It is comprised of the five classical components (input, output, processor, memory, and datapath). The processor is divided into an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit, a method of organization that persists to the present.
Batch processing is a technique in which an Operating System collects the programs and data together in a batch before processing starts. An operating system does the following activities related to batch processing − The OS defines a job which has predefined sequence of commands, programs and data as a single unit.
Here it is some of brief history of operating system and also it shows how there came revolution in the industry of technology regarding operating system
Batch processing is a technique in which an Operating System collects the programs and data together in a batch before processing starts. An operating system does the following activities related to batch processing − The OS defines a job which has predefined sequence of commands, programs and data as a single unit.
Here it is some of brief history of operating system and also it shows how there came revolution in the industry of technology regarding operating system
In the given presentation, process overview,process management scheduling typesand some more basic concepts were explained.
Kindly refere the presentation.
Operating System - Types Of Operating System Unit-1abhinav baba
In This Slide There is Operating System And it's types ( Types of operating system)
Batch Operating System
Network Operating System
Time Sharing Operating System
Real Time Operating System
Distributed Operating System
This Presentation is for Memory Management in Operating System (OS). This Presentation describes the basic need for the Memory Management in our OS and its various Techniques like Swapping, Fragmentation, Paging and Segmentation.
Operating System
Topic Memory Management
for Btech/Bsc (C.S)/BCA...
Memory management is the functionality of an operating system which handles or manages primary memory. Memory management keeps track of each and every memory location either it is allocated to some process or it is free. It checks how much memory is to be allocated to processes. It decides which process will get memory at what time. It tracks whenever some memory gets freed or unallocated and correspondingly it updates the status.
In the given presentation, process overview,process management scheduling typesand some more basic concepts were explained.
Kindly refere the presentation.
Operating System - Types Of Operating System Unit-1abhinav baba
In This Slide There is Operating System And it's types ( Types of operating system)
Batch Operating System
Network Operating System
Time Sharing Operating System
Real Time Operating System
Distributed Operating System
This Presentation is for Memory Management in Operating System (OS). This Presentation describes the basic need for the Memory Management in our OS and its various Techniques like Swapping, Fragmentation, Paging and Segmentation.
Operating System
Topic Memory Management
for Btech/Bsc (C.S)/BCA...
Memory management is the functionality of an operating system which handles or manages primary memory. Memory management keeps track of each and every memory location either it is allocated to some process or it is free. It checks how much memory is to be allocated to processes. It decides which process will get memory at what time. It tracks whenever some memory gets freed or unallocated and correspondingly it updates the status.
Introduction to OS
Basic Principles, Operating System Structures, System Calls & Types, Processes: Concept Scheduling - Inter
Process Communication, Introduction to Distributed Operating System, Types of network based OS.
An operating system (OS) is a software program that manages the resources of a computer system and provides a platform for running applications. Its primary functions include resource management, process management, memory management, file system management, and user interface. There are many different types of operating systems, such as desktop operating systems like Windows and macOS, server operating systems like Linux and Windows Server, and embedded operating systems like those used in mobile phones and other small devices. The choice of operating system depends on the type of device, the intended use, and other factors.
What is a Database?
Database creation steps
Benefits of using Database
Types of Table Relationships
What is a Database model
Database Management System
Users of Database
MS Access
Program, Language, & Programming Language
Object Oriented Programming vs Procedure Oriented Programming
About C
Why still Learn C?
Basic Terms
C Stuff
C Syntax
C Program
Algorithm
What is an algorithm?
How are mathematical statements and algorithms related?
What do algorithms have to do with computers?
Pseudo Code
What is pseudocode?
Writing pseudocode
Pseudo Code vs Algorithm
Components of Data Communication
Characteristics of Data Transmission
Communication Media
Communication Speed
Communication Hardware
Communication Software
OSI Model
Introduction
Syed Zaid Irshad
Rules (that You have to Follow)
Book Introduction
10 Chapters
Theoretical Chapters are 6
Practical Chapters are 4
Chapter 1: Basic Concept of Information Technology
Introduction of Computer
Definition
Characteristics
Parts of Computer
Input
Output
Memory
Primary Storage
Secondary Storage
Ports
Language Translator
Compiler
Interpreter
Generations of Programming Language
Ages of Computers
Generations of Computer
Classification of Computers
Chapter 2: Information Networks
Types of Network
LAN
WAN
MAN
GAN
Topologies
Star
Ring
Bus
Hybrid
File Transfer Protocol
World Wide Web
Chapter 3: Data Communication
Standards
Transmission
Simples
Half Duplex
Full Duplex
Media
Twisted Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber Optic Cable
Microwave Transmission
Satellite Transmission
Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model)
Chapter 4: Applications and Use of Computers
Difference Between Application and Use
Impacts of Computers
Chapter 5: Computer Architecture
Address of Memory Locations
Instruction Format
Fetch and Execute
Chapter 6: Security, Copyright and The Law
Computer Crime
Computer Viruses
Computer Privacy
Software Piracy and Law
Chapter 7: Operating System
User Interface
Graphical User Interface
Operating Systems
Chapter 8: Word Processing
Introduction to MS Word
Creating
Editing
Formatting
Printing
Chapter 9: Spreadsheet
Introduction to MS Excel
Creating
Editing
Formatting
Printing
Formulae
Project
Chapter 10: Internet Browsing and Using E-mail
Create Email ID
Send Mail
Download File
Upload File
Study Plan
Every Tuesday we perform Practical
Every Friday Half of the Lecture will be used as question answer session
Rest of the days are for Theoretical Stuff
Make WhatsApp Group for class where we can share stuff related to the Subject
1st Year Computer Science Book
Sindh Text Book Board Introduction
Introduction
Syed Zaid Irshad
Rules (that You have to Follow)
Book Introduction
10 Chapters
Theoretical Chapters are 6
Practical Chapters are 4
Chapter 1: Basic Concept of Information Technology
Introduction of Computer
Definition
Characteristics
Parts of Computer
Input
Output
Memory
Primary Storage
Secondary Storage
Ports
Language Translator
Compiler
Interpreter
Generations of Programming Language
Ages of Computers
Generations of Computer
Classification of Computers
Chapter 2: Information Networks
Types of Network
LAN
WAN
MAN
GAN
Topologies
Star
Ring
Bus
Hybrid
File Transfer Protocol
World Wide Web
Chapter 3: Data Communication
Standards
Transmission
Simples
Half Duplex
Full Duplex
Media
Twisted Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber Optic Cable
Microwave Transmission
Satellite Transmission
Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model)
Chapter 4: Applications and Use of Computers
Difference Between Application and Use
Impacts of Computers
Chapter 5: Computer Architecture
Address of Memory Locations
Instruction Format
Fetch and Execute
Chapter 6: Security, Copyright and The Law
Computer Crime
Computer Viruses
Computer Privacy
Software Piracy and Law
Chapter 7: Operating System
User Interface
Graphical User Interface
Operating Systems
Chapter 8: Word Processing
Introduction to MS Word
Creating
Editing
Formatting
Printing
Chapter 9: Spreadsheet
Introduction to MS Excel
Creating
Editing
Formatting
Printing
Formulae
Project
Chapter 10: Internet Browsing and Using E-mail
Create Email ID
Send Mail
Download File
Upload File
Study Plan
Every Tuesday we perform Practical
Every Friday Half of the Lecture will be used as question answer session
Rest of the days are for Theoretical Stuff
Make WhatsApp Group for class where we can share stuff related to the Subject
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
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It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
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Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
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1. Computer System Organization
• Computer-system operation
• One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common bus
providing access to shared memory
• Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for memory cycles
2. Functionality comes with great complexity!
Proc
Caches
Busses
Memory
I/O Devices:
Controllers
adapters
Disks
Displays
Keyboards
Networks
Pentium IV Chipset
3. Sample of Computer Architecture Topics
Instruction Set Architecture
Pipelining, Hazard Resolution,
Superscalar, Reordering,
Prediction, Speculation,
Vector, Dynamic Compilation
Addressing,
Protection,
Exception Handling
L1 Cache
L2 Cache
DRAM
Disks, WORM, Tape
Coherence,
Bandwidth,
Latency
Emerging Technologies
Interleaving
Bus protocols
RAID
VLSI
Input/Output and Storage
Memory
Hierarchy
Pipelining and Instruction
Level Parallelism
Network
Communication
OtherProcessors
5. Example: Some Mars Rover (“Pathfinder”)
Requirements
• Pathfinder hardware limitations/complexity:
• 20Mhz processor, 128MB of DRAM, VxWorks OS
• cameras, scientific instruments, batteries,
solar panels, and locomotion equipment
• Many independent processes work together
• Can’t hit reset button very easily!
• Must reboot itself if necessary
• Always able to receive commands from Earth
• Individual Programs must not interfere
• Suppose the MUT (Martian Universal Translator Module) buggy
• Better not crash antenna positioning software!
• Further, all software may crash occasionally
• Automatic restart with diagnostics sent to Earth
• Periodic checkpoint of results saved?
• Certain functions time critical:
• Need to stop before hitting something
• Must track orbit of Earth for communication
6. How do we tame complexity?
• Every piece of computer hardware different
• Different CPU
• Pentium, PowerPC, ColdFire, ARM, MIPS
• Different amounts of memory, disk, …
• Different types of devices
• Mice, Keyboards, Sensors, Cameras, Fingerprint readers
• Different networking environment
• Cable, DSL, Wireless, Firewalls,…
• Questions:
• Does the programmer need to write a single program that performs many independent activities?
• Does every program have to be altered for every piece of hardware?
• Does a faulty program crash everything?
• Does every program have access to all hardware?
7. OS Tool: Virtual Machine Abstraction
• Software Engineering Problem:
• Turn hardware/software quirks
what programmers want/need
• Optimize for convenience, utilization, security, reliability, etc…
• For Any OS area (e.g. file systems, virtual memory, networking, scheduling):
• What’s the hardware interface? (physical reality)
• What’s the application interface? (nicer abstraction)
Application
Operating System
Hardware
Physical Machine Interface
Virtual Machine Interface
8. Interfaces Provide Important Boundaries
• Why do interfaces look the way that they do?
• History, Functionality, Stupidity, Bugs, Management
• Machine interface
• Human interface
• Software engineering/management
• Should responsibilities be pushed across boundaries?
• RISC architectures, Graphical Pipeline Architectures
instruction set
software
hardware
9. Virtual Machines
• Software emulation of an abstract machine
• Make it look like hardware has features you want
• Programs from one hardware & OS on another one
• Programming simplicity
• Each process thinks it has all memory/CPU time
• Each process thinks it owns all devices
• Different Devices appear to have same interface
• Device Interfaces more powerful than raw hardware
• Bitmapped display windowing system
• Ethernet card reliable, ordered, networking (TCP/IP)
• Fault Isolation
• Processes unable to directly impact other processes
• Bugs cannot crash whole machine
• Protection and Portability
• Java interface safe and stable across many platforms
10. Virtual Machines (con’t): Layers of OSs
• Useful for OS development
• When OS crashes, restricted to one VM
• Can aid testing programs on other OSs
11. What does an Operating System do?
• Silerschatz and Gavin:
“An OS is Similar to a government”
• Begs the question: does a government do anything useful by itself?
• Coordinator and Traffic Cop:
• Manages all resources
• Settles conflicting requests for resources
• Prevent errors and improper use of the computer
• Facilitator:
• Provides facilities that everyone needs
• Standard Libraries, Windowing systems
• Make application programming easier, faster, less error-prone
• Some features reflect both tasks:
• E.g. File system is needed by everyone (Facilitator)
• But File system must be Protected (Traffic Cop)
12. Operating System Definition (Cont.)
• No universally accepted definition
• “Everything a vendor ships when you order an operating system” is
good approximation
• But varies wildly
• “The one program running at all times on the computer” is the
kernel.
• Everything else is either a system program (ships with the operating system)
or an application program
13. What is an Operating System,… Really?
• Most Likely:
• Memory Management
• I/O Management
• CPU Scheduling
• Communications? (Does Email belong in OS?)
• Multitasking/multiprogramming?
• What about?
• File System?
• Multimedia Support?
• User Interface?
• Internet Browser?
• Is this only interesting to Academics??
14. Topic Coverage
Textbook: Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne,
Operating Systems Concepts, 8th Ed., 2008
• 1 week: Fundamentals (Operating Systems Structures)
• 1.5 weeks: Process Control and Threads
• 2.5 weeks: Synchronization and scheduling
• 2 week: Protection,Address translation, Caching
• 1 week: Demand Paging
• 1 week: File Systems
• 2.5 weeks: Networking and Distributed Systems
• 1 week: Protection and Security
• ??: Advanced topics
15. Typical Lecture Format
• 1-Minute Review
• 20-Minute Lecture
• 1- Minute Administrative Matters
• 15-Minute Lecture
• 5-Minute Break for questions and/or jokes
• 15-Minute Lecture
Attention
Time
20 min. Break “In Conclusion, ...”15 min. Break 15 min.
16. Academic Dishonesty Policy
• Copying all or part of another person's work, or using reference material not
specifically allowed, are forms of cheating and will not be tolerated. A student
involved in an incident of cheating will be notified by the instructor and the
following policy will apply anyway.
• The instructor may take actions such as:
• require repetition of the subject work,
• assign an F grade or a 'zero' grade to the subject work,
• for serious offenses, assign an F grade for the course.
• The instructor must inform the student and the Department Chair in writing of
the incident, the action taken, if any, and the student's right to appeal to the
Chair of the Department Grievance Committee or to the Director of the Office of
Student Conduct.
• The Office of Student Conduct may choose to conduct a formal hearing on the
incident and to assess a penalty for misconduct.
• The Department will recommend that students involved in a second incident of
cheating be dismissed from the University.
17. What if we didn’t have an Operating System?
• Source CodeCompilerObject CodeHardware
• How do you get object code onto the hardware?
• How do you print out the answer?
• Once upon a time, had to Toggle in program in binary and read out answer
from LED’s!
Altair 8080
18. Simple OS: What if only one application?
• Examples:
• Very early computers
• Early PCs
• Embedded controllers (elevators, cars, etc)
• OS becomes just a library of standard services
• Standard device drivers
• Interrupt handlers
• Math libraries
20. More thoughts on Simple OS
• What about Cell-phones, Xboxes, etc?
• Is this organization enough?
• Can OS be encoded in ROM/Flash ROM?
• Does OS have to be software?
• Can it be Hardware?
• Custom Chip with predefined behavior
• Are these even OSs?
21. More complex OS: Multiple Apps
• Full Coordination and Protection
• Manage interactions between different users
• Multiple programs running simultaneously
• Multiplex and protect Hardware Resources
• CPU, Memory, I/O devices like disks, printers, etc
• Facilitator
• Still provides Standard libraries, facilities
• Would this complexity make sense if there were only one application
that you cared about?
22. Example: Protecting Processes from Each Other
• Problem: Run multiple applications in such a way that they are
protected from one another
• Goal:
• Keep User Programs from Crashing OS
• Keep User Programs from Crashing each other
• [Keep Parts of OS from crashing other parts?]
• (Some of the required) Mechanisms:
• Address Translation
• Dual Mode Operation
• Simple Policy:
• Programs are not allowed to read/write memory of other Programs or of
Operating System
23. CPU MMU
Virtual
Addresses
Physical
Addresses
Address Translation
• Address Space
• A group of memory addresses usable by something
• Each program (process) and kernel has potentially different address spaces.
• Address Translation:
• Translate from Virtual Addresses (emitted by CPU) into Physical Addresses (of
memory)
• Mapping often performed in Hardware by Memory Management Unit (MMU)
24. Example of Address Translation
Prog 1
Virtual
Address
Space 1
Prog 2
Virtual
Address
Space 2
Code
Data
Heap
Stack
Code
Data
Heap
Stack
Data 2
Stack 1
Heap 1
OS heap &
Stacks
Code 1
Stack 2
Data 1
Heap 2
Code 2
OS code
OS dataTranslation Map 1 Translation Map 2
Physical Address Space
25. Address Translation Details
• For now, assume translation happens with table (called a Page Table):
• Translation helps protection:
• Control translations, control access
• Should Users be able to change Page Table???
Virtual
Address
Page Table
index
into
page
table
V
Access
Rights PA
V page no. offset
10
table located
in physical
memory
P page no. offset
10
Physical
Address
26. Dual Mode Operation
• Hardware provides at least two modes:
• “Kernel” mode (or “supervisor” or “protected”)
• “User” mode: Normal programs executed
• Some instructions/ops prohibited in user mode:
• Example: cannot modify page tables in user mode
• Attempt to modify Exception generated
• Transitions from user mode to kernel mode:
• System Calls, Interrupts, Other exceptions
28. New Structures for Multicore chips?
Tessellation: The Exploded OS
• Normal Components split into
pieces
• Device drivers
(Security/Reliability)
• Network Services
(Performance)
• TCP/IP stack
• Firewall
• Virus Checking
• Intrusion Detection
• Persistent Storage
(Performance, Security,
Reliability)
• Monitoring services
• Performance counters
• Introspection
• Identity/Environment services
(Security)
• Biometric, GPS,
Possession Tracking
• Applications Given
Larger Partitions
• Freedom to use resources
arbitrarily
Device
Drivers
Video &
Window
Drivers
Firewall
Virus
Intrusion
Monitor
And
Adapt
Persistent
Storage &
File System
HCI/
Voice
Rec
Large Compute-Bound
Application
Real-Time
Application
Identity
29. OS Systems Principles
• OS as illusionist
• Make hardware limitations go away
• Provide illusion of dedicated machine with infinite memory and infinite processors
• OS as government:
• Protect users from each other
• Allocate resources efficiently and fairly
• OS as complex system:
• Constant tension between simplicity and functionality or performance
• OS as history teacher
• Learn from past
• Adapt as hardware tradeoffs change
30. Why Study Operating Systems?
• Learn how to build complex systems:
• How can you manage complexity for future projects?
• Engineering issues:
• Why is the web so slow sometimes? Can you fix it?
• What features should be in the next mars Rover?
• How do large distributed systems work? (Kazaa, etc)
• Buying and using a personal computer:
• Why different PCs with same CPU behave differently
• How to choose a processor (Opteron, Itanium, Celeron, Pentium, Hexium)?
• Should you get Windows XP, 2000, Linux, Mac OS …?
• Why does Microsoft have such a bad name?
• Business issues:
• Should your division buy thin-clients vs PC?
• Security, viruses, and worms
• What exposure do you have to worry about?