Periodic Health Examination
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Periodic health examinations are important for providing preventive services like screening, counseling, and immunizations. The document outlines recommendations for screening various health measures at different life stages from birth through adulthood. Screenings include developmental screening in young children, vision and hearing tests throughout childhood, lead screening at ages 1-2, and cancer screening, diabetes screening, and hypertension screening in adults. Counseling on topics like injury prevention, nutrition, dental health, and risky behaviors are also recommended parts of periodic health examinations across the lifespan.
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THIS SLIDE IS PREPARED BY SURESH KUMAR FOR MY STUDENT SUPPORT SYSTEM TO WATCH THIS VIDEO VISIT YOUTUBE CHANNEL- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3tfqlf__moHj8s4W7w6HQQ
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The document discusses the key concepts and principles of primary health care (PHC) according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Philippine health care system. It defines PHC as essential health care that is universally accessible to communities at low cost through their participation. The core components of PHC include disease prevention, health promotion, and the treatment of common illnesses. It also outlines the different levels and providers of the Philippine health care delivery system from barangay health stations up to national medical centers.
The 5 stages of disease and prevention
A description of the five successive stages of disease and the corresponding stages of prevention for each of these. The new model can be useful in healthcare planning, public health, and counseling of individual patients.
Ppt for physical examination
This document provides information on conducting a health examination, including definitions, indications, techniques, equipment, positioning, preparing the patient and environment, and assessing different body systems. A health examination involves systematically assessing the general physical and mental condition of the body through the senses of inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. It is important to prepare the patient and environment, use the proper equipment and techniques, and document examination findings.
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Adoption - Is my baby fine doc
This document provides guidance on evaluating newborn infants and considerations for pediatricians. It outlines components of a comprehensive newborn evaluation including physical examination, medical history assessment, vision/hearing screening, and laboratory tests. Key points discussed are potential risk factors to consider like prematurity, evaluating family history for genetic conditions, discussing gray areas with adoptive families, and ensuring tests are disclosed but not used punitively in adoption processes. The role of the pediatrician is to fully inform families while avoiding guarantees and respecting the child's welfare.
Care of Pediatric Down Syndrome
Down Syndrome is the most common chromosomal abnormality affecting children today. It occurs in approximately 1 in 800 to 1,000 births and is caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. Individuals with Down Syndrome often have intellectual disabilities and are at increased risk for certain medical conditions such as congenital heart disease, gastrointestinal abnormalities, hearing loss, thyroid disorders, and periodontal disease. Proper screening, monitoring, and management of associated health issues can help improve quality of life for those with Down Syndrome.
Preventive pediatrics
Screening guidelines for BP, Dental, Hearing and Vision evaluation in children. Also injury prevention, anemia screening and newborn screening in brief.
Metabolic screening in newborn
Screening for any disorder in individuals is a strategy used for identifying a disease before the onset of signs or symptoms, thus enabling earlier detection and management with the aim to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Oral health-screening 4
The document discusses the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) policies and guidelines regarding oral health risk assessment and screening for young children. It states that the AAP recommends that all children begin receiving oral health risk assessments by 6 months of age from a pediatric health professional. It provides details on performing a complete oral examination, utilizing the AAP Caries Risk Assessment Tool, and referring children identified as high-risk to a dentist by age 1. The document aims to help pediatricians assess dental caries risk in their patients and identify those in need of dental referral.
mental retardation
Primary prevention methods can help reduce the occurrence of mental retardation from certain conditions. Early screening through newborn screening can help detect treatable causes like phenylketonuria (PKU), galactosemia, and congenital hypothyroidism to prevent or reduce intellectual disability. Maintaining treatment protocols through dietary or medical management in PKU, galactosemia, maternal PKU, and congenital hypothyroidism is important for tertiary prevention. Genetic counseling can aid primary prevention for conditions with a genetic basis like Down syndrome, galactosemia, and PKU.
PediatricsStudyGuide.pdf
The document provides an overview of pediatric nursing including foundations of care from infancy through adolescence. It discusses health supervision visits, developmental screening, immunizations, and interventions for various pediatric health issues. The later sections cover common pediatric respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, neurological, musculoskeletal, and integumentary disorders.
Neonatal Screening: G6PD and Critical Congenital Heart Disease
This document discusses neonatal screening tests for G6PD deficiency and critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) in Malaysia. It provides information on the purpose and types of neonatal screening, including tests for G6PD deficiency and pulse oximetry screening for CCHD. For G6PD deficiency, the document outlines the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, screening, investigations, management, and complications. For CCHD screening, it describes how pulse oximetry can detect lower oxygen levels associated with heart defects, and the screening procedure and follow-up for babies who fail the screening test. The document emphasizes the importance of screening to identify conditions early for treatment before symptoms appear.
Childrens Health Brigade Orientation
The document describes the Child Health Initiative (CHI) run by Shoulder to Shoulder in Honduras. The CHI aims to improve child health through evidence-based interventions like vitamin supplements, deworming medication, dental care, screening and treatment for anemia and vision problems. It outlines the 8 stations of the child health brigades where these interventions are provided, including registration, dental care, screening, medication administration, and referrals. Results so far show reductions in stunting, wasting, anemia and vision problems among participating children.
Well child visits
The document discusses guidelines for well-child visits for infants and young children. It provides recommendations for screenings, assessments, and anticipatory guidance. The key points are:
1) Well-child visits allow physicians to screen for medical issues, provide anticipatory guidance, and promote healthy development.
2) Screenings should follow USPSTF and AAP guidelines and include assessments for maternal depression, developmental milestones, iron deficiency, lead exposure, and vision.
3) Anticipatory guidance should address safety, dental care, screen time, sleep, diet, and physical activity. Parents should be advised to establish healthy habits in these areas.
4--Child health care and preventive pediatrics{4}.ppt
This document discusses various feeding problems in infants during the first two years of life, including underfeeding, overfeeding, regurgitation and vomiting, constipation, and feeding during the second year. It provides information on causes and treatments for each issue. For example, it states that underfeeding may be caused by problems with feeding mechanics or bonding, and overfeeding can result from high-fat or high-carbohydrate diets. It also outlines recommendations for healthy eating habits and snacks as infants age.
Pregnancy in women who have epilepsy
Majority of women with epilepsy can have a normal pregnancy with a favorable outcome, though there are some increased risks compared to the general population. Multiple anti-epileptic drugs can interfere with birth control pills, so barrier methods are recommended. Exposure to anti-epileptic drugs during pregnancy has been linked to fetal anti-convulsant syndrome, minor and major birth defects. While no anti-epileptic drug is completely safe during pregnancy, lamotrigine appears to pose less risk of major malformations.
Endocrine disorders.ppt
The document discusses Phenylketonuria (PKU) and congenital hypothyroidism. PKU is an inherited disorder that prevents the breakdown of phenylalanine. It can cause intellectual disabilities if not treated through a phenylalanine-restricted diet. Congenital hypothyroidism is caused by thyroid gland issues present at birth and can lead to developmental delays without thyroid hormone treatment. Both conditions are screened for at birth through blood tests and require lifelong management through specialized diets or thyroid hormone supplementation.
The Pyrexial Child
The document discusses the assessment and management of febrile children in primary care. It outlines appropriate methods for measuring temperature in children of different ages. Common causes of fever are infections, but also include conditions, convulsions, and external factors. Children are assessed using a "traffic light" system to determine the level of risk (green, amber, red) based on symptoms and history. Management involves antipyretics, hydration, and follow-up care or referral depending on risk level. Specific infections that may cause fever are also mentioned.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Characteristics Powerpoint
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is caused by a woman drinking alcohol during pregnancy. It is completely preventable but is also the leading cause of preventable mental retardation. FAS can cause growth delays, brain abnormalities, and facial features like a smooth philtrum and small eye openings. Children with FAS often experience developmental delays and need lifelong support services. Improving awareness of the dangers of drinking during pregnancy and consistency in diagnosis can help improve outcomes for children with FAS.
Growth and development in a case of congenital hypothyroidism
Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) ranks very high among the most common disorders treated in a paediatric
endocrinology clinic. In the Western world, CH is detected in 1:3,500 to 1:4,000 newborns (1) by the neonatal thyroid screening
(NTS) programme. The main goal of NTS commenced in the 1970s is an early diagnosis of CH and prompt initiation of ongoing
thyroxine replacement therapy, to be administered regularly for the affected infants. This measure is aimed to avoid the inevitable
outcome of permanent neurological handicap in untreated children or in whom the onset of treatment was considerably delayed.
When treated early, CH is also one of the most common preventable causes of mental retardation. In this regard, while
emphasizing the role of NTS in early diagnosis, it is worthy of note that the incidence of CH reported from NTS carried out in
various centers in India is much higher, viz., 1:1,200 to 1:1,500 newborns. (2). Naturally, it follows that NTS must be universally
available in India to identify all affected infants by prompt diagnosis to begin regular replacement therapy in the initial two
weeks of life (3).
psychomotor retardation
Psychomotor retardation can be caused by either static or progressive encephalopathy that results in slow progress or regression of developmental milestones. It is important to determine if the delay is restricted to specific areas or is global, and if there is solely delay or also regression. Developmental delays can be assessed using tests like the Denver Developmental Screening Test. Common causes of delay include hearing impairment, autism, motor dysfunction, static encephalopathy, genetic disorders, cerebral malformations, intrauterine infections like CMV, rubella, toxoplasmosis and genetic factors. Screening tests like MRI and chromosome analysis can help identify underlying causes.
clinical lipidelogy.pptx
Cholesterol screening in children aims to identify those with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), a genetic disorder associated with premature cardiovascular disease. Screening is recommended between ages 1-9 using a reliable cholesterol test, with treatment including statins shown to reduce cardiovascular risks. While screening can effectively detect FH in its pre-symptomatic stage, barriers include cost and ensuring agreed-upon treatment policies are in place.
Cholesterol Screening in Children and Young Adults.pptx
Cholesterol screening in children aims to identify those with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), a genetic disorder associated with premature cardiovascular disease. Screening is recommended between ages 1-9 using a reliable cholesterol test, with the goal of early detection to allow effective lipid-lowering treatment and reduce long-term health risks. While screening raises some costs, cascade screening of families is more cost-effective than other strategies given the ability to identify cases across generations. Guidelines from major health organizations provide agreed-upon policies to help ensure screening benefits outweigh harms.
Pediatrics
The document provides guidance on responding to pediatric emergencies. It emphasizes that treatment begins with communication and psychological support of both the child and caregivers. It describes common fears in children during emergencies and strategies for assessment and care according to a child's age and development. Key steps include allowing infants and young children to remain with caregivers, speaking calmly, minimizing pain, and giving age-appropriate explanations. The document outlines anatomical and physiological considerations, vital signs, techniques for airway management and ventilation support, and approaches to specific medical conditions commonly encountered in pediatric emergencies.
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2019 Novel Coronavirus
a quick review of the articles issued by WHO, CDC and other medical experts...
>>>
on its epidemiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management and prevention.
Aspirin for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
This document provides recommendations for aspirin use for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. It recommends aspirin for adults aged 60-69 years who have a 10-year CVD risk of 10% or higher, no increased bleeding risk, a life expectancy of at least 10 years, and a willingness to take aspirin for at least 10 years. It finds insufficient evidence for aspirin's primary prevention in adults aged 50-59 years or 70 years and older.
CURB - 65
The document discusses two severity scores - CURB-65 and CRB-65 - that are used to evaluate the severity of community-acquired pneumonia. CURB-65 assesses confusion, blood urea nitrogen level, respiratory rate, low blood pressure, and age 65 and older, while CRB-65 excludes blood urea nitrogen. Both have been validated for predicting prognosis in community-acquired pneumonia patients based on studies comparing them to other prediction rules.
Epilepsy
1. Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. Seizures occur due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain and their signs and symptoms depend on their location in the brain.
2. A first seizure should be thoroughly evaluated to determine its cause, risk of recurrence, and need for anti-seizure medication. The chance of recurrence is greatest within the first two years and treatment may reduce this risk.
3. Common anti-seizure medications include phenytoin, diazepam, lorazepam, valproate, and levetiracetam. Their dosages and monitoring vary depending on factors like administration route and patient characteristics.
Acute Myocardial Infarction
Acute myocardial infarction, or heart attack, results from prolonged ischemia due to a blockage in a coronary artery that supplies blood to heart muscle. Risk factors include increasing age, male sex, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol intake, and family history. Diagnosis involves electrocardiogram changes, elevated cardiac biomarkers, and symptoms like chest pain. Management focuses on oxygen, pain relief, antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs, revascularization, and lifestyle changes to prevent future heart attacks.
Syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone secretion (siadh)
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Diagnosis
SIgns and Symptoms
Treatment
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause macrocytic anemia and neuropsychiatric disorders. While diagnosis is typically based on low serum B12 levels, about half of subclinical cases have normal levels. More sensitive tests measure methylmalonic acid and homocysteine levels. Oral B12 supplementation is a safe and effective treatment for B12 deficiency, even without intrinsic factor or in diseases affecting absorption in the ileum. Follow-up testing two to three months after treatment can check for correction of mild deficiency.
Stroke
Stroke occurs when blood supply to the brain is interrupted or reduced, causing brain cells to die. The most common type is ischemic stroke, which accounts for 80% of cases and occurs when a blood vessel is blocked. A stroke is a medical emergency and prompt treatment is important to minimize damage. Guidelines recommend administering thrombolysis within 3.5 hours, carefully controlling blood pressure, ordering diagnostic tests, and monitoring for potential complications. Lifestyle factors like controlling hypertension, cholesterol levels, diabetes, and use of anticoagulants can affect risk and outcomes of stroke.
Clostridium difficile infection
Clostridium difficile infection is caused by ingestion of C. difficile spores after antibiotic use disrupts normal gut flora. It most commonly causes diarrhea in a hospital setting and can progress to pseudomembranous colitis. Treatment involves discontinuing antibiotics, rehydration, and administration of oral vancomycin or metronidazole. Recurrence is common after initial treatment and may require prolonged or multi-drug therapy. Severe complications include toxic megacolon and sepsis.
Hydrocarbon Toxicity
Hydrocarbons are organic substances composed of carbon and hydrogen that are commonly ingested through substances like gasoline, oil, and solvents. Inhalation of hydrocarbon vapors can cause lung damage and neurological effects. Symptoms vary based on the specific hydrocarbon but can include cough, hypoxia, headaches, and in some cases neuropathy or cardiac issues. Treatment involves supportive care, observation of symptoms, addressing any respiratory failure, and consideration of gastric decontamination for certain toxic hydrocarbons.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), AKA "Lou Gehrig's Disease," is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. Motor neurons reach from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the body. The progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in ALS eventually leads to their death. When the motor neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement is lost. With voluntary muscle action progressively affected, patients in the later stages of the disease may become totally paralyzed.
Emergencies In Oncology
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Neutropenic fever
SVCO
Malignant pericardial tamponade
Hypercalcemia
Tumour lysis syndrome
Cord compression
Brain metastases
Pain
Esophageal Cancer
Cancer of the esophagus is more common in males than females and in blacks than whites. It usually appears after age 50 and is associated with lower socioeconomic status. The most common symptoms are progressive dysphagia and weight loss. By the time symptoms appear, it is usually incurable since over 60% of the esophagus is usually infiltrated. Diagnosis involves endoscopy and biopsy to visualize and confirm tumors. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination, but the prognosis is generally poor with less than 5% surviving more than 5 years.
Diabetes Mellitus
This document discusses diabetes mellitus, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 is an autoimmune disease where the body destroys pancreatic beta cells, while type 2 is usually linked to obesity and genetics. Symptoms can include thirst, frequent urination, weight loss, and ketoacidosis in severe cases. Diagnosis involves blood glucose testing. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as well as medications to lower blood sugar like metformin, sulfonylureas, and insulin for more severe cases.
Sjogren’s syndrome
Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration and destruction of the exocrine glands, mainly the lacrimal and salivary glands, causing symptoms of dry eyes and dry mouth. It most commonly affects middle-aged women and clinical features include keratoconjunctivitis sicca, xerostomia, and a dry, sticky oral mucosa. Sjogren's syndrome can occur alone as primary Sjogren's or associated with other autoimmune diseases like SLE or RA, known as secondary Sjogren's. Diagnosis involves blood tests for autoantibodies, biopsy of the labial salivary gland, and tests of tear and saliva production
Approach to a patient with JAUNDICE
This document provides information on the clinical management of a patient presenting with jaundice. It begins by defining jaundice and explaining bilirubin metabolism. Jaundice is classified by the type of circulating bilirubin (conjugated or unconjugated) and site of the problem (prehepatic, hepatocellular, or cholestatic/obstructive). The causes, clinical manifestations, appropriate laboratory tests, and imaging studies are described for each type of jaundice to aid in diagnosis and management. A thorough history, physical exam, and targeted lab and imaging workup are recommended to determine the underlying etiology causing a patient's jaundice.
Paraneoplastic Endocrine Syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes occur in 7-15% of malignancies and involve substances secreted by tumors affecting distant sites. Common syndromes include endocrine disorders like Cushing syndrome from ACTH/cortisol overproduction. Hypercalcemia, the most frequent paraneoplastic syndrome, results from PTHrP secretion by cancers like breast and lung. Other syndromes involve inappropriate antidiuretic hormone or insulin secretion. These syndromes provide clues to underlying malignancies, impact prognosis, and challenge management. Recognition of tumor-induced hormonal imbalances is important for timely cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Emergencies in ENT
This document provides information on various ear, nose, throat and head and neck conditions commonly seen in emergency departments. It discusses the presentation, investigations, management and criteria for admission of nasal fractures, epistaxis, post-tonsillectomy bleeding, ear emergencies, head and neck infections, and ingested foreign bodies. Procedures for examining and removing foreign bodies from the throat are also outlined. The document serves as a guide for evaluating and treating ENT emergencies.
Physical Examination
The document provides guidance on performing a neurologic examination. It outlines examining various aspects of cerebral function, the 12 cranial nerves, motor skills, sensory function, and reflexes. For each component, it describes the tests to perform and what normal and abnormal findings may indicate, such as signs of nerve damage or increased intracranial pressure. The goal is to indirectly evaluate neurologic function through assessing specific body parts controlled by the brain and peripheral nervous system.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
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