Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Delia Grace, Bernard Bett, Johanna Lindahl and Dieter Schillinger at a virtual workshop on countering zoonotic spillover of high consequence pathogens, 12 July 2022.
One Health approach to address zoonotic and emerging infectious diseases and ...ILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Hu Suk Lee, Fred Unger, Arshnee Moodley, Eric Fèvre, Barbara Wieland, Bernard Bett, Michel Dione, Edward Okoth, Johanna Lindahl, Sinh Dang-Xuan and Delia Grace at the virtual 2020 Global ODA Forum for Sustainable Agricultural Development 9–10 November 2020.
One Health research at ILRI to address neglected tropical diseases, zoonoses ...ILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Fred Unger, Hu Suk Lee, Johanna Lindahl, Thang Nguyen, Bernard Bett, Eric Fèvre, Sothyra Tum, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Arshnee Moodley and Delia Grace at a webinar by the One Health Collaborating Center Universitas Gadjah Mada, ‘World Zoonoses Day 2020: Lessons learned and future directions’, 7 July 2020.
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Presentation by Theo Knight-Jones at the Capacitating One Health in Eastern and Southern Africa (COHESA) partner orientation workshop, 16 December 2021.
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One Health approach to address zoonotic and emerging infectious diseases and ...ILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Hu Suk Lee, Fred Unger, Arshnee Moodley, Eric Fèvre, Barbara Wieland, Bernard Bett, Michel Dione, Edward Okoth, Johanna Lindahl, Sinh Dang-Xuan and Delia Grace at the virtual 2020 Global ODA Forum for Sustainable Agricultural Development 9–10 November 2020.
One Health research at ILRI to address neglected tropical diseases, zoonoses ...ILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Fred Unger, Hu Suk Lee, Johanna Lindahl, Thang Nguyen, Bernard Bett, Eric Fèvre, Sothyra Tum, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Arshnee Moodley and Delia Grace at a webinar by the One Health Collaborating Center Universitas Gadjah Mada, ‘World Zoonoses Day 2020: Lessons learned and future directions’, 7 July 2020.
One Health and zoonoses projects at the International Livestock Research Inst...ILRI
Presentation by Theo Knight-Jones at the Capacitating One Health in Eastern and Southern Africa (COHESA) partner orientation workshop, 16 December 2021.
ILRI research on foodborne diseases and antimicrobial resistance associated w...ILRI
Presentation by Delia Grace, Florence Mutua, Fred Unger, Johanna Lindahl, Kristina Roesel, Ram Pratim Deka, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Barbara Wieland and Hung Nguyen-Viet at a regional symposium on research into smallholder pig production, health and pork safety, Hanoi, Vietnam, 27–29 March 2019.
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Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
The roles of livestock and farmed wildlife in preventing the next pandemic: Current One Health efforts in Southeast Asia
1. The roles of livestock and farmed wildlife in preventing the
next pandemic: Current One Health efforts in Southeast Asia
Hung Nguyen-Viet, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)
With contributions from Delia Grace, Bernard Bett, Johanna Lindahl and Dieter Schillinger (ILRI)
Presented at a virtual workshop on countering zoonotic spillover of high consequence pathogens
12 July 2022
2. 2
Content
1. Importance of livestock sector for food and nutrition security
2. Livestock and health issues
3. What to do to prevent the pandemic
3. 3
Percentage growth in demand for livestock products to 2030
0
50
100
150
200
250
E.Asia
Pacific
China
South
Asia
SSA
High
income
3
0
50
100
150
200
250
E.Asia
Pacific
China
South
Asia
SSA
High
income
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
E.Asia
Pacific
China
South
Asia
SSA
High
income
0
50
100
150
200
250
E.Asia
Pacific
China
South
Asia
SSA
High
income
Poultry Milk
Beef Pork
Estimates of the % growth in demand for animal source foods in different World regions, comparing 2005 and 2030.
Estimates were developed using the IMPACT model, courtesy Dolapo Enahoro, ILRI.
6. 6
Health opportunities and challenges in the livestock sector
ILRI/Stevie Mann
• Nutrition, health and food security
• BUT animal-human/emerging diseases and
unsafe food need to be addressed and
overconsumption is often associated with
obesity and non-communicable diseases
• Environmental health and biodiversity
• BUT pollution, land/water degradation
needs to be reduced
7. Employment and direct output
value of wild animal industry in
China, 2016
(US$ 73.4
billion)
8. 8
Foodborne disease: a new priority – much or most
probably from animal-source food
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
14,000,000
16,000,000
18,000,000
20,000,000
Other toxins
Aflatoxins
Helminths
Microbial
Havelaar et al. (2015)
31 hazards
• 600 mio illnesses
• 420,000 deaths
• 33 million DALYs
zoonoses
non zoonoses
Burden LMIC Cost estimates for 2016 : > US$ 115 billion
Productivity loss 95
Illness treatment 15
Trade loss or cost 5 to 7
Domestic costs may be 20 times trade costs
Food safety
Millions DALYs lost per year (global)
10. 10
Warning! Increasing frequency of pandemics
Graphics: Annabel Slater, ILRI; adapted from United Nations Environment Programme and International Livestock Research Institute (2020).
Preventing the next pandemic: Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission. Nairobi, Kenya.
11. 11
Preventing the next pandemic
Seven major anthropogenic
drivers of zoonotic disease
emergence
1. Increasing demand for
animal protein
2. Unsustainable agricultural
intensification
3. Increased use and
exploitation of wildlife
4. Unsustainable utilization
of natural resources
5. Travel and transportation
6. Changes in food supply
chains
7. Climate change
United Nations Environment Programme and International Livestock Research Institute (2020). Preventing the next
pandemic: Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission. Nairobi, Kenya.
12. 12
ILRI One Health strategy
A holistic approach to preventing pandemics and epidemics and other
microbial threats from animals and the environment
Vision
To improve the lives, livelihoods and well being of people in the global
south by building healthy, sustainable and resilient systems at the
intersection of humans, animals and the environment.
Key thematic areas
• Epidemics and pandemics caused by (re)-emerging viruses
• Endemic zoonoses
• Foodborne diseases
• Antimicrobial resistance
13. Zoonoses and emerging infectious diseases:
surveillance, response, biosecurity
Understand viral populations
• Smart molecular surveillance
• Whole genome sequencing
Understand the process of infection
• Molecular interactions that permit host species jumps
• Identify potential animal reservoirs of pandemics
Develop universal vaccines to viral families with pandemic potential
to control animal reservoirs
• Epidemiology of zoonoses and emerging infectious diseases
• Surveillance: response
• Value chain analysis and exposure assessment (consumption, contact)
Outputs
• Risk maps
• Improved understanding on drivers, e.g. climate, land use
change/variability
• Livestock vaccination strategies
14.
15. Urban livestock keeping in Hanoi city, Vietnam: Systems and
the risks of flaviviral vector-borne diseases in humans
1. Knowledge, attitude and practice among
urban inhabitants regarding risks and benefits
of urban agriculture, and current knowledge
on mosquito-borne disease transmission
2. The distribution of mosquitoes and flaviviruses
(dengue, Japanese encephalitis and Zika virus)
present in urban mosquitoes and its relationship to
livestock keeping.
4. Intervention package
• On-site training
• Given fans with simple key messages
• Weekly reminders through text messages
3. Risk factors of mosquito-borne
flavivirus by investigating febrile patients in
a national hospital
16. The 3-legged stool approach: Training, incentives and enabling environment
Vietnam
1. Training and minor equipment
Slaughter Retail
Slaughter: Grid, separate clean/dirty area,
cleaning/disinfection (USD 300-1000)
Retail: Hygienic cutting board, separate
(fresh/cooked), cleaning/disinfection (USD 35)
Cambodia
1. training and minor equipment
Retail
Hygienic cutting board, separate
(fresh/cooked), cleaning/disinfection, easy to
clean surface (USD 25)
2. Incentives: Scoring system, auction survey indicates 15%
higher consumer willingness to pay for improved stalls
2. Incentives: Certificate and poster
3. Enabling environment
Limited support by local authorities
3. Enabling environment
Strong support by national and local authorities
Improved food safety outcome (Salmonella) in both countries but more prominent in
Cambodia due to stronger support by local authorities
Photo credits: ILRI/Fred Unger,
Chi Nguyen, Rortana Chea
Supporting tools:
Manuals, briefs, nudges
Formative research
17. Policy impact: translational research for
interventions in modernizing food system
• CGIAR/ILRI niche: Risk assessment and
policy/regulatory analysis for fresh foods in
domestic markets
• World Bank convened overall support to
government; ILRI led the technical work
• Government adopted the World Bank report for
improving food safety in major cities in Vietnam
18. One Health, institutional commitment, investment
Decision makers
Public health
(MD, army
health)
Scientists
Vets
Savannakhet, Lao PDR on foodborne disease research, October 2017
19. • INDOHUN
• THOHUN
• VOHUN
• MYOHUN
EcoEID
Emerging Pandemic Threats Program
PREDICT • RESPOND • PREVENT • IDENTIFY
EHRCs
GHI
One Health and Ecohealth programs in Southeast Asia (not up to date)
20. 20
Key messages
• The importance of livestock for food and nutrition security, livestock sector in
Southeast Asia is fast growing.
• Spillover and health challenges linked to animal and farmed wildlife in the
region.
• One Health research and development agenda covers a wide spectrum from
research, capacity development and stakeholder engagement across animal,
human and environment health sectors to prepare, detect and respond.
• There is a need for country investment in One Health.
21. 21
Some references on One Health in Southeast Asia
Ecohealth research in Southeast Asia: past, present
and the way forward
Decades of emerging infectious disease, food safety,
and antimicrobial resistance response in Vietnam: The
role of One Health
FAO. 2011. Mapping supply and demand for animal-source foods to 2030, by T.P. Robinson & F. Pozzi.
Animal Production and Health Working Paper. No. 2. Rome.
IMPACT results generally suggested smaller changes in demand compared to FAO. Among other drivers of the results, the observed differences may be related to the underlying assumptions on how future demand will respond to prices and incomes. FAO projections could for example be assuming big shifts to Chicken Meat consumption (e.g., from pork) as incomes grow in Asia. IMPACT makes the same assumption in terms of direction, but with the expected shifts a bit more dampened.
High income countries include much of Europe. In fact, if one looks at individual European nations in many cases there is a DECLINE in demand (Switzerland for beef (-22%) and pork (-14%) for example)
Figures for meat consumption: https://data.oecd.org/agroutput/meat-consumption.htm
One Health: key elements: Prepare, Detect, Respond
Biosecurity is a strategic and integrated approach to analyzing and managing relevant risks to human, animal and plant life and health and associated risks for the environment.
The overarching goal of biosecurity is to prevent, control and/or manage skills to life and health as appropriate to the particular biosecurity sector.
INFOSAN Information Note No 1/210
Here you can say we are testing similar approaches in other countries and other value chains, but that all seems to indicate that training + incentives + policy support can do the trick. OK
Some references on One Health situation in SE Asia:
Ecohealth research in Southeast Asia: past, present and the way forward - PMC (nih.gov)
Decades of emerging infectious disease, food safety, and antimicrobial resistance response in Vietnam: The role of One Health - ScienceDirect