This document provides a summary of a hazardous materials operations refresher presentation. It discusses responder classifications including awareness and operations levels. Key terms like hazardous material and incident are defined. Transportation and storage of hazardous materials is covered including shipping papers, placards, and common locations. Methods for identifying hazards such as the Emergency Response Guidebook are explained.

1. Hazardous
Materials
Operations
Refresher
2013
Created by: John P. Makin

2. Instructions
To complete this independent study
program, view the entire presentation,
advancing through each slide by pressing
the “enter” key.
While viewing the slides, complete the
accompanying Independent Study Test.
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key.

3. Introduction
Persons who, in the normal course
of their duties, could be the first on
scene of an emergency involving
hazardous materials.
Expected to recognize the
presence of hazardous materials,
protect themselves, call for
trained personnel, and secure the
area.
Respond in a defensive fashion
from a safe distance

4. Definitions
 Hazardous Material
 Any material that poses an unreasonable
risk to the health and safety of persons
and/or the environment if it is not properly
controlled during handling, storage,
manufacture, processing, packaging, use,
disposal, or transportation.

5. Definitions
 HazMat Incident
• A hazardous materials incident is one that
involves a substance that has been
released or is on fire. Because of this, the
material poses an unreasonable risk to
people, the environment, and property.

6. Responder Classifications
 TheBTVFC currently recognizes two
classifications of HazMat First Responder:
 HazMat Awareness Level
 HazMat Operations Level

7. HazMat Awareness
• Suspect or
recognize the
presence of
hazardous
materials
• Protect themselves
• Call for
appropriate
assistance
• Secure the area

8. HazMat Operations
• Responds as part of
his/her normal duty in a
defensive manner to
releases, or potential
releases, of hazardous
materials.
• Expected to protect
themselves
• Expected to protect
individuals
• Expected to protect the
environment
• Expected to protect
property

9. HM First Responders
 All
First Responders must be able to
implement actions that:
 Protect people
 Protect environment
 Protect property

10. HM First Responders
 All
First Responders must have a basic
knowledge of:
 Pre-incident planning, recognition and
incident control
 Characteristics of Hazardous Materials
 Methods of Transportation/Storage
 Proper handling methods
 Appropriate defensive actions
 Local, State, Federal rules & regulations

11. OSHA Regulations
 Hazardousmaterials operations are
regulated by OSHA 1910.120
 Requires employers whose personnel
respond as First Responders to emergencies
involving Hazardous Materials to be trained
to the First Responder Operations Level at
initial assignment of duties and each year
thereafter.

12. Transportation
&
Storage

13. Transportation & Storage
 Roadways
 Railways
 Waterways
 Airways
 Pipelines

14. Shipping Papers
 Identifies:
 Proper shipping name
 Hazard class and division
 Product identification number
 STCC number
 CAS number (chemical’s social security #)

15. Location of Shipping Papers
 Highway- Bill of Lading
 Cab of vehicle
 Driver
 Rail- Waybill/consist
 Engine or caboose
 Conductor or engineer
 Water- Manifest
 Wheelhouse
 Captain or master
 Air- Air Bill
 Cockpit/flight-deck
 pilot

16. Hazard Communication
 DOTrequires shippers to “communicate”
hazards by:
 Shipping papers
 Markings
 Labels
 Placards

17. Placards
 Class 1
 Explosives
 1.1-1.6

18. Placards
 Class 2
 Gases
 2.1-2.4

19. Placards
 Class 3
 Flammable Liquids

20. Placards
 Class 4
 Flammable solids, Spontaneously
Combustible, Dangerous when Wet

21. Placards
 Class 5
 Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides

22. Placards
 Class 6
 Poisonous and Etiological Materials

23. Placards
 Class 7
 Radioactive 1,2, and 3

24. Placards
 Class 8
 Corrosives

25. Placards
 Class 9
 Miscellaneous Hazardous Materials

26. Common HazMat Locations
 Service stations
 Kwik Fil (South Park & Route 20)
 Hardware stores
 Home Depot (Milestrip Rd.)
 Medical offices
 Quest diagnostics (McKinley Pkwy.)
 School laboratories
 Frontier High School (Bayview Rd.)
 Agricultural co-ops/stores
 Tractor Supply (Route 20)
 Farms
 Zittels (Route 20)
 Commercial/industrial facilities
 BFG Manufacturing (Jeffrey Blvd.)

27. Other Locations
Hazardous materials can be found in every community, work
place, and residence.

28. Hazard Identification

29. Hazard Identification
 Informal methods of identification
 Verbal reports
 Visual/physical chemical indications

30. Hazard Identification
 Formal Identification
Methods
 Department of
Transportation
Emergency Response
Guidebook
 primarily a guide to aid
first responders in
quickly identifying the
specific or generic
hazards of the
material(s) involved in
the incident, and
protecting themselves
and the general public
during the initial
response phase of the
incident. This is
considered the first 15
to 20 minutes of an
emergency involving
Hazardous Materials.
Before an emergency – become familiar with this guidebook!

31. North American Emergency
Response Guidebook 2012

32. ERG 2012
 Located on each piece of apparatus
 Engine #1-
 Engine #2-
 Rescue #7-
 Rescue #7-1-
 Ambulance #8-

33. ERG 2012
 The main sections are:
 Table of placards (pages 6-7
 Railcar and Road Trailer Identification
charts (pages 8-9)
 YELLOW section (ID Numbers)
 BLUE section (names of materials)
 ORANGE section (guide pages)
 GREEN section (Initial Isolation and
Protective Action Distances for Highlighted
Substances

34. ERG 2012
 The NEW sections are:
 TABLE 3- Initial Isolation and Protective
Action Distances for Different Quantities of
Six Common TIH Gases (pages 352-355)
 BLEVE- Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor
Explosion (pages 364-367)
 Improvised Explosive Device- IED (page 372)
TIH: Toxic Inhalation Hazard

35. ERG 2012
 Other ERG 2012 sections, not covered in
this presentation, but suggested for
reading:
 Shipping Documents (inside front page
cover)
 Safety Precautions (page 2)
 Hazard Classification System (page 4)
 Hazard Identification Numbers displayed on
some Intermodal Containers (pages 10-13)
 Pipeline Transportation (pages 14-19)

36. ERG 2012
 Other ERG 2012 sections, not covered in
this presentation, but suggested for
reading:
 Protective Actions (pages 287-288)
 Protective Clothing (pages 361-362
 Fire and Spill Control (pages 363-364)
 Criminal/Terrorist Use of
Chemical/Biological/Radiological Agents
(pages 368-371)
 Glossary (pages 374-382

37. Table of Placards
 Thedifferent placards used in the
transport of hazardous materials are
found on pages 6 and 7 of the ERG 2012
 Each group of placards is associated to a
3-digit guide number (ORANGE section)
 Caution:The recommended guides
should be considered as a last resort if the
material cannot be identified by any
other means.

39. Rail & Road ID Charts
 Pages 8 and 9 of the ERG 2012 depict the
general shapes of railcars and road
trailers used in the transportation of
dangerous goods.
 Eachshape is associated to a 3-digit
guide number (ORANGE section)
 Caution:the recommended guides
should be considered as a last resort if the
material cannot be identified by any
other means.

41. YELLOW Section
 Inthis section, the substances are listed in
numerical order of their 4-digit ID
numbers.
 The ID number is followed by the 3-digit
guide number (ORANGE section) to refer
to, as well as the name of material.
 Please note that some substances are
highlighted in GREEN and should be
treated specifically.

43. BLUE Section
 Inthis section, the substances are listed in
alphabetical order of material name.
 The name of the material is followed by
the 3-digit guide number (ORANGE
section) to refer to, as well as the ID
number.
 Please note that some substances are
highlighted in GREEN and thus will have to
be treated specifically.

45. Letter “P”
 In the YELLOW and BLUE Sections:
 If the 3-digit guide number is
supplemented with the letter “P” (ex.
116P), the material may undergo
violent polymerization if subjected to
heat or contamination.
Polymerization produces heat and
pressure buildup in containers which
may cause containers to fail or
explode.

46. Polymerization of a
Styrene Tanker

47. ORANGE Section
 Thissection contains all the guides
needed for the initial response phase of
an incident involving hazardous materials.
 Each guide covers a range of products,
which present similar hazards;
 36 ORANGE guides refer only to non-
highlighted substances (non-TIH)
 21 ORANGE guides refer to both highlighted
and non-highlighted substances (TIH and
non-TIH)
 5 ORANGE guides refer only to highlighted
substances (TIH)

49. ORANGE Section
Guide
128
Potential Hazards Public Emergency
Safety Response
Fire or Primary Fire
Explosion Information
Spill or
Health Protective Clothing Leak
First Aid
Evacuation
- Spill
- Fire
The subsection Fire or Explosion or Health will appear first
depending on the primary hazards of the type of substance.

50. ORANGE Section
 The Public Safety section provides:
 A suggested isolation area, as an
immediate precautionary measure,
regardless of the quantity involved.
 The Evacuation subsection provides:
 A suggested evacuation perimeter
for a large spill or fire situations
AND/OR
 The reference to Table 1- Initial
Isolation and Protective Action
Distances (GREEN section).

51. Isolation Distances/Evacuation
 Inthe YELLOW and BLUE sections, if the
substance is not highlighted in GREEN:
 Use the distances suggested in the
ORANGE section:
 Isolate the area in all directions, as an
immediate precautionary measure, to
the minimum distance suggested
under Public Safety, and increase the
zone if needed;
 Consider the evacuation distances
suggested in the subsection
Evacuation-Spill/Fire.

52. Isolation Distances/Evacuation
 Inthe YELLOW and BLUE sections, if the
substance is highlighted in GREEN:
 IF THERE IS NO FIRE:
 Go directly to Table 1 (GREEN-bordered
pages)
 Look up the ID number and name of material
 Identify initial isolation and protective action
distances
 IF THERE IA A FIRE or FIRE IS INVOLVED:
 Also consult the assigned ORANGE guide
 If applicable, apply the evacuation
information shown under the Public Safety
section.

53. GREEN Section
 This section contains the following tables:
 TABLE 1- Initial Isolation and Protective
Action Distances
 TABLE 2- Water-Reactive Materials which
Produce Toxic Gases
 TABLE 3- Initial Isolation and Protective
Action Distances for Different Quantities of
Six Common TIH Gases

54. Table 1
 TABLE 1- Initial Isolation and Protective
Action Distances suggests distances useful
to protect people from vapors resulting
from spills involving hazardous materials
that are considered:
 Toxic by inhalation (TIH),
 Chemical warfare agents, and
 Materials that produce toxic gases upon
contact with water.
 In this table, the substances are presented
in numerical order of their ID numbers. An
asterisk (*) next to the ID number indicates
to consult Table 3 for more information.

56. Table 1
 This table provides, for small and large
spills, the distances for:
 The Initial Isolation Zone, and
 The suggested Protective Action Zone,
downwind, for day and night.
 The distances show the areas likely to be
affected during the first 30 minutes after
the materials are spilled, and this distance
could increase with time.
 The responders must choose a protective
action: evacuation, shelter-in-place or a
combination of both (see page 288 or the
ERG 2012)

57. Table 1
 The definitions are as follows:
 Small spill: a spill that involves quantities that are
less than 55 U. S. gallons for liquids and less than
660 pounds for solids. Generally involves a single
small package, a small cylinder, or a small leak
from a large package.
 Large spill: a spill that involves quantities that
are greater than 55 U. S. gallons for liquids and
greater than 660 pounds for solids. Generally
involves a spill from a large package, or multiple
spills from many small packages.
 For any intermediate quantity, the distances
would need to be estimated between the
distances provided for small and large spills.

58. Initial Isolation Zone
 Defines an area
SURROUNDING the
incident in which
persons may be
exposed to
dangerous (upwind)
and life threatening
(downwind)
concentrations of
material.
 Wind direction is not
the primary
consideration for this
zone

59. Protective Action Zone
 Defines an area DOWNWIND from the
incident in which persons may become
incapacitated and unable to take
protective action and/or incur serious or
irreversible health effects.
 Forpractical purposes, the Protective
Action Zone is a square, whose length and
width are the same as the downwind
distance shown in Table 1 (see diagram on
the following page);

60. Protective Action Zone
 The shape of the area in which protective
actions should be taken (the PAZ) is shown
in the figure below:

61. Protective Action Zone
 Itis important to note that Protective Action
Zones do not only depend on the mere
presence of gases/vapours but mainly on its
concentration in the air :
 During the day, there is an increase of the
atmospheric disturbances creating a greater
dispersion (dilution) of the gases/vapours,
which results in a weaker toxic concentration in
the air and thus requires a smaller Protective
Action Zone than at night.
 During the night, the gases/vapours will calmly
dissipate. This will result in a higher toxic
concentration in the air and consequently,
necessitate a greater Protective Action Zone

62. Table 2
 TABLE
2- Water-Reactive Materials which
Produce Toxic Gases contains:
 A list of materials which produce large
amounts of Toxic Inhalation Hazard (TIH)
gases when spilled in water and identifies
the TIH gases produced.
 The substances are presented in numerical
order of their ID numbers.
 These Water-Reactive materials are easily
identified in Table 1 as their name is
immediately followed by (when spilled in
water)

64. Table 2
 Important:
 Some Water-Reactive materials are also TIH
materials themselves (e.g. Bromine
trifluoride {ID No. 1746}). In these instances,
two entries are provided in Table 1:
 One for when spilled on land, and
 The other for when spilled in water.
 If the Water-Reactive material is NOT a TIH
and this material is NOT spilled in water,
Table 1 and Table 2 do not apply and
safety distances will be found within the
appropriate ORANGE guide.

65. Table 3
 TABLE3- Initial Isolation and Protective
Action Distances for Different Quantities of
Six Common TIH Gases contains:
 A list of Toxic Inhalation Hazard materials
that may be more commonly encountered.
 The materials are:
 Ammonia, anhydrous (UN1005)
 Chlorine (UN1017)
 Ethylene Oxide (1040)
 Hydrogen Chloride, anhydrous (UN 1050) and
Hydrogen Chloride, refrigerated liquid (UN
2186)
 Hydrogen Fluoride, anhydrous (UN1052)
 Sulfer Dioxide/Sulphur Dioxide (UN 1079)

66. Table 3
 Important:
 The materials are presented in alphabetical
order and provide initial isolation and
protective action distances for large spills
(more than 55 U. S. gallons) involving
different container types (therefore
different volume capacities) for day time
and night time situations and different wind
speeds.

68. BLEVE
 Definition:
 Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion
A BLEVE happens if a container holding a
pressurized liquefied gas fails catastrophically.
Catastrophic failure of the vessel is followed
by the explosive release of boiling liquid and
expanding vapor.
 NOTE: A BLEVE can occur even if the
material is non-flammable.

69. BLEVE
 When confronted with a possible BLEVE
involving liquefied petroleum gases (LPG),
important safety related information can be
found on page 367 of the ERG 2012:
 LPGs (UN1075) include the following
flammable gases:
◊ Butane, UN 1011 ◊ Propylene, UN 1077
◊ Butylene, UN 1012 ◊ Isobutane, UN 1969
◊ Isobutylene, UN 1055 ◊ Propane, UN 1978
 The main hazards from a LPG BLEVE are
 Fire
 Thermal radiation from fire
 Blast
 Projectiles

70. BLEVE
 The following table gives a summary of tank
properties, critical times, critical distances
and cooling water flow rates for various tank
sizes that may be involved in a BLEVE.

71. Improvised Explosive
Device (IED)
 An improvised explosive device is a bomb
that is manufactured from commercial,
military, or homemade explosives.
A Safe Standoff Distance Chart for various
threats when improvised explosive
devices are involved is found on page
372 of the ERG 2012

73. Who to call during
an incident?
 Toobtain more detailed information on
the substance involved, the safety
precautions and risk mitigation
procedures:
 Dial the emergency telephone number
listed on the shipping document, or;
 Contact the appropriate emergency
response agency as soon as possible
(numbers are listed on the inside back
cover of the ERG 2012)

74. Who to call during
an incident?
 CHEMTREC- 1-800-424-9300
 CHEMTEL- 1-888-255-3924
 INFOTRAC- 1-800-535-5053
 3E Company- 1-800-451-8346
 These 2 companies provide MSDS forms to
industries for a fee but have agreed to
provide the information to Emergency
Responders at no cost.

75. ERG 2012
 How to use the ERG (STEP 1)
 Identify the material by finding any one of
the following information:
 (A)The 4-digit ID Number on a placard or
orange panel:
or

76. ERG 2012
 Howto use the
ERG (STEP 1)
 (B) The 4-digit ID
Number
(following UN or
NA) on a shipping
document or
package:

77. ERG 2012
 How to use the ERG
(STEP 1)
 (C) The name of
the material on a
shipping document
or package:
or

78. ERG 2012
 How to use the ERG (STEP 2)
 Look up the material’s 3-digit guide number
in either:
 The ID Number Index (YELLOW-bordered
pages)
 The Name of Material Index (BLUE-bordered
pages)
 As a last resort, if the ID number or the name
of material are not available, use the Table of
Placards and/or the Rail Car and Road Trailer
Identification Charts.
Note if the substance is highlighted in GREEN.

79. ERG 2012
 How to use the ERG (STEP 3)
 Turn to the numbered guide (ORANGE-
bordered pages):
 Read carefully all the information provided in
the ORANGE guide and use jointly the GREEN
section if the substance is highlighted.
It is important to verify if the substance found
in the YELLOW or BLUE-bordered pages is
highlighted in GREEN, in order to use the
relevant distances from the ORANGE and/or
GREEN sections.

80. ERG 2012
 How to use the ERG
 Caution:
 If
a reference to a guide cannot be found
and the incident is believed to involve
hazardous materials:
 Turn to GUIDE 111 and use it until additional
information becomes available.
 If the incident involves explosives:
 Use GUIDE 112 for all explosives, except;
 For Class 1.4 and 1.6 explosives, use
GUIDE 114

81. MSDS Sheets
 General
information, UN
Hazard Class #
 Hazardous
ingredients
 Physical/Chemical
characteristics
 Fire and explosion
hazard
 Reactivity data
 Health hazard data
 Handling/use
precautions
 Control measures

82. NFPA 704
 Fixedfacility
identification of fire
hazards
 Red-
flammability, 0-4
 Blue- health
hazard, 0-4
 Yellow- reactivity
hazard, 0-4
 White- special
hazards, symbol

83. Properties of
Hazardous Materials

84. Properties of
Hazardous Materials
 States of matter:
 Gases
 No independent size or volume
 Expand indefinitely once released
 More difficult to contain
 Ignite more easily
 Liquids
 No independent shape, have specific volume
 Flow according to laws of gravity
 Assume shape of container
 Can mix with other liquids
 Solids
 Specific shape and volume
 Pose the least threat

85. Material Characteristics
 Flash Point
 The minimum temperature at which a liquid
gives off sufficient vapors to form an ignitable
mixture with air near its surface. (Will flash, but
will not burn)
 Flammable (Explosive) Range
 The percentage of the gas or vapor
concentration in the air that will burn if
ignited.
 BelowLEL= “too lean”
 Above UEL= “too rich”

86. Material Characteristics
 Specific Gravity
 The weight of a substance compared to the
weight of an equivalent amount of water.
 Water= 1.0
 Below 1.0= “lighter than water”- will float on
surface
 Above 1.0= “heavier than water”- will sink
 Vapor Density
 The weight of a gas compared to the weight of
air.
 Air= 1.0
 Above 1.0= “heavier than air”- will settle and
accumulate
 Below 1.0= “lighter than air”- will rise & disperse

87. Material Characteristics
 Water Solubility
 The ability of a liquid to mix with water
 Watersoluble (polar solvent)
 Non-water soluble (hydrocarbons)
 Reactivity
 The ability of a substance to undergo a
chemical reaction with another substance.
 Hypergolic Materials
 Substances that ignite when coming into
contact with each other.

88. Material Characteristics
 Pyrophoric Materials
 Materials that ignite and react on contact
with air.
 Water Reactive Materials
 Materials that react when coming into
contact with water or humidity in the air.

89. Health Hazards

90. Health Hazards
 The health and safety of responders and
civilians is the primary consideration.
 Health Dangers
 Thermal, mechanical, poisons, corrosives,
simple or chemical asphyxiants,
radioactives, etiological & others.
 Others include irritants, sensitizers, allergens,
convulsants, and chronic health hazards.

91. Health Hazards
 Routes of Entry
 Inhalation
 Ingestion
 Absorption
 Symptoms of Exposure
 Confusion, anxiety, dizziness, blurred vision,
skin color change, cough, chest pain,
numbness of extremities, nausea, vomiting,
abdominal cramps, etc…

92. Incident Priorities

93. Incident Assessment
 Assess the following variables:
 Risk to rescuers
 Probability of victim survival
 Difficulty of rescue
 Capabilities of resources
 Possibility of escalation
 Escape routes, safe work areas
 Constraints of time and distance

94. Mitigation
 Mitigation
 Those actions taken to lessen the harm or
hostile nature of an incident
 Thefirst step in mitigating is recognizing
that a hazardous material is present.

95. Immediate Concerns
 Carried out by the First Responder
 Minimal or no risk to the responder
 Accomplished quickly and easily
 Will aid in stabilizing scene, will diminish or
control potential effects of an incident,
and will lower anxiety over an event.
 Increases life safety
 Prevents incident from escalating by:
isolating, denying access, evacuating,
sheltering in place, diking, diverting,
eliminating ignition sources, cooling tanks

96. Primary Objective
 The
Primary Objective is the operational
goal at the incident:
 Generally requires more than first
responders
 Extinguishing fires
 Control of toxic clouds
 Stopping leaks
 Diking and damming large volume spills

97. Factors to Incident Control
 Location and severity
 Properties of involved materials
 Size and extent of the incident
 Damage to containers
 Availability of resources
 Limitations of first responders
 Accuracy of tactics applied

98. Container Integrity
 Integrityof containers is important, Failure
of the containers may cause the incident
to become unstable, escalate or produce
a catastrophic impact on events.

99. Strategic Objectives
 Rescue
 Exposure Protection
 Fire Extinguishment
 Containment
 Confinement
 Based on:
 The ability to be achieved
 The ability to prevent further injuries/deaths
 Ability to minimize environmental and
property damage

100. Strategies
 Three possible strategies:
 Defensive
 Actions taken to confine the incident to an
area
 Offensive
 Actions to control the incident
 Non-Intervention
 Allowing the incident to run it’s own course

101. Personal Protective Equipment
 Level A
 Totally encapsulated protective suit with
SCBA
 Level B
 Protective garment with SCBA
 Level C
 Protective garment with respirator
 Level D
 Minimal skin protection, no respiratory
protection

102. PPE
 Structuralfirefighting clothing provides
minimal protection against hazardous
materials.
 Susceptible to corrosives
 Do not prevent vapors from penetrating the
skin
 Begins to degrade over time
 SCBA should provide adequate respiratory
protection

103. Command &
Control Issues

104. IC Decisions
 Identify the nature of the problem
 Formulate objectives based on available
information
 Select desired alternatives
 Take appropriate actions
 Analyze outcomes continually

105. SARA Title III
 Title III requires fire departments to:
 Utilize the Incident Command System at
hazardous materials responses
 Utilize a Safety Officer
 Hazard Assessment (Size-up)

106. Strategic Goals
 Life Safety
 Safety of yourself, your crew, bystanders, and
victims
 Environmental Protection
 Consider effects of your actions on the
environment prior to implementation
 Property Conservation
 Property conservation is a bonus, but is the least
of our concerns
NO PROPERTY IS WORTH A LIFE!

107. Scene Control
 Hot Zone
 Entry team(s)
 Personnel doing mitigation and intervention
procedures
 Warm Zone
 Support Personnel
 Decon
 Cold Zone
 Staging, EMS, Command Post, Media, Etc.
**Single, controlled entry/exit corridor which
exits through decontamination**

108. Scene Control

109. Summary

110. Summary
 Hazardous Material
 Any material that poses an unreasonable
risk to the health and safety of persons
and/or the environment if it is not properly
controlled during handling, manufacture,
processing, packaging, use, disposal, or
transportation
 HazMat Operations
 First Responder Operations Level
 Responds as part of his/her normal duty in a
defensive manner to releases, or potential
releases, of hazardous materials
 Expected to protect themselves
 Expected to protect individuals
 Expected to protect the environment
 Expected to protect property

111. Summary
 Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) 2012
 New sections
 YELLOW section- numerical order
 BLUE section- name of material order
 ORANGE- guides
 GREEN- Initial Isolation Zones

112. Summary
 Incident Assessment
 Assess the following variables:
 Risk to rescuers
 Probability of victim survival
 Difficulty of rescue
 Capabilities of resources
 Possibility of escalation
 Escape routes, safe work areas
 Constraints od time and distance
 Incident Command Decisions
 Identify the nature of the problem
 Formulate objectives based on available
information
 Select desired alternatives
 Take appropriate actions
 Analyze outcomes continually

113. Importance of Training