Models of health and illness

Models of health and illness

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  MODELS OF HEALTHAND ILLNESS By: Mr. M. Shivanandha Reddy
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  • A modelis a theoretical way of understanding a concept or idea. • Models represent different ways of approaching complex issues.
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  • Nurses developedvarious health models to provide effective health care. • The nursing models allows the nurses to understand and predict patients’ health behaviour.
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  Nursing models: • HealthIllness Continuum Model • Health Belief Model • Health Promotion Model • Maslow’s Hierarchy Of Needs / Basic Human Needs Model • Holistic Health Models
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  Health Illness ContinuumModel • According to this model, health is a dynamic state that fluctuates as a person adapts to changes in the internal or external environments to maintain a state of well-being. • Illness is a process in which the functioning of a client is diminished or impaired when compared with his/ her previous condition.
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  • In thismodel, high-level wellness and severe illness are at opposite ends of the continuum • The person moves back and forth (forward) within this continuum day by day • Wide ranges of health or illness are present.
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  Health Belief Model •Rosenstoch and Becker and Maiman proposed the Health Belief Model. • This model addresses the relationship between a person’s beliefs and behaviours. • The Health Belief Model helps to understand the factors influencing patients’ perceptions, beliefs, and behaviour to plan the care.
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  • It hasgot three components: 1. Individual’s perception of susceptibility to an illness 2. Individual’s perception of the seriousness of the illness 3. Likelihood of taking preventive action
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  1. Individual’s perceptionof susceptibility to an illness • The first component of this model involves an individual’s perception of susceptibility to an illness. • For example, a patient needs to recognize the familial link for coronary artery disease. • After this link is recognized, particularly when one parent and two siblings have died from myocardial infarction, the patient may perceive the personal risk of heart disease.
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  2. Individual’s perceptionof the seriousness of the illness • This perception is influenced and modified by demographic and socio psychological variables, and cues to action (e.g., mass media campaigns and advice from family, friends, and medical professionals). • For example, if a patient may not perceive his heart disease to be serious, which may affect the way he takes care of himself.
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  3. Likelihood oftaking preventive action • The third component—the likelihood that a person will take preventive action—results from a person’s perception of the benefits of taking action. • Preventive actions include lifestyle changes, increased adherence to medical therapies, or a search for medical advice or treatment.
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  3. Health PromotionModel • Dr. Nola Pender developed the Health Promotion Model (HPM) • The health promotion model focuses on helping people achieve higher levels of well-being. • It encourages health professionals to provide positive resources to help patients achieve desired changes. • The goal of the HPM is not just about helping patients prevent illness through their behavior, but to promote better health or optimal health.
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  • The modelfocuses on the following three areas: (1) Individual characteristics and experiences, (2) Behavior specific knowledge and affect (3) Behavioral outcomes • HPM notes that each person has unique personal characteristics and experiences that affect subsequent actions.
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  • These variablescan be modified through nursing actions. • Health-promoting behaviour is the desired behavioural outcome and is the end point in the HPM. • Health-promoting behaviours result in improved health, enhanced functional ability, and better quality of life at all stages of development
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  4. Maslow’s Hierarchyof Needs • Proposed by “Abraham Maslow”
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  • Basic humanneeds are elements that are necessary for human survival and health (e.g., food, water, safety, and love). • Although each person has other unique needs, all people share the basic human needs, and the extent to which basic needs are met is a major factor in determining a person’s level of health.
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  • According tothis model, certain human needs are more basic than others (i.e., some needs must be met before other needs [e.g., fulfilling the physiological needs before the needs of love and belonging]). • Self-actualization is the highest expression of one’s individual potential and allows for continual discovery of self. • After fulfillment of the basic needs only the person aims at higher level needs.
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  • The hierarchyof needs model provides a basis for nurses to care for patients of all ages in all health settings. • when applying the model, the focus of care is on the patient’s needs rather than on strict adherence to the hierarchy. • It is unrealistic to always expect a patient’s basic needs to occur in the fixed hierarchical order
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  5. Holistic HealthModels • Health care has begun to take a more holistic view of health by considering emotional and spiritual well-being and other dimensions of an individual as important aspects of physical wellness. • The holistic health model of nursing attempts to create conditions that promote optimal health.
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  • In thismodel, nurses using the nursing process consider patients to be the ultimate experts concerning their own health and respect patients’ subjective experience as relevant in maintaining health or assisting in healing. • In the holistic health model patients are involved in their healing process, thereby assuming some responsibility for health maintenance
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  • Nurses usingthe holistic nursing model recognize the natural healing abilities of the body and incorporate complementary and alternative interventions such as music therapy, relaxation therapy, therapeutic touch, and guided imagery.
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  • Nurses useholistic therapies either alone or in conjunction with conventional medicine. • For example, • Music therapy in the operating room creates a soothing environment. • Relaxation therapy is frequently useful to distract a patient during a painful procedure such as a dressing change. • Breathing exercises are commonly taught to help patients deal with the pain associated with labor and delivery.