This document provides an introduction to hacker culture and methodology. It discusses the different types of hackers, including their motives and levels of knowledge. It outlines the basic phases of a hacker's methodology, including information gathering, scanning, gaining access, privilege escalation, exploiting vulnerabilities, and installing backdoors. The document also summarizes two cyberwar stories, GhostNet and its targeting of computers in 103 countries, including the office of the Dalai Lama, and China's denial of involvement in the espionage ring. In conclusion, it stresses understanding hackers and their techniques in order to better defend against attacks.
Firewalls can effectively protect networks from external threats while allowing access to outside networks. There are different types of firewalls that use packet filtering, application gateways, or circuit gateways. More complex firewall configurations provide multiple layers of defense by using screened subnets or dual-homed bastion hosts. Trusted systems aim to enhance security through mandatory access control and multilevel security models enforced by a reference monitor.
This document discusses various types of security threats and attacks in cyber security. It describes different types of malware like viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and bots. Viruses replicate by attaching to other programs while worms replicate over networks. Trojan horses conceal malicious code within legitimate software. Bots are automated processes that interact online without human interaction. The document also discusses different categories of malware like adware, spyware, ransomware, scareware, rootkits, and zombies based on their methods of infection and actions.
It is comprised of the five classical components (input, output, processor, memory, and datapath). The processor is divided into an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit, a method of organization that persists to the present.
The Stuxnet worm was designed to target Siemens industrial control systems used in Iran's uranium enrichment centrifuges. It spread to these systems through infected USB drives and exploited multiple Windows vulnerabilities. It then took control of centrifuges and varied their speeds, damaging around 1,000 centrifuges and slowing Iran's nuclear program. While not intended to spread beyond Iran, it ended up infecting systems in other countries as well through file transfers.
This document summarizes key elements from a chapter about network security fundamentals. It describes how standard networking devices like switches, routers, load balancers and proxies can provide basic security features. It also explains how network security hardware devices like firewalls, spam filters, VPNs, intrusion detection/prevention systems and unified threat management appliances provide enhanced security. Finally, it discusses how network technologies like NAT, PAT and NAC can be used to enhance security. The overall goal is to illustrate how layered network security can be achieved through the use of both standard networking devices and specialized security hardware.
A computer virus is a malware program that when executed replicates by inserting copies of itself into other computer programs, data files. When this replication succeeds, the affected areas are then said to be infected. Viruses often perform some type of harmful activity on the infected hosts such as accessing private information, corrupting data or even rendering the computer useless. However, not all viruses carry a destructive payload or attempt to hide themselves.
This document defines and discusses cyber-terrorism. It provides definitions of cyber-terrorism from the FBI and Center for Strategic/International Studies as politically motivated attacks against noncombatant targets through computer systems and networks. Examples of cyber attack methods provided include logic bombs, phishing, sniffers, Trojan horses, viruses, war driving, worms, and zero-day exploits. The document notes the increasing reliance on computer networks for critical infrastructure and healthcare systems, which makes them desired targets, and discusses advantages of cyber attacks for terrorists over traditional methods. Specific examples of past cyber-terrorist incidents from the 1990s onward are also summarized.
This document summarizes information about Android malware, including its goals, installation methods, evasion techniques, and detection methods. Some key points:
- Malware goals include sending premium SMS, stealing banking info, adware click fraud, and ransomware. It can also mine bitcoin or exfiltrate personal data.
- It installs via repackaged apps, update attacks, drive-by downloads, or by misusing accessibility services. Packers encrypt the APK to evade detection.
- Evasion techniques include dynamic C&C domains, encryption, reflection, delaying attacks, and polymorphism/metamorphism. It also checks for emulators or debuggers.
- Detection analy
Firewalls can effectively protect networks from external threats while allowing access to outside networks. There are different types of firewalls that use packet filtering, application gateways, or circuit gateways. More complex firewall configurations provide multiple layers of defense by using screened subnets or dual-homed bastion hosts. Trusted systems aim to enhance security through mandatory access control and multilevel security models enforced by a reference monitor.
This document discusses various types of security threats and attacks in cyber security. It describes different types of malware like viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and bots. Viruses replicate by attaching to other programs while worms replicate over networks. Trojan horses conceal malicious code within legitimate software. Bots are automated processes that interact online without human interaction. The document also discusses different categories of malware like adware, spyware, ransomware, scareware, rootkits, and zombies based on their methods of infection and actions.
It is comprised of the five classical components (input, output, processor, memory, and datapath). The processor is divided into an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit, a method of organization that persists to the present.
The Stuxnet worm was designed to target Siemens industrial control systems used in Iran's uranium enrichment centrifuges. It spread to these systems through infected USB drives and exploited multiple Windows vulnerabilities. It then took control of centrifuges and varied their speeds, damaging around 1,000 centrifuges and slowing Iran's nuclear program. While not intended to spread beyond Iran, it ended up infecting systems in other countries as well through file transfers.
This document summarizes key elements from a chapter about network security fundamentals. It describes how standard networking devices like switches, routers, load balancers and proxies can provide basic security features. It also explains how network security hardware devices like firewalls, spam filters, VPNs, intrusion detection/prevention systems and unified threat management appliances provide enhanced security. Finally, it discusses how network technologies like NAT, PAT and NAC can be used to enhance security. The overall goal is to illustrate how layered network security can be achieved through the use of both standard networking devices and specialized security hardware.
A computer virus is a malware program that when executed replicates by inserting copies of itself into other computer programs, data files. When this replication succeeds, the affected areas are then said to be infected. Viruses often perform some type of harmful activity on the infected hosts such as accessing private information, corrupting data or even rendering the computer useless. However, not all viruses carry a destructive payload or attempt to hide themselves.
This document defines and discusses cyber-terrorism. It provides definitions of cyber-terrorism from the FBI and Center for Strategic/International Studies as politically motivated attacks against noncombatant targets through computer systems and networks. Examples of cyber attack methods provided include logic bombs, phishing, sniffers, Trojan horses, viruses, war driving, worms, and zero-day exploits. The document notes the increasing reliance on computer networks for critical infrastructure and healthcare systems, which makes them desired targets, and discusses advantages of cyber attacks for terrorists over traditional methods. Specific examples of past cyber-terrorist incidents from the 1990s onward are also summarized.
This document summarizes information about Android malware, including its goals, installation methods, evasion techniques, and detection methods. Some key points:
- Malware goals include sending premium SMS, stealing banking info, adware click fraud, and ransomware. It can also mine bitcoin or exfiltrate personal data.
- It installs via repackaged apps, update attacks, drive-by downloads, or by misusing accessibility services. Packers encrypt the APK to evade detection.
- Evasion techniques include dynamic C&C domains, encryption, reflection, delaying attacks, and polymorphism/metamorphism. It also checks for emulators or debuggers.
- Detection analy
Just created a slideshare presentation giving a basic introduction to the Confidentiality, Integrity & Availability (CIA) Security Model. You can see more slideshows on http://www.slideshare.net/ImranahmedIT or visit my website: http://imran-ahmed.co.uk
Hacking refers to activities aimed at exploiting security flaws to obtain unauthorized access to secured networks and private information. There are different types of hackers, including black hats who hack maliciously, white hats who are ethical hackers, and script kiddies who use tools created by black hats. Common hacking methods include password guessing, software exploitation, backdoors, and trojans. Once inside a network, a hacker can steal or modify files, install backdoors, and attack other systems. Intrusion detection and prevention systems can help monitor for hacking attempts. Hacking is a felony in most countries and can carry heavy fines and prison sentences if prosecuted.
This document discusses the evolution of cyber security and its growing importance. It covers how cyber security now impacts individuals, businesses, and geopolitics. The document also defines key cyber security terms and concepts, examines perspectives like threat management and information assurance, and argues that cyber security must take an integrated, holistic approach going forward. It concludes by noting that with modern society's growing digital interconnectedness, not taking a comprehensive view of cyber security may be the biggest risk.
This document discusses computer system security and provides information on various topics related to ensuring security. It begins with an introduction to computer security, including internet security, remote sharing, and software installation. It then covers operating system security focusing on access control, supervision, and resource allocation. Statistics on world internet usage and computer penetration rates are presented. The document goes on to discuss external interface security, internal security, surveillance, threat monitoring, access controls, cryptography, viruses, worms, trojans, spyware, specific spyware programs, internet security software options, firewalls, and phishing prevention. Recommended resources on these security topics are listed at the end.
Este documento ofrece una guía sobre el ransomware para empresarios. Explica que el ransomware es un tipo de malware que cifra los archivos de la víctima y pide un rescate a cambio de descifrarlos, utilizando a menudo bitcoins para garantizar el anonimato. Detalla los métodos comunes que usa el ransomware para infectar sistemas, como aprovechar vulnerabilidades, ingeniería social o enlaces maliciosos. Además, advierte sobre las consecuencias que puede tener el pago del rescate y ofrece recomendaciones para prevenir
Ø Information security is the protection of information from unauthorised access, use, disclosure or destruction through various means. This includes protecting both physical and electronic data.
Ø Cyber security, also known as information security, aims to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information by protecting it from malicious attacks, damage or misuse when stored and accessed digitally.
Ø As an employee, you are responsible for securing any information about customers, your organisation, colleagues and yourself to prevent misuse or unauthorized access according to the Data Protection Act 2018. This includes information stored electronically and in physical records.
Cybercrime involves using computers or the internet to steal identities or import illegal programs. The first recorded cybercrime took place in 1820. There are different types of cybercrimes such as hacking, denial of service attacks, computer viruses, and software piracy. Cybercrimes also include using computers to attack other systems, commit real-world crimes, or steal proprietary information. Common cyber attacks include financial fraud, sabotage of networks, theft of data, and unauthorized access. Internet security aims to establish rules to protect against such attacks by using antivirus software, firewalls, and updating security settings regularly.
The document discusses Android malware detection mechanisms. It outlines the major types of Android malware like backdoors and spyware. It then describes several approaches to malware detection like static analysis of APK files to examine permissions, activities, and API calls. Signature-based analysis uses a signature database to classify apps as benign or malware. Tools for static analysis like apktool, aapt, and dex2jar are also mentioned. The document concludes with comparisons of different Android malware detection systems and their abilities.
This document discusses web security and outlines some key terminology and issues. It defines internet security as protecting information by preventing, detecting, and responding to attacks. Some key points made are that 1 in 8 computers are infected with malware, spam and phishing attacks are common threats, and firewalls and antivirus software can help secure systems and block unwanted traffic. The document also provides definitions for common security terms like hackers, viruses, Trojan horses, and ransomware.
This document provides an overview of various internet security threats including malicious webpages, malware, viruses, spyware, and keyloggers. It defines these threats and describes how they infect systems and collect sensitive information without consent. The document also outlines approaches for detecting and preventing these threats, such as using antivirus software, practicing safe browsing habits, and implementing full-featured security solutions.
This document discusses basic concepts in computer security. It defines computer security as techniques for ensuring data cannot be read or compromised without authorization, usually through encryption and passwords. The three main goals of computer security are confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Vulnerabilities are weaknesses that can be exploited, and threats are circumstances with potential to cause harm. Common threats include interception, interruption, modification, and fabrication. Controls are protective measures used to reduce vulnerabilities, and physical security and security methods like antivirus software and firewalls can help secure computers.
The document discusses the CIA triad, which is a model for information security with three main goals: confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Confidentiality ensures that sensitive information is only accessible to authorized individuals. Integrity ensures that information remains true and correct. Availability ensures that information and resources are accessible to those who need them. The CIA triad serves as a guide for measures to secure information systems and networks.
This document discusses different types of application and networking attacks. It covers server-side web application attacks like cross-site scripting, SQL injection, and command injection that target vulnerabilities in web applications. It also covers client-side attacks like drive-by downloads, cookie manipulation, session hijacking, and malicious browser add-ons that compromise client computers. The document provides details on how each type of attack works and potential vulnerabilities they exploit.
Network security is important for protecting companies and users from various threats. There are many types of network security attacks, including malware, social engineering, and insider threats. These attacks can have major impacts on companies like reduced transactions and stock prices following breaches. Strategies to improve security include using VPNs, cryptography, firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and penetration testing. With greater awareness and education, network security benefits companies through enhanced reputation and protection of valuable information.
This document discusses hacking, including definitions of hacking and different types of hackers. It defines hacking as gaining unauthorized access to a computer or network. Hackers are expert programmers who break into systems. There are three main types of hackers - white hats who help security, black hats who hack maliciously, and grey hats who notify admins of vulnerabilities. The document also outlines the history of hacking and different types of hacking like password, email, and website hacking. It provides examples of how to hack passwords, email, websites, and credit cards. Finally, it lists ways to prevent hacking like installing firewalls and antivirus software, changing passwords regularly, and not giving out personal information.
The document describes various types of wireless network attacks and solutions for securing wireless networks. It discusses Bluetooth, NFC, and wireless LAN attacks such as bluejacking, bluesnarfing, rogue access points, and evil twins. It also covers vulnerabilities in early IEEE 802.11 security standards like WEP. Finally, it summarizes later standards that improved security such as WPA, WPA2, and AES encryption.
This document discusses network security and various cyber attacks. It defines network security and lists common security devices. It outlines different types of hackers and cyber attacks such as hacking, DDoS attacks, malware, Trojan horses, spam, phishing, and packet sniffers. The document also discusses worms, viruses, botnets, and how to protect critical information infrastructure. It provides examples of security software and firewall types. Finally, it discusses challenges in network security and provides references for further information.
The document discusses the emerging threat of cyber terrorism and how terrorists can use internet-based attacks to cause widespread disruption and damage. It notes that cyber terrorism allows attackers to remain anonymous, has no boundaries, and costs little to perpetrate. Common cyber attack methods include hacking, introducing viruses, website defacing, and denial-of-service attacks. Examples of past cyber terrorist incidents like the 9/11 attacks, 2008 Ahmedabad bombings, and 2008 Mumbai attacks are described. The document emphasizes the importance of prevention through maintaining security software and being cautious online to avoid becoming victims of cyber terrorism.
This document discusses how to hack the web by learning to code and modify existing web pages. It explains that the web encourages participation and remixing existing content to create new things. It recommends learning to read and write code so one can actively engage with the web. It provides instructions for installing a browser extension called Web X-Ray Goggles that allows users to see the HTML of web pages and remix parts of pages by editing the code.
This document discusses motherboard types, features, and configuration. It describes common motherboard form factors like ATX, components like chipsets and sockets that determine processor compatibility, and buses that connect different components. It explains how to configure settings in BIOS or UEFI firmware, maintain a motherboard, and select an appropriate motherboard based on factors like the case and processor.
Just created a slideshare presentation giving a basic introduction to the Confidentiality, Integrity & Availability (CIA) Security Model. You can see more slideshows on http://www.slideshare.net/ImranahmedIT or visit my website: http://imran-ahmed.co.uk
Hacking refers to activities aimed at exploiting security flaws to obtain unauthorized access to secured networks and private information. There are different types of hackers, including black hats who hack maliciously, white hats who are ethical hackers, and script kiddies who use tools created by black hats. Common hacking methods include password guessing, software exploitation, backdoors, and trojans. Once inside a network, a hacker can steal or modify files, install backdoors, and attack other systems. Intrusion detection and prevention systems can help monitor for hacking attempts. Hacking is a felony in most countries and can carry heavy fines and prison sentences if prosecuted.
This document discusses the evolution of cyber security and its growing importance. It covers how cyber security now impacts individuals, businesses, and geopolitics. The document also defines key cyber security terms and concepts, examines perspectives like threat management and information assurance, and argues that cyber security must take an integrated, holistic approach going forward. It concludes by noting that with modern society's growing digital interconnectedness, not taking a comprehensive view of cyber security may be the biggest risk.
This document discusses computer system security and provides information on various topics related to ensuring security. It begins with an introduction to computer security, including internet security, remote sharing, and software installation. It then covers operating system security focusing on access control, supervision, and resource allocation. Statistics on world internet usage and computer penetration rates are presented. The document goes on to discuss external interface security, internal security, surveillance, threat monitoring, access controls, cryptography, viruses, worms, trojans, spyware, specific spyware programs, internet security software options, firewalls, and phishing prevention. Recommended resources on these security topics are listed at the end.
Este documento ofrece una guía sobre el ransomware para empresarios. Explica que el ransomware es un tipo de malware que cifra los archivos de la víctima y pide un rescate a cambio de descifrarlos, utilizando a menudo bitcoins para garantizar el anonimato. Detalla los métodos comunes que usa el ransomware para infectar sistemas, como aprovechar vulnerabilidades, ingeniería social o enlaces maliciosos. Además, advierte sobre las consecuencias que puede tener el pago del rescate y ofrece recomendaciones para prevenir
Ø Information security is the protection of information from unauthorised access, use, disclosure or destruction through various means. This includes protecting both physical and electronic data.
Ø Cyber security, also known as information security, aims to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information by protecting it from malicious attacks, damage or misuse when stored and accessed digitally.
Ø As an employee, you are responsible for securing any information about customers, your organisation, colleagues and yourself to prevent misuse or unauthorized access according to the Data Protection Act 2018. This includes information stored electronically and in physical records.
Cybercrime involves using computers or the internet to steal identities or import illegal programs. The first recorded cybercrime took place in 1820. There are different types of cybercrimes such as hacking, denial of service attacks, computer viruses, and software piracy. Cybercrimes also include using computers to attack other systems, commit real-world crimes, or steal proprietary information. Common cyber attacks include financial fraud, sabotage of networks, theft of data, and unauthorized access. Internet security aims to establish rules to protect against such attacks by using antivirus software, firewalls, and updating security settings regularly.
The document discusses Android malware detection mechanisms. It outlines the major types of Android malware like backdoors and spyware. It then describes several approaches to malware detection like static analysis of APK files to examine permissions, activities, and API calls. Signature-based analysis uses a signature database to classify apps as benign or malware. Tools for static analysis like apktool, aapt, and dex2jar are also mentioned. The document concludes with comparisons of different Android malware detection systems and their abilities.
This document discusses web security and outlines some key terminology and issues. It defines internet security as protecting information by preventing, detecting, and responding to attacks. Some key points made are that 1 in 8 computers are infected with malware, spam and phishing attacks are common threats, and firewalls and antivirus software can help secure systems and block unwanted traffic. The document also provides definitions for common security terms like hackers, viruses, Trojan horses, and ransomware.
This document provides an overview of various internet security threats including malicious webpages, malware, viruses, spyware, and keyloggers. It defines these threats and describes how they infect systems and collect sensitive information without consent. The document also outlines approaches for detecting and preventing these threats, such as using antivirus software, practicing safe browsing habits, and implementing full-featured security solutions.
This document discusses basic concepts in computer security. It defines computer security as techniques for ensuring data cannot be read or compromised without authorization, usually through encryption and passwords. The three main goals of computer security are confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Vulnerabilities are weaknesses that can be exploited, and threats are circumstances with potential to cause harm. Common threats include interception, interruption, modification, and fabrication. Controls are protective measures used to reduce vulnerabilities, and physical security and security methods like antivirus software and firewalls can help secure computers.
The document discusses the CIA triad, which is a model for information security with three main goals: confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Confidentiality ensures that sensitive information is only accessible to authorized individuals. Integrity ensures that information remains true and correct. Availability ensures that information and resources are accessible to those who need them. The CIA triad serves as a guide for measures to secure information systems and networks.
This document discusses different types of application and networking attacks. It covers server-side web application attacks like cross-site scripting, SQL injection, and command injection that target vulnerabilities in web applications. It also covers client-side attacks like drive-by downloads, cookie manipulation, session hijacking, and malicious browser add-ons that compromise client computers. The document provides details on how each type of attack works and potential vulnerabilities they exploit.
Network security is important for protecting companies and users from various threats. There are many types of network security attacks, including malware, social engineering, and insider threats. These attacks can have major impacts on companies like reduced transactions and stock prices following breaches. Strategies to improve security include using VPNs, cryptography, firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and penetration testing. With greater awareness and education, network security benefits companies through enhanced reputation and protection of valuable information.
This document discusses hacking, including definitions of hacking and different types of hackers. It defines hacking as gaining unauthorized access to a computer or network. Hackers are expert programmers who break into systems. There are three main types of hackers - white hats who help security, black hats who hack maliciously, and grey hats who notify admins of vulnerabilities. The document also outlines the history of hacking and different types of hacking like password, email, and website hacking. It provides examples of how to hack passwords, email, websites, and credit cards. Finally, it lists ways to prevent hacking like installing firewalls and antivirus software, changing passwords regularly, and not giving out personal information.
The document describes various types of wireless network attacks and solutions for securing wireless networks. It discusses Bluetooth, NFC, and wireless LAN attacks such as bluejacking, bluesnarfing, rogue access points, and evil twins. It also covers vulnerabilities in early IEEE 802.11 security standards like WEP. Finally, it summarizes later standards that improved security such as WPA, WPA2, and AES encryption.
This document discusses network security and various cyber attacks. It defines network security and lists common security devices. It outlines different types of hackers and cyber attacks such as hacking, DDoS attacks, malware, Trojan horses, spam, phishing, and packet sniffers. The document also discusses worms, viruses, botnets, and how to protect critical information infrastructure. It provides examples of security software and firewall types. Finally, it discusses challenges in network security and provides references for further information.
The document discusses the emerging threat of cyber terrorism and how terrorists can use internet-based attacks to cause widespread disruption and damage. It notes that cyber terrorism allows attackers to remain anonymous, has no boundaries, and costs little to perpetrate. Common cyber attack methods include hacking, introducing viruses, website defacing, and denial-of-service attacks. Examples of past cyber terrorist incidents like the 9/11 attacks, 2008 Ahmedabad bombings, and 2008 Mumbai attacks are described. The document emphasizes the importance of prevention through maintaining security software and being cautious online to avoid becoming victims of cyber terrorism.
This document discusses how to hack the web by learning to code and modify existing web pages. It explains that the web encourages participation and remixing existing content to create new things. It recommends learning to read and write code so one can actively engage with the web. It provides instructions for installing a browser extension called Web X-Ray Goggles that allows users to see the HTML of web pages and remix parts of pages by editing the code.
This document discusses motherboard types, features, and configuration. It describes common motherboard form factors like ATX, components like chipsets and sockets that determine processor compatibility, and buses that connect different components. It explains how to configure settings in BIOS or UEFI firmware, maintain a motherboard, and select an appropriate motherboard based on factors like the case and processor.
The document discusses business continuity which refers to an organization's ability to maintain operations after a disruptive event. It covers disaster recovery plans which focus on restoring IT functions in the event of a major incident. The document also discusses various ways to achieve redundancy and fault tolerance in networks, servers, storage, and sites to ensure business continuity in the event of failures or disasters.
This document provides an overview of cryptography and different cryptographic algorithms. It defines cryptography as scrambling information so it cannot be read by unauthorized individuals. There are three main types of cryptographic algorithms: hash algorithms that create a unique digital fingerprint of data, symmetric algorithms that use the same key to encrypt and decrypt, and asymmetric algorithms that use two related keys (a public and private key). Common symmetric algorithms include AES and DES, while asymmetric algorithms solve the key distribution problem of symmetric cryptography.
The document discusses vulnerability assessment and tools used in the assessment process. It defines vulnerability assessment as a systematic evaluation of asset exposure to threats, and describes the key aspects of identification, threat evaluation, vulnerability appraisal, risk assessment, and risk mitigation. It then outlines various tools that can be used in assessment, including port scanners, protocol analyzers, vulnerability scanners, and software development assessment techniques.
This document summarizes key points from a chapter about administering a secure network. It discusses common network protocols like TCP/IP, IP, TCP and how they establish communication. It also covers network administration principles for securing devices, monitoring logs, designing networks, and implementing port security. The goal is to provide rules and procedures for securely managing a network and its components.
This document summarizes authentication methods and password security based on a chapter from the CompTIA Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals. It describes different types of authentication credentials including what users know (passwords), have (tokens, cards, phones), are (biometrics), and do (behavioral patterns). It outlines vulnerabilities in passwords, common attacks, and defenses including complexity, hashing, and salts. Multi-factor authentication using multiple credential types provides stronger security than single-factor passwords alone.
The document provides an overview of presentations for chapters in a security guidebook. It states that the presentations cover the chapter objectives and list all objectives at the beginning. The presentations can be customized for class needs and include some figures from the chapters. It then provides an excerpt from Chapter 1 which discusses the challenges of securing information, defines key security concepts, and identifies common types of attackers and basic steps of an attack. It also outlines the five principles of defense: layering, limiting access, diversity, obscurity, and simplicity.
This document discusses malware and social engineering attacks. It defines malware and lists common types, including viruses, worms, Trojans, spyware, and ransomware. It describes how malware can spread, hide, and carry out harmful payloads like collecting sensitive data, deleting files, modifying security settings, and launching attacks. The document also outlines psychological and physical social engineering techniques used to trick users into revealing confidential information.
The document discusses administering a secure network by discussing common network protocols like TCP/IP, IP, TCP, ICMP, SNMP, DNS, FTP and IPv6. It also discusses network administration principles like monitoring logs, network design with concepts like network separation, VLANs, loop protection. It covers port security topics like disabling unused ports, MAC limiting and 802.1x authentication. The overall goal of the document is to provide guidance on securing networks by configuring devices, monitoring activities and implementing proper network designs.
This chapter discusses processors and memory upgrades. It describes the major processor manufacturers Intel and AMD and compares their current processor types. The chapter explains how a processor works and its basic components. It provides guidance on selecting, installing, and replacing processors, including differences for laptops. Regarding memory, it covers random access memory technologies, types of memory modules, and dual/triple channel configurations. It compares DIMM technologies such as DDR, DDR2, DDR3 and DDR4 and factors that affect DIMM performance.
This document summarizes key aspects of digital certificates and public key infrastructure (PKI) as discussed in Chapter 6 of the CompTIA Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals. It defines digital certificates and their purpose in establishing trust. It describes the components of PKI including certificate authorities, registration authorities, and certificate repositories. It also outlines different types of digital certificates and standards related to PKI.
This document outlines objectives and content for Chapter 5 of the 9th edition of the A+ Guide to IT Technical Support textbook. The chapter covers supporting the power system and troubleshooting computers. It describes methods for cooling computer systems, selecting an appropriate power supply, and following a systematic approach to troubleshooting hardware problems. Specific topics covered include CPU and case fans, heat sinks, liquid cooling systems, calculating power needs, examining systems to establish problem theories, and troubleshooting electrical, motherboard, processor, RAM, and mobile device issues.
This document discusses access control fundamentals, including definitions of access control, authentication, authorization, and the four main access control models: discretionary access control, mandatory access control, role-based access control, and rule-based access control. It also covers best practices for access control such as separation of duties, job rotation, least privilege, and mandatory vacations. Technologies for implementing access control like access control lists, group policy, and account restrictions are also examined.
The document discusses securing hosts, applications, and data. It describes securing the host by protecting physical devices, securing the operating system software, and using antimalware software. Securing the operating system involves developing security policies, baselining the OS configuration, configuring security settings, deploying security settings using tools like group policy, and implementing patch management. Antimalware software like antivirus, antispam, and firewall programs provide additional security for the host.
The dream of a cyberpunk future seminar presentationtae-i
1) Neuromancer uses comedy and a futuristic setting to encourage readers to critically reflect on current societal trends related to technology and its implications.
2) By creating tension between the present and the imagined future, Gibson aims to raise awareness of issues and prompt self-examination rather than proposing direct solutions.
3) The work functions as a form of social criticism by promoting critical thinking about relationships, society, and the direction of technological development.
Hacking is about using all available resources, including other's discarded information, to efficiently achieve goals. It involves learning through hands-on experimentation rather than conferences, directly confronting major challenges, and generously sharing information freely to optimize outcomes in unconventional yet effective ways that may not be socially acceptable but can be good for business.
Hackers and hacktivism can be summarized as follows:
1) Hacking involves unauthorized access to computer networks and systems, while hacktivism uses hacking for political or social causes.
2) Notable hacktivist groups include Anonymous, which has targeted government and corporate websites to support political protests and social issues.
3) Different types of hackers include black hat hackers who carry out computer attacks, while white hat hackers use hacking for security testing with authorization.
The document discusses the basics of public key infrastructures (PKI) which manage trust through the use of digital certificates issued by certificate authorities. It describes the roles of registration authorities, certificate authorities, and certificate repositories. It explains how digital certificates are used to bind identities to public keys and details the processes of obtaining, verifying, renewing, and revoking certificates. The lifecycles of keys and certificates are also summarized.
This chapter introduces information security concepts and careers. It describes the challenges of securing information due to varied attacks and sophisticated attackers. The document defines information security as protecting information confidentiality, integrity and availability using technical and procedural controls. It outlines common attack steps and fundamental security principles for layered defenses, including limiting access, diversity, obscurity and simplicity. Finally, it introduces information security careers and how the CompTIA Security+ certification demonstrates technical competency.
Cyber Security introduction. Cyber security definition. Vulnerabilities. Social engineering and human error. Financial cost of security breaches. Computer protection. The cyber security job market
Network security consists of the provisions and policies adopted by a network administrator to prevent and monitor unauthorized access, misuse, modification, or denial of a computer network and network-accessible resources
This document is a seminar report submitted by students Krina and Kiran in partial fulfillment of requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree. It discusses ethical hacking, including an introduction defining key terms like threats, exploits, vulnerabilities, and targets of evaluation. It describes the job role of an ethical hacker and different types of hackers like white hats, black hats, and grey hats. The report is presented to satisfy degree requirements and obtain certification from their institute and guides.
This document provides an overview of cyber security concepts and threats. It discusses key cyber security fundamentals like confidentiality, integrity and availability. It also describes different types of cyber attacks including web-based attacks like SQL injection, DNS spoofing, session hijacking and phishing. System-based attacks include malware, ransomware, and denial of service attacks. The document emphasizes that cyber security is important for both individuals and organizations to protect against financially and reputationally damaging cyber crimes and data breaches.
This document provides an introduction to ethical hacking. It discusses key terminology used in ethical hacking like threats, exploits, vulnerabilities, and targets of evaluation. It defines different types of hackers including white hat ethical hackers who use their skills defensively to test systems and locate weaknesses, black hat hackers who violate systems illegally, and grey hat hackers who may sometimes violate systems but work to expose vulnerabilities. It outlines the job role of an ethical hacker, which involves testing systems to discover and help address potential security issues.
I. Ethical hacking is used to secure important data from threats by finding vulnerabilities in systems through similar techniques used by hackers, but in a legal manner.
II. It works as a safeguard against black hat hackers by allowing companies to detect security issues and risks in their networks and systems.
III. The future of cyber security and ethical hacking looks promising, as the global market for penetration testing is expected to reach $4.1 billion by 2027, and the field provides opportunities to improve skills in areas like networking, project management, and customer service.
This document discusses various topics in advanced network security including:
1) Ethical hacking and the phases of hacking including reconnaissance, scanning, gaining access, maintaining access, and erasing clues.
2) Denial of service (DoS) attacks and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks which aim to disrupt services by overwhelming targets.
3) Buffer overflow attacks which can corrupt or overwrite data when a program attempts to store more data than a buffer can hold.
This document discusses various topics in advanced network security including:
1) Ethical hacking and the phases of hacking including reconnaissance, scanning, gaining access, and erasing clues.
2) Denial of service (DoS) attacks and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks which aim to disrupt services by overwhelming targets.
3) Buffer overflow attacks which can corrupt or overwrite data when a program attempts to store more data than a buffer can hold.
The document discusses ethical hacking. It defines ethical hackers as those who test systems and networks for vulnerabilities with authorization from the client. Ethical hackers follow guidelines such as maintaining confidentiality and not damaging systems. The document outlines the phases of hacking including reconnaissance, scanning, gaining access, and covering tracks. It emphasizes that ethical hacking is important for improving security when done properly.
Cyber Warfare is the current single greatest emerging threat to National Security. Network security has become an essential component of any computer network. As computer networks and systems become ever more fundamental to modern society, concerns about security has become increasingly important. There are a multitude of different applications open source and proprietary available for the protection +-system administrator, to decide on the most suitable format for their purpose requires knowledge of the available safety measures, their features and how they affect the quality of service, as well as the kind of data they will be allowing through un flagged. A majority of methods currently used to ensure the quality of a networks service are signature based. From this information, and details on the specifics of popular applications and their implementation methods, we have carried through the ideas, incorporating our own opinions, to formulate suggestions on how this could be done on a general level. The main objective was to design and develop an Intrusion Detection System. While the minor objectives were to; Design a port scanner to determine potential threats and mitigation techniques to withstand these attacks. Implement the system on a host and Run and test the designed IDS. In this project we set out to develop a Honey Pot IDS System. It would make it easy to listen on a range of ports and emulate a network protocol to track and identify any individuals trying to connect to your system. This IDS will use the following design approaches: Event correlation, Log analysis, Alerting, and policy enforcement. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) attempt to identify unauthorized use, misuse, and abuse of computer systems. In response to the growth in the use and development of IDSs, we have developed a methodology for testing IDSs. The methodology consists of techniques from the field of software testing which we have adapted for the specific purpose of testing IDSs. In this paper, we identify a set of general IDS performance objectives which is the basis for the methodology. We present the details of the methodology, including strategies for test-case selection and specific testing procedures. We include quantitative results from testing experiments on the Network Security Monitor (NSM), an IDS developed at UC Davis. We present an overview of the software platform that we have used to create user-simulation scripts for testing experiments. The platform consists of the UNIX tool expect and enhancements that we have developed, including mechanisms for concurrent scripts and a record-and-replay feature. We also provide background information on intrusions and IDSs to motivate our work.
This document discusses computer security and various cyber threats. It begins by explaining how computer security became increasingly important with the development of modems and personal computers in the late 20th century. It then discusses different methods used to protect computer systems and information, including serial numbers, locks, alarms, and various security strategies to address threats like data theft, vandalism, fraud, and privacy invasion. The document also provides definitions and examples of cryptography, encryption, malware, and other cyber attacks like phishing, watering hole attacks, and cybercrime. It concludes by listing some common reasons for web threats and tips to protect against web service attacks, such as backups, multi-factor authentication, malware scanning, and keeping software updated.
This document summarizes a research paper on developing a honey pot intrusion detection system. The paper introduces cyber warfare as a growing threat and the need for effective network security. It then describes designing and implementing a honey pot IDS to detect potential threats on a host system by emulating network services and monitoring connections. The IDS would use event correlation, log analysis, alerting and policy enforcement. The document provides background on intrusions, IDS testing methodology, and reasons why only creating secure systems is not enough to prevent all intrusions.
This document discusses computer network security. It begins with an introduction discussing how computer networks bring security risks due to openness and connectivity. It then discusses influential elements of network security such as hackers, software vulnerabilities, and information leaks. The document also covers research findings on basic network security technologies like firewalls, encryption, and intrusion detection. It analyzes internet attack methods including eavesdropping, phishing, denial of service attacks and malware. Finally, it discusses measures that can be taken to improve network security.
This document provides a summary of an industrial training lab report on ethical hacking. It discusses key topics including:
- An introduction to ethical hacking terminology, different types of hackers, and the job role of an ethical hacker.
- Information gathering techniques like footprinting and using search engines. It also discusses web server architecture.
- An introduction to web vulnerability assessment and penetration testing (VAPT), the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP), and SQL injections.
- Other topics covered include bypassing client-side filters, client-side attacks like cross-site scripting, security misconfigurations, and documenting vulnerabilities.
Emerging Threats and Trends in Cybersecurity: A Comprehensive AnalysisIRJET Journal
This document provides a comprehensive analysis of emerging threats and trends in cybersecurity. It examines how cyber threats have evolved over time and their effects on individuals, businesses, and society. The document discusses the importance of cybersecurity in protecting sensitive data and critical infrastructure. It outlines various types of cyber attacks and threat actors. The document also analyzes limitations of existing security systems and describes strategies and technologies for cybersecurity, including network security, endpoint security, data encryption, vulnerability assessment, and penetration testing. Finally, it looks at upcoming trends in cybersecurity like blockchain, cloud security, and artificial intelligence.
1. The document introduces some essential terminology related to ethical hacking such as hack value, exploits, vulnerabilities, and different types of attacks.
2. It discusses the key elements of information security - confidentiality, integrity, availability, authenticity, and repudiation.
3. The document also covers types of hackers, hacking phases, skills required for an ethical hacker, and penetration testing.
The document discusses various threats to information security that organizations must be aware of and protect against. It describes threats such as malware infections, system penetrations by outsiders, software piracy breaching intellectual property, internet service disruptions, power outages, espionage, hacking, human error, social engineering, information extortion, and sabotage/vandalism. Management is responsible for being informed of these threats and implementing appropriate security controls and contingency plans to address them.
The document discusses various threats to information security that organizations must be aware of and protect against. It describes threats such as malware infections, system penetrations by outsiders, software piracy breaching intellectual property, internet service disruptions, power outages, espionage, hacking, human error, social engineering, information extortion, and sabotage/vandalism. The threats can originate from hackers, employees, forces of nature, errors, or other sources; and they pose risks to an organization's data, systems, services, and reputation. An effective information security program requires awareness of the threats and implementing appropriate controls and response plans.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
4. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
Lesson Objectives
• Understand Hacking
• Recognize the mentality of the Hacker
• Recognize common hacker methodologies
• Learn about some example cyber war stories
4DRAFT - Lesson 3
5. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
Why Study “The Hacker”?
“If you know the enemy and know yourself, you
need not fear the result of a hundred battles.
If you know yourself but not the enemy, for
every victory gained you will also suffer a
defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor
yourself, you will succumb in every battle.”
-Sun Tzu “On the Art of War”
5
DRAFT - Lesson 3
6. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information AssuranceWhy Study “The Hacker”?
2008 FBI/CSI Cyber Crime Survey
Companies Experiencing Computer Security Incidents
6
DRAFT - Lesson 3
7. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
20 Year Trend
password
guessing
self-replicating
code
password
cracking
exploiting
known
vulnerabilities
disabling
audits
back
doors
hijacking
sessions
sniffer /
sweepers
stealth
diagnostics
packet forging /
spoofing
GUI
Hacking
Tools
Average
Intruder
1980 1985 1990 1995
RelativeTechnicalComplexity
Source: GAO Report to Congress, 1996 via Divinci Group
7
DRAFT - Lesson 3
8. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
And a bit more recently
Windows
Remote
Control
Stacheldraht
Trinoo
Melissa
PrettyPark
?
DDoS
Insertion
Tools
Hacking
Tools
Kiddie
Scripter
RelativeTechnicalComplexity
1998 1999 2000 2001
8
DRAFT - Lesson 3
9. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information AssuranceWho are they?
NationalNational
InterestInterest
PersonalPersonal
GainGain
PersonalPersonal
FameFame
CuriosityCuriosity
Script-KiddyScript-Kiddy UndergraduateUndergraduate ExpertExpert SpecialistSpecialist
Vandal
Thief
Spy
Trespasser
SOURCE:SOURCE: Microsoft and AccentureMicrosoft and Accenture
via Divinci Groupvia Divinci Group
Author
Motives
Knowledge Level
9
DRAFT - Lesson 3
10. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
Taxonomy of Hackers
• Novice – Least experienced, focused on mischief
• Student – Bright, bored and looking for
something other than homework
• Tourist – Hack out of sense of adventure, need to
test themselves
• Crasher – Destructive who intentionally damaged
IS systems
• Thief - Rarest of Hackers – profited from their
activities – and most professional
Landreth, 1985
10
DRAFT - Lesson 3
11. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
Type of Hackers
• White Hats
– Good guys, ethical hackers
• Black Hats
– Bad guys, malicious hackers
• Gray Hats
– Good or bad hacker; depends on the situation
DRAFT - Lesson 1 11
12. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
Hacker Tendencies
• Invests significant amounts of time on study of
documentation, giving special attention to border
cases of standards
• Insists on understanding and implementing the
underlying API – often confirming documentation
claims
• Second guesses implementer’s logic
• Insists on tools for examining the full state of
system across interface layers and for modifying
these states bypassing the standard development
API.
12
DRAFT - Lesson 3
13. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
Why these tendencies?
Bratus, 2008
Economics of Insecure Hardware/Software
13
DRAFT - Lesson 3
14. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
Developers
under
pressure to
‘make it work’
Developers
‘trained’ away
from exploring
underlying
APIs
Developers
directed to
ignore specific
problems as
the
responsibility
of others
Developers
must comply
with lack of
tools to
explore
outside their
system
Forces cutting of
corners
Forces lack of
understanding of their
choices
Forces
developer’s lack
of concern for a
valid solution
Why these tendencies?
Economics of Insecure Hardware/Software
OPPORTUNITY!!!!
14
DRAFT - Lesson 3
15. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
Phases of Ethical Hacking
DRAFT - Lesson 3 15
16. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
Basic Hacker Methodology
16
DRAFT - Lesson 3
17. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
Information Gathering/ Fingerprinting
• Gathering information about targeted
network addressing scheme prior to launch of
attack
– IP addressing
– Domain Names
– Network Protocols
– Activated Services
17
DRAFT - Lesson 3
18. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
Scanning/Probing
• Using Automated tools to scan a system for
computers advertising application services
• Look for potential targets with possible
vulnerabilities
• Look for targets running specific operating
systems.
18
DRAFT - Lesson 3
19. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
Gaining Access
• Target Specific Vulnerabilities:
– Operating System
– Network Devices
– Software Applications
• Malicious Code
– Delivered via E-mail
• Social Engineering
19
DRAFT - Lesson 3
20. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
Elevating Privilege
• Why Elevate privileges?
– Access User Account
– Access Super User
– Install Backdoors
• Password Crackers!
20
DRAFT - Lesson 3
21. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
Exploiting
• Use victim to launch attacks against others
• Stealing sensitive information
• Crash systems
• Web Server Defacements
21
DRAFT - Lesson 3
22. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
Installing Back Doors
• Add user accounts that look ‘normal’
• Open ports
– Allow access to system services or provide
command shell access
• Cover tracks to prevent detection
• Move malicious code to program
– Trojan.exe -> notepad
22
DRAFT - Lesson 3
23. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
Chinese Hacker Methodology
23
DRAFT - Lesson 3
24. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
And So…
• Need to know how different hackers operate and
what their motives are
• Need to learn how to attack so can defend well
• Need to mitigate vulnerabilities
• Need to stay one step ahead of the attack to
reduce damages
• Best case scenario:
– let people in who should be in
– keep everyone else out!!
24
DRAFT - Lesson 3
25. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
Cyberwar Stories
25
DRAFT - Lesson 3
26. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
GhostNet
• 10-month cyber-espionage investigation
– 1,295 computers in 103 countries belonging to
international institutions spied on
– Sensitive documents stolen and ability to
completely controlled infected computers
– Used root kits, keyloggers, backdoors and social
engineering
– Operation began in 2004
– Evidence that China behind it
26DRAFT - Lesson 3
28. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
Dalai Lama
• One target the Office of His
Holiness the Dalai Lama
(OHHDL)
– Sensitive documents stolen
– Malicious emails sent to Tibet-
affiliated organizations
– Investigation into GhostNet
began when OHHDL suspected
malware and contacted the
Munk Center for International
Studies
28DRAFT - Lesson 3
29. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
Unique Aspects
• In addition to stealing documents, GhostNet
had other capabilities
– Reportedly turn on webcams and audio recording
functions of an infected computer
– Essentially, turn infected computer into a large
“bug” for spying on office
• Used a “control panel” reachable by a
standard web browser to manipulate the
computers it had infected
29DRAFT - Lesson 3
30. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
So how did they detect it?
• Researcher at Munk Center noticed odd string
of 22 characters embedded in files created by
malicious software
• Googled it
• Led him to web site in China
• Commanded system to infect system in their
lab and watched commands
30DRAFT - Lesson 3
31. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
And, of course
China Denies Any Role in 'GhostNet' Computer Hacking
Beijing
31 March 2009
Beijing officials deny any involvement in the electronic
spy ring dubbed "GhostNet," which has infiltrated
more than 1,000 computers around the world and has
been linked to computers in China.
Foreign Ministry spokesman Qin Gang rejected
allegations of a link between the Chinese government
and a vast computer spying network. He said in Beijing
on Tuesday that the accusation comes from people
outside China who, "are bent on fabricating lies of so-
called Chinese computer spies."
31DRAFT - Lesson 3
34. Introduction to Computer Security
and Information Assurance
Lesson Summary Key Points
• Hacking is illegal (most of the time)
– Understand the laws
– Port Scanning can be considered illegal
• Post 9/11 can be act of terrorism
34DRAFT - Lesson 3
Remember that statistics can be affected by non-truthful answers. Companies lie cause no one wants to look like their vulnerable. May contribute to the :don’t know” increase.
Expert is only curious if a tool or exploit will work. Not interested in malicious activity.
Point one : border cases open to interpretation
Money drives the cycle. Want to spend the least money while getting the best profits. (Increase net).
GhostNet (simplified Chinese: 幽灵网; traditional Chinese: 幽靈網; pinyin: YōuLíngWǎng) is the name given by researchers at the Information Warfare Monitor to a large-scale cyber spying[1][2] operation discovered in March 2009. The operation is likely associated with an Advanced Persistent Threat. Its command and control infrastructure is based mainly in the People's Republic of China and has infiltrated high-value political, economic and media locations[3] in 103 countries. Computer systems belonging to embassies, foreign ministries and other government offices, and the Dalai Lama's Tibetan exile centers in India, London and New York City were compromised. Although the activity is mostly based in China, there is no conclusive evidence that the Chinese government is involved in its operation.[4]
The Georgia–Russia crisis is a current and ongoing international crisis between Georgia and Russia that escalated in 2008, when both countries accused each other of military buildup near the separatist regions Abkhazia and South Ossetia. On March 6, 2008 Russia announced that it would no longer participate in the Commonwealth of Independent States economic sanctions imposed on Abkhazia in 1996.
Increasing tensions led to the outbreak of the 2008 South Ossetia war. After the war, a number of incidents have occurred in both conflict zones, and tensions between the belligerents remain high. The crisis has been linked to the push for Georgia to receive a NATO Membership Action Plan and, indirectly, the unilateral declaration of independence by Kosovo.