Dorothea Orem developed the Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing, which has three related parts: the theory of self-care, theory of self-care deficit, and theory of nursing systems. The theory proposes that nursing is needed when an individual is unable to independently meet their self-care needs. Orem identified different types of self-care requisites and proposed systems for how nurses can help meet patient's self-care needs either wholly, partly, or through education. The theory provides a framework for nursing practice, education, and research. It has been widely used and has influenced nursing practice and education.
Virginia henderson's theory of nursingMandeep Gill
Virginia Henderson was born in Kansas City, Missouri in 1897, the fifth of eight children in her family. During the World War 1, Henderson developed an interest in nursing. So in 1918 she entered the Army school of Nursing in Washington D.C. Henderson graduated in 1921 and accepted a position as a staff nurse with the Henry Street Visiting Nurse Service in New York. After 2 years, in 1923, she started teaching nursing at the Norfolk Protestant Hospital in Virginia. She has enjoyed a long career as an author and researcher. She is known as, “The Nightingale of Modern Nursing” & “The 20th century Florence Nightingale."
Florence nightingale’s environment theoryShrooti Shah
The foundation of Nightingale’s theory is the environment- all the external conditions and forces that influence the life and development of an organism.
According to her, external influences and conditions can prevent, suppress, or contribute to disease or death.
Her goal was to help the patient retain his own vitality by meeting his basic needs through control of the environment.
Virginia henderson's theory of nursingMandeep Gill
Virginia Henderson was born in Kansas City, Missouri in 1897, the fifth of eight children in her family. During the World War 1, Henderson developed an interest in nursing. So in 1918 she entered the Army school of Nursing in Washington D.C. Henderson graduated in 1921 and accepted a position as a staff nurse with the Henry Street Visiting Nurse Service in New York. After 2 years, in 1923, she started teaching nursing at the Norfolk Protestant Hospital in Virginia. She has enjoyed a long career as an author and researcher. She is known as, “The Nightingale of Modern Nursing” & “The 20th century Florence Nightingale."
Florence nightingale’s environment theoryShrooti Shah
The foundation of Nightingale’s theory is the environment- all the external conditions and forces that influence the life and development of an organism.
According to her, external influences and conditions can prevent, suppress, or contribute to disease or death.
Her goal was to help the patient retain his own vitality by meeting his basic needs through control of the environment.
There are various theories proposed by nursing theorist. among those, Orem is one who gave self care deficit theory. She proposed three interrelated concepts viz. theory of self care, theory of self care deficit , and theory of nursing system.
Theory of self care includes of self-care, self-care agency, self-care requisites and therapeutic self-care demand. This theory promotes the goal of self-care
Self-Care: Activities performed independently by an individual to promote and maintain personal well-being throughout life.
Appraise the component of various nursing theories; description, purpose, concepts, definition.
Discuss the application of nursing theories in nursing practice.
Theorist : Dorothea Orem (1914-2007).
She worked as a staff nurse, private duty nurse, nurse educator and administrator and nurse consultant.
Kufa University - College of Nursing
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Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
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One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
2. Dorothea Orem (1914-2007)
• Born 1914 in Baltimore,
US
• Earned her diploma at
Providence Hospital –
Washington, DC
• 1939 – BSN Ed., Catholic
University of America
• 1945 – MSN Ed., Catholic
University of America
3. Dorothea Orem (1914-2007)
• She worked as a staff
nurse, private duty nurse,
nurse educator and
administrator and nurse
consultant.
• Received honorary Doctor
of Science degree in 1976.
• Theory was first published
in Nursing: Concepts of
Practice in 1971, second in
1980, in 1995, and 2001.
5. THEORETICAL SOURCES
• Orem indicates that no particular nursing
leader was a direct influence in her work.
• While crediting no one as a major
influence, she does cite many other
nurses’ works in terms of their
contributions to nursing; She also cites
numerous authors in other disciplines.
7. Orem’s general theory of nursing’s three
related parts:
• Theory of self care
• Theory of self care deficit
• Theory of nursing system
8. A. Theory of Self Care
• This theory Includes:
• Self care – practice of activities that an individual
initiates and performs on his/her own behalf in
maintaining life, health and well being
• Self care agency – is a human ability which is "the
ability for engaging in self care“; conditioned by age,
developmental state, life experience, sociocultural
orientation, health, and available resources
9. • Therapeutic self care demand – "totality of self care
actions to be performed for some duration in order to
meet self care requisites by using valid methods and
related sets of operations and actions“
• Self care requisites - action directed towards provision
of self care. 3 categories of self care requisites are:
• Universal self care requisites
• Developmental self care requisites
• Health deviation self care requisites
10. 1. Universal self care requisites
• Associated with life processes and the maintenance of
the integrity of human structure and functioning
• Common to all; activities of daily living
• Identifies these requisites as:
– Maintenance of sufficient intake of air ,water, food
– Provision of care associated with elimination process
– Balance between activity and rest, between solitude
and social interaction
– Prevention of hazards to human life well being and
– Promotion of human functioning
11. 2. Developmental self care requisites
• Associated with developmental processes/
derived from a condition…or associated
with an event.
E.g.
– adjusting to a new job
– adjusting to body changes
12. 3. Health deviation self care
• Required in conditions of illness, injury, or disease.
• These include:
Seeking and securing appropriate medical assistance
Being aware of and attending to the effects and results of
pathologic conditions
Effectively carrying out medically prescribed measures
Modifying self concepts in accepting oneself as being in a
particular state of health and in specific forms of health care
Learning to live with effects of pathologic conditions
13. B. Theory of self care deficit
• Specifies when nursing is needed
• Nursing is required when an adult (or in
the case of a dependent, the parent) is
incapable or limited in the provision of
continuous effective self care.
14. • Orem identifies 5 methods of helping:
– Acting for and doing for others
– Guiding others
– Supporting another
– Providing an environment promoting personal
development in relation to meet future
demands
– Teaching another
15. C. Theory of Nursing Systems
• Describes how the patient’s self care
needs will be met by the nurse , the
patient, or both
• Identifies 3 classifications of nursing
system to meet the self care requisites of
the patient:
o Wholly compensatory system
o Partly compensatory system
o Supportive – educative system
16. • Wholly compensatory systems – “nurse should be
compensating for a patient’s total inability for (or
prescriptions against) engaging in self-care activities that
require ambulation and manipulation movements”
• Partly compensatory systems – “both nurse and
patient perform care measures or other actions involving
manipulative tasks or ambulation”
• Supportive – educative systems – “for situations
where the patient is able to perform required measures
of externally or internally oriented therapeutic self-care
but cannot do so without assistance”
17. • Design and elements of nursing system define:
o Scope of nursing responsibility in health care
situations
o General and specific roles of nurses and patients
o Reasons for nurses’ relationship with patients
o Orem recognized that specialized technologies are
usually developed by members of the health
profession
18. A technology is systematized information
about a process or a method for affecting
some desired result through deliberate
practical endeavor, with or without use of
materials or instruments.
Categories of technologies:
1. Social or interpersonal
2. Regulatory technologies
19. MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS
• People should be self-reliant and
responsible for their own care and others
in their family needing care.
• People are distinct individuals.
• Nursing is a form of action – interaction
between two or more persons.
20. MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS
• Successfully meeting universal and development
self-care requisites is an important component of
primary care prevention and ill health
• A person’s knowledge of potential health problems
is necessary for promoting self-care behaviors
• Self care and dependent care are behaviors learned
within a socio-cultural context
21. THEORETICAL ASSERTIONS
• The model shows that when an
individual’s self-care capabilities are less
than the therapeutic self-care demand, the
nurse compensates for the self-care or
dependent care deficits.
24. Nursing
• is art, a helping service, and a
technology
• Actions deliberately selected and
performed by nurses to help
individuals or groups under their
care to maintain or change
conditions in themselves or their
environments
• Encompasses the patient’s
perspective of health condition,
the physician’s perspective , and
the nursing perspective
25. Nursing
• Goal of nursing – to render the
patient or members of his family
capable of meeting the patient’s
self care needs
• To maintain a state of health
• To regain normal or near normal
state of health in the event of
disease or injury
• To stabilize, control, or minimize
the effects of chronic poor health
or disability
26. Health
• Health and healthy are terms
used to describe living things.
• It is when they are structurally
and functionally whole or sound
…wholeness or integrity. .includes
that which makes a person
human,…operating in conjunction
with physiological and
psychophysiological mechanisms
and a material structure and in
relation to and interacting with
other human beings.
28. Human being
• Has the capacity to reflect, symbolize and
use symbols
• Conceptualized as a total being with
universal, developmental needs and capable
of continuous self care
• A unity that can function biologically,
symbolically and socially
29. Nursing client
• A human being who has "health-related /
health-derived limitations that render him
incapable of continuous self care or
dependent care or limitations that result in
ineffective / incomplete care.
• A human being is the focus of nursing only
when a self–care requisites exceeds self
care capabilities
30. • Nursing problem - deficits in universal,
developmental, and health derived or health
related conditions
• Nursing process - A system to determine:
1. why a person is under care
2. a plan for care
3. the implementation of care
• Nursing therapeutics - deliberate, systematic
and purposeful action.
33. Practice
• Many articles document the use of the
self-care theory as a basis for clinical
practice.
• Orem’s self-care deficit theory has been
used in the context of the nursing process
to teach patients to increase their self-care
agency to evaluate nursing practice and to
differentiate nursing from medical practice.
34. Education
• Orem’s self-care deficit theory has been
the focus of the curriculum in nursing
education at many schools of nursing.
36. RESEARCH ON OREM'S THEORY
• Self-care requirements for activity and rest: an Orem
nursing focus
• Nursing diagnoses in patients after heart catheterization-
-contribution of Orem
• Self-care--the contribution of nursing sciences to health
care
• Self-care: a foundational science
• Orem's self-care deficit nursing theory: its philosophic
foundation and the state of the science
• Orem's theory in practice. Hospice nursing care
37. CRITIQUE
• Simplicity – The conceptual framework appears
simple. Subconcepts are identified to express
the substantive structure of the six broad
conceptual elements of the theory.
• Generality – The theory is expressed as
universal. It is a theory of nursing regardless of
time or place.
38. CRITIQUE
• Empirical Precision – can be, and has been,
used for research.
• Derivable Consequences – provides a general
framework to direct nursing action; the
relationships explained and implied are useful in
explaining patiency and the nurse-patient
relationship; the theory directs nursing practice,
the stated goal; addresses educational practice
for nurses
She believes association with many nurse all over the years provided many learning experiences, and she views her work with graduate students and collaborative works with colleagues as valuable endeavors.
Categories of technologies
1. Social or interpersonal
Communication adjusted to age, health status
Maintaining interpersonal, intra group or inter group relations for coordination of efforts
Maintaining therapeutic relationship in light of psychosocial modes of functioning in health and disease
Giving human assistance adapted to human needs ,action abilities and limitations
2. Regulatory technologies
Maintaining and promoting life processes
Regulating psycho physiological modes of functioning in health and disease
Promoting human growth and development
Regulating position and movement in space
Her self-care approach is contemporary with the concepts of health promotion and health maintenance
The theory is illness oriented