This document discusses the One Health approach, which recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. It notes that zoonotic diseases pose a large disease burden, especially in developing countries, and factors like human encroachment on wildlife habitats, intensive farming, and increased travel and trade have contributed to the emergence and spread of diseases. The One Health approach aims to promote cross-sectoral collaboration between medical, veterinary, and environmental professionals to achieve optimal health outcomes. Key organizations promoting One Health include WHO, FAO, OIE, and CDC. While India has started some One Health initiatives, more coordination is still needed between its medical and veterinary colleges to address zoonotic threats.

1. One World One Health Approach
Habibur Rahman and Vijayalakshmy Kennady (ILRI)
Strategy Workshop on Foodborne Diseases, National Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, New Delhi, India, 21 November 2019
Better lives through livestock…………

2. INTRODUCTION
o Human beings, Animals and Plants are
co-existing in the same environment,
o They cannot exist in isolation and
o All are part of a larger communities
Human Health
Animal Health
Environmental Health
Plant Health

3. Impact of animal diseases on human health
 Global of Food Animals production is reduced by more than 20% due to
diseases
 Even animal diseases not transmissible to human may lead to serious public
health problems due to shortage and deficiencies of Animal Source Food

4. Greatest Burden of Zoonoses falls on One Billion Poor Livestock Keepers (ILRI)
o 2.3 billion cases of human illness with 1.7 million human deaths per year
o More than one in seventh of all livestock per year are infected in poor
countries
Burden of Zoonoses

5. Disease Country Financial Loss
BSE UK
US
Japan
$ 10-13bn
$ 3.5bn
$ 1.5bn
Plaque India $ 2.0bn
Avian Flu Asia
New Zealand
Italy
India
India (Kerala)
$ 5–10bn
$ 500m
$ 400m
Rs. 1,50,000m
Rs. 20 m (Duck outbreak)
SARS China, Hong Kong, Singapore,
Canada
$ 30-50bn
Nipah Malaysia $ 350-400m
Ebola West Africa $ 53.0 bn
Economic Impact of zoonoses

6. Emerging and Reemerging Infections

7. Why now... (Factors) As a result…(Impact)
Human populations are growing and
expanding into new geographic
areas
As a result, more people live in close
contact with wild and domestic animals.
Close contact provides more
opportunities for diseases to pass
between animals and people
The earth has experienced changes
in climate and land use, such as
deforestation and intensive farming
practices
Disruptions in environmental conditions
and habitats provide new opportunities
for diseases to pass to animals
International travel and trade have
increased
As a result, diseases can spread quickly
across the globe
Factors that affect Human and Animal Health
Why one health?

8. Definition
One Health is defined as a collaborative, multisectoral, and
transdisciplinary approach — working at the local, regional,
national, and global levels — with the goal of achieving optimal
health outcomes recognizing the interconnection between people,
animals, plants, and their shared environment.
OneHealthisthe collaborative effort of multiple health science
professions,togetherwith their relateddisciplinesandinstitutions –
workinglocally,nationally,andglobally–to attain optimal health for
people,domesticanimals,wildlife, plants,andourenvironment.’
(OneHealthCommission,2011)
 One Health concept was officially adopted in 1984
 It is a concept to bring together human, animal, and
environmental health.

9. History
Edward Jenner
Rudolf Virchow
Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Theobald Smith
Calvin Schwabe James Harlan Steele
Hippocrates
Demonstrated the
links between
animal and human
health

10. 2004
• Wildlife Conservation Society – One World One Health
• 12 Recommendations – Manhattan Principles
2007
• One Health Approach was recommended by AMA for Pandemic Preparedness
• The AMA collaborated with AVMA & passed the One Health Resolution promoting partnership
between human and veterinary medicine
2008
• FAO, OIE, WHO collaborate with UNICEF, UNSIC and the World Bank to develop joint
strategic framework
2009
• USAID launched the Emerging Pandemic Threats Program
• The One Health Office was established at CDC
2010
• The Tripartite concept published
• UN and World Bank recommended adoption to One Health Approach
2011
• One Health Commission
• The 1st One Health Conference in Africa
• ICOPHAI - Ethiopia
2012 • First One Health Summit
2013-
17
• ICOPHAI - Brazil
• ICOPHAI - Thailand
• ICOPHAI - Qatar
2019 • ICOPHAI - Canada
One World One Health - Events

11. OneWorld, OneHealth-ManhattanPrinciples1. Recognizethe essentiallink between human, domesticanimal andwildlife health and
the threat disease poses
2. Recognizethat decisionsregardingland andwater usehavereal implications forhealth
3. Includewildlife health scienceasanessentialcomponent of global disease
prevention, surveillance, monitoring, control andmitigation
4. Recognizethat public health programs cangreatly contribute to conservationefforts
5. Deviseadaptive,holistic andforward-looking approachesto the prevention,
surveillance,monitoring, control andmitigation of emergingandresurgingdiseasesthat
takethe complexinterconnections amongspeciesinto full account
6. Integrate biodiversity conservationperspectivesandhuman needswhen developing
solutions to infectious diseasethreats
7. Reducedemand for andbetter regulate the international wildlife andbushmeattrade
8. Restrict the massculling of wildlife speciesfor diseasecontrol
9. Increaseinvestment in the global human andanimal healthinfrastructure
10. Formcollaborative relationships amonggovernments,localpeople, andthe private and
publicsectors
11. Provideadequate resourcesandsupport for global wildlife healthsurveillance
12. Invest in educating andraisingawarenessamongthe world'speople
33
OneWorld,OneHealth-ManhattanPrinciples

12. Bush Meat Trade
Wet Markets
Agricultural Encroachment,
and Wildlife Habitat Loss
Increased Human-Animal -Wildlife Interface

13. Land use change
Human encroachment, extractive industries, deforestation,
habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss, urbanisation
&urban planning
Emergence&Re-emergence
Food and Agricultural systems
Intensifying /expanding farming systems, greater livestock
density, trade networks and globalisation
,unregulated/irregular use of drugs & vaccines, biosecurity
Human Behaviour
Hunting & consumption practices, cultural patterns&
processes, travel capabilities, breakdown of governance,
antimicrobial usage pattern
Environmental systems
Climate change, natural disasters, periodic climate systems
Disease Emergence pathway at Human-Animal Interface

14. Geographical hotspots for Zoonotic diseases (country)

15. Main factors influencing the emergence of animal diseases
according to the period of time
FACTOR 2007 2017 2027

17. Foodborne diseases cost India about $28 billion (Rs1,78,100 crore) or around
0.5% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) every year
(‘Food for All' partnership of the World Bank Group and The Netherlands)
Foodborne diseases

18. AMR – A Global Threat

19. Bioterrorism
o Intentional or deliberate releaseof viruses,
bacteria, or other agentsusedto causeillness or
death in people, animals,orplants
o Ex:
• Anthrax
• Smallpox
• Nipah
• Botulinumtoxin
o Bioterrorism Act of 2002-Accordingto this law,there isan
essential element of national preparednessagainst
bioterrorism andthe focusis on safety of drugs,food, and
water from biologicalagentsandtoxins
o India isyet to havealaw onbioterrorism
Bio-Terrorism

20. Goal - Six Strategies
1. More preventiveactionat the animal–human–ecosystems interface
2. Building more robust public andanimal health systems with ashift
from short term to long-term intervention
3. Strengtheningthe national andinternational emergencyresponse
capabilitiesto prevent andcontroldiseaseoutbreaks
4. Better addressingthe concernsofthepoorbyshifting focusfrom
developedto developing economies
5. Promotinginstitutionalcollaborationacrosssectorsanddisciplines
6. Conductingstrategicresearchto enabletargeted diseasecontrol
programs

21. MDG and SDG

22. o Physicians to vaccinate & treat victims
o Veterinarians to vaccinate & sterilize dogs & cats
o Wildlife experts to advise on wild animal reseviours
o Ecologists to tell responsible authorities
o Sanitarians to eliminate garbage that feeds strays
o Educators to teach people to vaccinate their pets
o Media to inform about risks & prevention, e.g. bats
Rabies: A Perfect example of One Health

23. 1. MoU between ICAR – ICMR (AMR, Brucellosis, Biofortified foods)
2. Establishment of National Institute of Zoonoses
3. INFAR – Indian Network of Fish and Animal AMR
4. One Health India Conference 2019
5. IDSP
One Health program in India

24. Missedopportunity• 460medicalcollegesand56veterinary collegesin India, but do have
little or no coordination
• Indian subcontinent isa‘hotspot’ for zoonotic,drug-resistantand vector-
bornepathogens.Butweknowlittle aboutthe keythreats
• Governancestructure andinter-sectorial coordination isalso problematic,
with human,animal andenvironmental healthcontrolled bydifferent
ministries, with little cross-talk
• National Health Policyapprovedrecently buttherenomention of
“zoonoses” and“emerging infectious diseases”
Missedopportunity

25.  World Health Organization (WHO)
 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
 World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)
 One Health Initiative
 US Centers for Disease Control
 EcoHealth Alliance
Organizations working on One Health

26. o Adequate infrastructure and expertise at national and local levels, and at entry
points
o Timely and responsive disease surveillance systems for animal and human
populations
o Up-to-date emergency preparedness and response plans
o Capacity to apply international agreements and standards
o Continuous evaluation and improvement of biosecurity
o Governance and legislation in line with international standards
o Adequate and sustainable laboratory capacity supported by external quality
assurance systems
o Established monitoring and evaluation systems for Veterinary and Public Health
Services
o A communication protocol between animal and public health surveillance
systems
CONCLUSION

27. This presentation is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.
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