards the people working in it. Attitude towards technology and use of safety
devices etc. can also be important
Social influence Since employees are working in group, definitely their behaviours are influence by each
other.
Group dynamics Group dynamics can help understand the behaviour of the employees in groups and teams.
15. • Application to teams
Teams can be described as a group of people with a common goal, though they are more matured when
compared to a group and also have a higher degree of interdependence especially when compared to a group.
Team can be described as a small group of people having skills that are complementary in nature and this group
of people have common goals, purpose and strategy and for which they can be held accountable as a team.
(Moorhead and Griffin, 2010).
There are four main features of team cohesion as described by Carron et al (1997), they are multidimensional,
dynamic, affective and instrumental.
- Multidimensional means that the cohesion is a complex factor and is as a result of various factors and not
single factor.
- Dynamic denotes that cohesion can change or fluctuate over a period of time despite being comparatively
stable.
- Affectivity, as the name suggests, is related to the team members or the sportspersons emotional state.
- Instrumental mainly deals with the goals and objectives of the team towards which the team works.
Application to Sports
16. Application to Sports Cont…
Self efficacy and collective efficacy of the team member: Yet another aspect in the teams that a social
psychologist might to work on is the self efficacy and collective efficacy. Self efficacy can be described as “a
belief that one can perform adequately in a particular situation (Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2006, pg 480). On the other
hand the collective efficacy has been defined as Bandura in 1997 (Sullivan, Feltz and Dithurbide, 2012 pg 122) as
“ a group’s shared belief in its ability to organise and execute the course of action required to obtain a certain
outcome”. Both these terms are relevant in this context.
Burton in 1989 (Sullivan, Feltz and Dithurbide, 2012 pg 128) stated different types of goal orientations, they are
discussed as follows:
– Outcome goals: The focus here is on the outcome, that is whether the team won or lost. The contribution of the
team members or how they played, whether their did their best or did not play that well does not matter. What
is important is the outcome of the game.
– Performance goals: In this case the performance is more important than the outcome. The focus is on the team
players own performance and achievement of success is also based on comparison with self.
– Process goals: These goals focus on skills that are performed during the game.
17. • Leadership in sports can be viewed in two ways, one is the captain of the team who acts as the leader. Besides
there is
also the coach who also in a way plays role of a leader guiding the team towards achieving its goals.
• Leadership can be defined as “the process through which one member of a group (its leader) influences other
group members toward the attainment of specific group goal” (Yukl, 1989).
• Leadership styles can be autocratic, democratic or laissez faire.
- In autocratic leadership, all the control is vested with the leader and all the decisions are taken by him/ her
without entertaining any opinions from the group or team member.
In democratic leadership, the leader encourages exchange of ideas amongst the team members and promotes their
participation. members thus get to play a significant role in decision making.
Application to Leadership
18. Application to Leadership
In laissez faire leadership, the leader is not as such involved and is almost absent.
Stogdill in 1974 stated that certain traits like ability to adapt, self confidence, persistence, intelligence, creativity
can play a role in determining success.
Effective communication and reinforcement besides clear instruction are also significant (Crust and Lawrence,
2006).
Thus theories with reference to leadership as discussed in social psychology can be applied in order to enhance
the leadership in sports team.
In teams leader also plays a significant role in calcifying the roles that each member has to play besides Role can
be described as set of behaviours that person is expected to display when in social situations. So a goal keeper
in a football team is expected to avoid a goal from the opposite team.
Besides role clarity, the team members need to displays both role acceptance and role performance.
Role acceptance the the extent to which the person playing the role agrees to adhere with the depends of the role
and role performance can be described as completion of the responsibilities of that role by the member
(Sullivan, Feltz and Dithurbide, 2012).
19. In the context of team, effective team communication has been defined by Sullivan and Gee (2007) as “interactions
between teammates that result in enhanced team attributes and/or functioning”. In a study carried out by them
satisfaction experiences by the athletes was positively correlated with effective communication.
Hanin in 1992 (Sullivan, Feltz and Dithurbide, 2012) stated four styles of communication, discussed as follows:
- Orientation messages: messages with regard to strategies related to planning. Team members always discuss
strategies and techniques they would be using before the game. Planning is also essential component of team work.
- Stimulation messages: Messages that are used to reinforce and motivate the members. Leaders in teams often use
such messages to encourage team member from performing to their best. This are mainly used during the
performance.
- Evaluation messages: These are related to evaluation or assessment of the members performance related to their
effort, ability and overall performance. These are used after the performance when the team members are given
feedback with regard to their performance. `
- Task irrelevant messages: Any communication that does not fall under the above three categories are terms as task
irrelevant messages.
• Besides verbal communications, there are also non verbal communications.
Application to Communication
20. • Social-clinical interface’, which is used mainly to bridge the gap that exists between basic social
psychological research and clinical practices (Tashiro and Motensen, 2006).
• Though bridging of this gap initially met with dead end as it was though that there is no connection what
sos even between social psychology and the area of mental health.
• Goldstein, heller and Sechrest (1966) stated that no such thing as social psychology of psychotherapy
existed and Strong (1987) also indicated that not a single innovation in psychotherapy was as a result of
contribution from social psychology.
• According to Hart, Ledgerwood and Ianni (2012, pg 87) social clinical interface comprises of attempts to
comprehension, diagnoses and modification of some of the psychological problems and issues including
jealousy, anger, shame, guilt, embarrassment, regret, and remorse. Social psychology theories related to
self, attribution theories, expectancy theories and so on can be adequately applied to understand and
resolve most of these issues.
• In the present chapter the application of social psychology to these to ver important fields will be
discussed in terms of the following three categories:
Application to Clinical and Counselling
Psychology
21. The application of social psychology to these to very important fields
will be discussed in terms of the following three categories:
1. Social psychology and origin of psychological problems and
disorders
2. Diagnosis
3. Treatment of psychological disorder
Application to Social Psychology
22. • The application of social psychology to education mainly focuses the behaviour in an educational setup that can be
termed as
a system in itself.
• Social psychology can also be applied in an educational setup in order deal with specific problems and issues and in order
to improve educational output.
• Distance education is one such educational technique that emerged as a response to socio economic needs.
• The main aim of any educational system is to provide instructions for development of skills, strive to built a cultivated
society, to promote learning and convey the secular point of view of individuals.
• Any educational system whether conventional (that is, face to face or distance mode) have to work towards achieving the
above aim. However, there are additional socio- economic needs mainly in developing countries like India that need to be
achieved and it may not be possible to do so with conventional mode of education. These needs are as follows:
- Need for educational system with flexible arrangements so that individuals can earn and educate themselves at the same
time.
- Need for specialised programmes and courses for employed individuals
- Need for certification without necessity of following the formalities of conventional education system.
Application to Education
23. Application to Education
Further there are other challenges like,
- Proving education to large numbers of students who have diverse educational needs.
-Need for innovation in educational system.
In this context the Open Distance Learning plays an important role in fulfilling the needs by providing
courses in flexible form and providing courses for employed individuals that help them function in the
society in a better way.
The main concepts of distance education are
1. Learner autonomy or independence
2. Indirect education where there is flexibility
3. Education in actual or real set up.
24. • The overall relationship between psychology and law is comparatively not
much researched, certain studies have been carried out on topics like perception of eyewitness’s
and his/her testimony (Fisher, 1982).
• Tapp in 1973 identified three main areas of interaction between psychology and law, they are, the
process of legal socialization in a particular community or society, the judicial processes in court
of law and the criminal justice process (Fisher, 1982).
• Social psychology can be applied in a legal set up to study the behaviours of the judge, lawyers,
defendants, eyewitness and accused themselves.
• It can also focus on aspects like arrest, interrogation and prosecution (Fisher, 1982).
• They can greatly contribute to changes and modifications of legal and judicial procedures.
• It can thus be used to improve the overall legal system.
• Further, social psychology can also be applied to build and evaluated programmes and
interventions for preventing crime and ways of rehabilitating offenders.
Application to Law
25. Environmental psychology can be described as a study of relationship between behaviour and the
environment (natural or created by human beings).Various environmental issues that we come across like
garbage management, pollution, crowding or even sense of alienation (even though surrounded by numerous
people) can be termed as social issues.
As Kurt Levin has suggested B=f (P, E), that is behaviour is a function of both the person or an individual and
environment. Though initially Lewin meant psychological environment by ‘E’ but as he moved towards
social psychology, he broadened the concept to an environment as perceived by the individual or his/ her
subjective perception of the environment (Fisher, 1982).
Social psychology can be applied to the field on environmental psychology in following ways:
1. Our environmental perceptions can have an influence our attitude. This can be of great interest of social
psychologists as they can not only understand how attitude develops but also work towards how to modify
and change individuals’ attitude.
2. The theories and principles of social psychology can be used to deal with certain environmental issues like
pollution (both air and noise), garbage and overall deterioration of environment.
3. Social psychologists can study the interactions amongst individuals based on the personal space.
Application to Environmental Psychology
26. • Consumer psychology can be defined as a branch of psychology that studies the
behaviour of individuals in terms of reasons and influences on the bases of which they buy
or do buy products.
• Consumer psychology as a field initially started with mainly studies on advertising and
sales of products.
• Consumer behaviour can in a way be termed as social behaviour and thus numerous
developments in the fields of consumer psychology can be attributed to the theories and
models of social psychology (Fisher, 1982).
• Various aspects like attitude, expectations, behaviours, decision making, influences,
communication and so on need to be examined to understand the consumer behaviours of
individuals (Fisher, 1982).
• Further, in this context we also need to focus on the economical aspect of the consumers
that can determine their behaviour.
Application to Consumer Psychology