The document discusses integrated vector management (IVM) as an approach to vector-borne disease control. IVM involves understanding local vector ecology and patterns of disease transmission in order to select appropriate control methods from available options. It aims to improve cost-effectiveness and sustainability compared to traditional reliance on insecticides alone. Key elements of IVM include disease and vector surveillance, identifying and mapping local risk factors, participatory selection of control methods, monitoring and evaluation. The document outlines the steps in implementing IVM, including assessing disease burden and local resources available before developing context-specific strategies.

1. INTEGRATED VECTOR
MANAGEMENT
PRESENTED BY:
ARUN KUMAR THAKUR
BABITA GAUTAM
CHETANA DAHAL
PURSHOTAM KUMAR SAH KANU
ROHIT GHIMIRE
CENTRAL DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, TU
M.Sc. THIRD SEMESTER MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

2. VECTOR
 Living organisms that can transmit infectious pathogens between humans, or from
animals to humans.
 Often, once a vector becomes infectious, they can transmit the pathogen for the rest of
their life during each subsequent bite/blood meal. (Vector-borne diseases- WHO, 2020)
 Vectors can transmit infectious diseases either actively or passively:
 Biological vectors- carry pathogens that can multiply within their bodies and be
delivered to new hosts, usually by biting.
 Mechanical vectors- pick up infectious agents on the outside of their bodies and
transmit them through physical contact.

3. VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES

4. VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES
(Vector-borne diseases- WHO, 2020)

5. ROLE OF VECTOR IN DISEASE TRANSMISSION
 Some vectors can move considerable distances which may affect the transmission ranges of vector
borne diseases.
 Vectors can be introduced to new geographic areas for example by:
 travel of humans and international trade;
 animal movement, for instance of livestock;
 migratory birds;
 changing agricultural practices;
 or the wind. (Vector-borne diseases- WHO)

6. IMPORTANCE OF VECTOR CONTROL
 Crucial to reduce the incidence of infection from diseases.
 For disease with no effective cure or preventive medical measures available, such as
Dengue, West Nile virus and Chikungunya virus.
 For effective and targeted medical treatment. (World Malaria Report 2013- WHO)

7. BRIEF HISTORY OF VECTOR CONTROL
 Before the Second World War, vector control was conducted predominantly by environmental
control of the proliferation of mosquitoes.
 The measures were often based on information about the distinct preferences of different vector
species for breeding habitats; hence, knowledge about disease vectors was used to direct
environmental measures to preferred breeding sites.
 There is evidence that environmental management had a clear impact on disease (Keiser J et al.
2005, Takken W et al. 1990); however, elimination of disease was never on the agenda.

8.  The advent of DDT and other organochlorine pesticides during the 1940s changed this
situation.
 Spraying the indoor surfaces of houses and shelters drastically reduced the numbers of mosquitoes
and other insects.
 More importantly, spraying reduced the average longevity of mosquitoes to below the age at which
they become infectious (MacDonald 1956 ), substantially reducing the transmission of malaria and
several other vector-borne diseases.
 Increased resistance of vectors to insecticides, however, resulted in failure to elimination of other
vector borne diseases.
 The focus of vector control on insecticides meant that environmental management and other
alternative methods were underexploited or even forgotten.
 Insecticides other than DDT were developed, the most recent class being the pyrethroids, developed in
the 1980s, which are currently the predominant insecticides used for vector control. (Handbook of
IVM- WHO, 2012)

9. CONCEPTUALIZATION OF
INTEGRATED VECTOR MANAGEMENT
 In 2004, WHO adopted the Global Strategic Framework on IVM as a first step towards
implementation of a new approach to vector control (WHO 2004).
 In May 2007, a consultation group assessed the need for IVM and drew up a global
strategic plan along the key elements of IVM (WHO 2007).
 The group recommended the five key elements for IVM.

10.  In 2008, WHO issued a position statement on IVM to support advancement of the concept
as a component of vector-borne disease control, and Member States were invited to
accelerate the preparation of national policies and strategies (WHO 2008).
 In December 2008, a global consultation was held to prepare an action plan on IVM for the
period 2009–2011.
 The actions corresponding to the key elements of IVM were launching a global advocacy
strategy, designing a comprehensive modular training package, establishing a network for IVM,
and preparing a research agenda and a system for evaluating IVM (WHO 2009).

11. TRADITIONAL VECTOR CONTROL
APPROACH vs. IVM
 Traditional vector control method basically relies on use of insecticide-treated nets (ITN)
and/or indoor residual spraying (IRS).
 IVM is an approach that reinforces linkages between health and environment, optimizing
benefits to both.
 Does not rely on a single method of vector control
 Stresses the importance of:
– first understanding the local vector ecology and local patterns of disease transmission
– then choosing the appropriate vector control tools, from the range of options available.
(Integrated vector management for malaria control Beier C et al 2008)

12. INTEGRATED VECTOR MANAGEMENT
 Rational decision-making process for the optimal use of resources for vector control.
 Based on evidence and integrated management utilizing the local knowledge about the
vectors, diseases and disease determinants.
 Addresses several diseases concurrently, because some vectors can transmit several
diseases and some interventions are effective against several vectors.
 Seeks to improve the efficacy, cost-effectiveness, ecological soundness and sustainability
of disease-vector control.
 Encourages effective collaboration within the health sector and with other public sectors,
and the empowerment of communities.(Handbook of IVM- WHO, 2012)

13. KEY ELEMENTS OF IVM
Adapted from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2604879/

14. STEPS IN IVM
Handbook of IVM –WHO, 2012

15. 1. Disease situation
a. Epidemiological assessment
 Determines the burden of vector-borne disease.
b. Vector assessment
 Includes study the biology, ecology and behavior of potential vectors.
 The role of the vector in disease transmission should be ascertained under real-life conditions.
c. Stratification
 Refers to the classification of disease endemic areas by their epidemiological and ecological
characteristics. (Handbook of IVM- WHO, 2012)

16. 2. Local determinants of disease
A number of risk factors, or “determinants of disease”, determine the spread of vector-
borne disease.
a. Identifying the determinants
Handbook of IVM –WHO, 2012

17. b. Mapping the determinants
 Valuable for determining those locations in which there are risks for vector-borne
disease and those in which they are greatest.
 Construction of a “seasonal calendar” also helps to identify the periods of increased
risk for vector-borne disease.
c. Tackling the determinants
 A local analysis of determinants of vector-borne disease helps to understand in
detail where and when the risks for vector-borne disease occur.
 These call for the involvement of other health divisions, other sectors and local
communities. (Handbook of IVM- WHO, 2012)

18. 3. Selection of vector control methods
Anti larval
Measures
Anti adult
Measures
Protection
Against
Mosquito
bites
Mosquito Control Measures
 Environmental
control
 Chemical
Control
 Biological
control
 Mosquito nets
 Screening
 Repellents
 Space Sprays
 Residual Sprays
 Genetic control
Integrated Mosquito Control Approach
Handbook of IVM- WHO, 2012

19. For multiple disease
Handbook of IVM –WHO, 2012

20. 4. Needs and resources
 Includes financial, human and technical resources available for vector-borne disease control at local
level.
 Potential resources include those received from national programs for vector-borne disease control,
district health offices, local government and other public sectors, the private sector, civil society
organizations and the community. (Handbook of IVM- WHO, 2012)

21. 5. Implementation strategy
 Any strategy should be responsive to changes in local ecological and epidemiological conditions.
 Is not a one-time procedure but should be conducted regularly in order to adapt the strategy as
needed.
 The issues to be considered in planning vector control are the target vectors;
 the timing of implementation,
 the areas of implementation,
 the entities involved in implementation and
 the entities responsible for implementation and external monitoring and evaluation. (Handbook of IVM-
WHO, 2012)

22. 6. Monitoring and evaluation
Handbook of IVM -WHO

23. APPLICATION OF IVM
 IVM transforms the conventional system of vector control by making it more evidence
based, integrated and participative.
 IVM involves both reorientation of vector borne disease control programs and embedding
IVM within local health systems.
 Intersectoral partnerships and collaboration at both national and local levels will result in
cost savings and benefits to other health services.
 Incorporation of IVM and vector control in sectors, such as agriculture, environment,
mining, industry, public works, local government and housing, helps to prevent vector
proliferation and disease transmission. (Handbook of IVM- WHO, 2012)

24. REFERENCES
1. Epidemiology and Disease Control Division. (2020), “National guidelines on integrated vector
management”. Department of Health Services, Teku, Kathmandu.
2. Keiser J et al. (2005), “Reducing the burden of malaria in different eco-epidemiological settings
with environmental management”: a systematic review. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 5:695–708.
3. MacDonald G. (1956), “Epidemiological basis of malaria control”. Bulletin of the World Health
Organization, 15:613–626
4. Takken W et al. (1990), “Environmental measures for malaria control in Indonesia – A historical
review on species sanitation”. Wageningen, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University,
(Wageningen Agricultural Research Papers 90.7).
5. WHO. (2004), “Global strategic framework for integrated vector management.” Geneva, World Health
Organization, (WHO/CDS/CPE/PVC/2004.10).
6. WHO. (2007), “Report of the WHO consultation on integrated vector management (IVM)”. Geneva,
World Health Organization, (WHO/CDS/NTD/VEM/2007.1).
7. WHO.(2008), “WHO position statement on integrated vector management.” Geneva, World Health
Organization, (WHO/HTM/NTD/VEM/2008.2).
8. WHO.(2009), “Report of the WHO consultation on development of a global action plan for integrated
vector management (IVM)”. Geneva, World Health Organization, (WHO/HTM/NTD/VEM/2009.1).
9. WHO. (2013), “World malaria report”, Global Malaria Programme World Health Organization 20,
avenue Appia CH-1211 Geneva 27

25. 9. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases
10. https://www.who.int/ifcs/documents/forums/forum6/ppt_ipmivm_bos2.pdf
11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2604879/?fbclid=IwAR1ewh0Cjp1EsARyDfR
guHRv321m9ODUVDnZXdIDHqX11vcyaZ60o1xuA-s
12. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44768/9789241502801_eng.pdf;jsessionid=79B
B4925B66E12BA6350663787441CA9?sequence=1

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