4. 66
217
287
307
538
Non-infectious
Bacteria & Rickettsia
Fungi
Helminth
Virus & Prion
Protozoan
Pie diagram showing rate of death due to causes (Chugh T.D., 2008)
(
•
•
C
60.3 % of infectious diseases are zoonotic : 71.8 % originate in wild life.
h
u
(Jones et al., 2008)
g
h
75 % (132/175) of the emerging diseases are zoonotic. (Asokan et al., 2011)
,
T
• Direct loss of $20 billion with over $200 billion indirect losses in zoonosis.
.
(World Bank, 2010)
D
.
6. HISTORY
• Ancient healers - priests : Slaughter sacrificial animals
(Schwabe, 1984)
• Kahun Papyrus (1900 B.C.) : Chimeric animals & human in myths;
Vector borne diseases
(Driesch and Peters, 2003)
• King Adadapla- iddina (1068-1047 B.C.) : Constructed temple for
Goddess Gula - healer of Rabies
(Day, 2011)
7. HISTORY (contd)…
Chinese Zhou dynasty (11- 13th Century) :
– Integrated public health system
– Principles of yin-yang : Acupuncture in animals & man
“ The foundations of veterinary medicine are as comprehensive and subtle
as those of human medicine and it is not possible to place one above the
other.” (On the origin and development of Medicine: Xu Dachun)
(Driesch and Peters, 2003)
8. HISTORY (contd)…
• Arab : Kitab al Baytara (
)
• Greek scholars: Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) & Hippocrates (460-367 B.C.)
–
Public health on clean environment
– Promoted comparative medicine
• Galen (130-200 A.D.) : extended idea of Hippocrates
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519 A.D.) : Comparative anatomy
9. HISTORY (contd)…
• Giovani Maria Lancisi (1654-1720) :
Veterinarian
Use of mosquito nets for malaria control
Pioneer in RinderPest control
• John Hunter (1728-1793) : Comparative medicine
• Edward Jenner FRS (1749-1823) :
Small pox vaccination
10. HISTORY (contd)…
INCEPTION OF VETERINARY SCIENCES……
1761 January
(1712-1779)
2011 January
“Either medicine will mutually enlighten and perfect the other when we
discard a derisory, harmful prejudice.” (Claude Bourgelat)
11. HISTORY (contd)…
• Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) :
Father of comparative medicine & cellular pathology
Coined “Zoonoses”
Regular meat inspection
“Between animal and human medicine there is
no dividing line, nor should there be. The object
is
different,
but
the
experience
obtained
constitutes the basis of all medicine.” (Virchow)
12. HISTORY (contd)…
• William Osler (1849-1919) :
Father of Veterinary pathology in North America
“Veterinary medicine and human medicine
complement each other and should be considered as
one medicine” (Osler)
• Louis Pasteur (1822-1895);
• Robert Koch (1843-1910);
• John McFadyean (1853-1941) :
Lab confirmation of Anthrax;
Zoonotic potential of bovine T.B.
13. HISTORY (contd)…
• Calvin W Schwabe (1927-2006): One Health
“ …there is no difference of paradigm between human
and veterinary medicine , and is extension of notions
of comparative medicine. Both sciences share, as a
general medicine, a common body of knowledge in
anatomy, physiology, pathology and the origin of
diseases in all species.” (Schwabe, 1984)
(Veterinary Medicine and Human Health, Schwabe, 1984)
14. HISTORY (contd)…
• James H Steele (1913- 2013):
International doyen of VPH
Founder of CDC VPH
One World, One Medicine, One Health
(Monath et al., 2010)
• Frederick A. Murphy & Karl M. Johnson
(Kahn et al., 2009)
15. HISTORY (contd)…
• Stephen S Morse (1993) :
ProMED - Programme for Monitoring Emerging Diseases
“Global electronic reporting system for outbreaks of Emerging Infectious
Diseases and toxins”
(Dell, 2010)
16. Being admitted to the profession of veterinary medicine, I
solemnly swear to use my scientific knowledge and skills for
the benefit of society through the protection of animal
health and welfare, the prevention and relief of animal
suffering, the conservation of animal resources, the
promotion of public health, and the advancement of medical
knowledge........
(AVMA Veterinarian’s Oath , 2010)
17. MANHATTAN PRINCIPLES
• Wildlife Conservation Society (2004) at Rockefeller University
• Building interdisciplinary bridges to health in Globalised world
• ONE WORLD - ONE HEALTH
• Promote the impact of land use & wildlife health on human
• Holistic approach to prevent epidemic/epizootic disease and ecosystem
integrity.
18. ONE HEALTH INITIATIVE
• AMA (June 25, 2007) House of Delegates approved resolution
• AVMA (July, 2007) implemented One Health Concept
• To revive integration of human, animal or environmental health
(Klement et al., 2009)
• Inter-professional collaboration
• To extend research on EIDs; surveillance
• Improve scientific knowledge & clinical care
(Hristovski et al., 2010)
(Atlas et al., 2010)
20. “One Health is the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines working
locally, nationally, and globally to attain optimal health for people, animals,
plants and our environment”
(One Health Initiative Task Force, AVMA, 2008)
21. “You
can’t tell the story of human health separate from animal health
or environmental health.” (William Foege)
CDC President to declare small pox eradication programme
22. BENEFITS OF ONE HEALTH
• Improve animal & human health by interdisciplinary collaboration
• Meet new global challenges
• Develop new centres of excellence for education and training in specific
areas
• Increase professional opportunities
• Gain scientific knowledge to create innovative programmes to improve
health
(One Health Initiative Task Force, AVMA, 2008)
23. SCOPE OF ONE HEALTH
Food safety; security
Antimicrobial resistance
Global water/ food system
Climate change
Bioterrorism
Training
Land use pattern
Biomedical Research
Creation of scientific
Occupational health
Comparitive Medicine
knowledge
Public health
Conservation Medicine
Regulatory enforcement
Biodiversity
Zoonoses
Wildlife promotion
Emerging Infectious
Global trade &
Disease; ecology
commerce
(One Health Initiative Task Force, AVMA, 2008)
24. ADDRESSING PROBLEMS OF 21st CENTURY
Population Explosion
Infectious Diseases
Pollution
Poverty & Starvation
Food Security
Climate Change
25. Population (billions)
POPULATION EXPLOSION
Human population increases by: 2.5 people/sec; 150people/min; 9000/hr; 2,14,000/day;
78 million/year
(Courtesy: United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects: 2006 Revision)
26. CLIMATE CHANGE
“Climate change is perhaps the most challenging collective action problem
the world has faced” (Tony Blair)
Indian subcontinent:
• Increase trends in annual mean temperature;
• 0.68oC increase in the temperature per century
• 8.7% increase of Carbon-di-oxide
• Increase in extreme rains in NE & SW monsoons
Temperature rise 2099
• Low number of rainy days in East coast
• Increased coastal water temperature in South Asia
• Water availability: 1820 cu.m/year (2001)
1140 cu.m/year (2050)
(Courtesy: IPCC Website)
27. EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
• Modern jet travel allows passengers to move less than the incubation period
of diseases: Notion of exotic diseases are meaningless.
(Sherman, 2010)
• Rapid dissemination of disease occurrence: ProMED; OIE
• Initiate quickly the surveillance pattern
• Should be proper, responsible, effective risk communication
(Decker et al., 2010)
Consider 50,000 known vertebrates; each with 20 endemic viruses:
Total of 1 million vertebrate viruses.
Only 2000 viruses discovered
99.8% vertebrate viruses remain to be discovered
(Atlas et al., 2010)
28. FOOD SAFETY
• Global demand for foods of animal origin is steadily growing and is
apparent that livestock sector will continue to grow
(FAO, 2009)
• Demand for food expected to increase by 50% before 2020
(Scott,2008)
• Reduction of tariff associated with market reforms
• Advances in shipping – growth of animal products trade
• Regulations for international trade
(Speedy, 2003)
29. POVERTY
• Around 3 billion people live on less than $2 per day
(World Bank, 2008)
• Professionals are unwilling to offer services
• Little or no access to prevent and cure veterinary medical services
• Serve as source of transmissible disease & spread
(WHO, 2006)
• Food/ agri products faced average inflation rate of 9.9% over last half
decade in India
(Moorthy et al., 2011)
31. ONE HEALTH IN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
Wild life
Drug resistant agents
Non- wild life
Vectors
To be kept in mind while propagating One Health programme
(Jones et al., 2008)
32. One health in Indian perspective (Contd)…
• 37 Veterinary Colleges V/s 251+ Medical colleges
• Lack of inter-sectorial collaboration
• Limited field epidemiology capacity
• Awareness of zoonoses is poor
Knowledge among Medical Graduates
(Sekar et al., 2011)
(Kakkar et al., 2011)
33. One health in Indian perspective (Contd)…
• Lack of national programme on Zoonoses managed by Dept of Animal
Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture except for Rabies in few states
• Lack of authentic data on occurrence of the diseases
• No Public Health implementing agency
(Asokan et al., 2011)
TO KNOW why 1,000 Indian children die of diarrhoeal sickness every day, take a
wary stroll along the Ganges in Varanasi. As it enters the city, Hinduism’s sacred
river contains 60,000 faecal coliform bacteria per 100 millilitres, 120 times more
than is considered safe for bathing. Four miles downstream, with inputs from 24
gushing sewers and 60,000 pilgrim-bathers, the concentration is 3,000 times over
the safety limit. In places, the Ganges becomes black and septic. Corpses, of semicremated adults or enshrouded babies, drift slowly by.
(The Economist; 2008 Dec. 11)
34. How to reach One Health??..
• Consensus among stakeholders
• Collaboration among professionals,
• Cooperation among interdisciplinary groups,
• Coordination among partner agencies and
• Commitment (Political and financial) by donors, partners, regional
organizations and national governments
For low/ middle income nations : US$ 1.3 billion spend for
One Health per year till 2020
(Contributing to One World, One Health: A Strategic Framework for Reducing
Risks of Infectious Diseases at the Animal-Human-Ecosystem Interface, 2008)
