Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Production Planning and control: Forecasting techniques – causal and time series models, moving average,
exponential smoothing, trend and seasonality; aggregate production planning; master production scheduling; materials
requirement planning (MRP) and MRP‐II; routing, scheduling and priority dispatching, concept of JIT manufacturing
System.
Project Management: Project network analysis, CPM, PERT and Project crashing.
Economics of project evaluation cpm module2ahsanrabbani
Introduction: The competencies required for developing business cases comprise a range of skills, including those for:
• facilitation and negotiation
• demand management
• risk management
• value management
• economic, social, environmental and budget analyses, and
• strategic planning.
Earned Value Management (EVM) is a technique
that forecasts the project giving an early warning of cost &
schedule. It not onely measures the project performance but also
measure the progress of the schedule. It is an effective tool to
measure cost, schedule & performance of the project. The EVA is
useful in various fields such as IT, Industries and Construction
companies etc.
The value of Earned Value Analysis (EVA) is dependent on
two key areas i.e. Precise Cost information and pragmatic
progress of project. If these two key areas are efficient then
benefit of the project will definitely get valued. This paper
summarizes the evolution, basic terminologies of Earned value
Analysis and effective use of it in the construction industries by
MS Project. There are many ways to implement EVA in the
construction project. MS Project is a tool to determine the EV
and its parameters in an efficient way with accuracy and within
time constraints.
Study of Probability Distributions of Cpi and Spi in Earned Value Analysistheijes
Earned Value analysis (EVA) is the most efficient tool used for transitional review of project execution .It is helpful to project managers and management team to value the progress of project work throughout the project life cycle. The Earned Schedule (ES) is used to approximate the time or duration of project/ s for appropriate evaluation of project execution. ES also help to forecast the time required to complete the project. When combined with schedule analysis, ES can enhance the project. EVA provides the controlling tool for better decision making in project management. The paper discuss about the probability distribution of Cost performance Index (CPI) and Schedule performance Index (SPI). Best fitted distribution will help for forecasting project duration effectively. This helps the Project Manager to prevent the over budgeted cost in future. So an attempt is made to find the alternative distribution of CPI and SPI for better decision making. If the project schedule performance shows poor results then manager need to take the corrective action with the help of this tool. Weibull, Gamma and Exponentiated Exponential Distribution functions are used to study the effect of SPI on CPI. For making better decision in project scheduling, Project managers can review the parameters using EVM tool. The tool is useful in all types of civil engineering and software engineering projects.
Planning and Optimization of Resource Constrained Project Scheduling by using...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on optimizing the scheduling of construction projects using a genetic algorithm approach. It discusses traditional project scheduling methods like critical path method that do not consider resource constraints. The study aims to develop a genetic algorithm model to minimize the duration of a residential building project given resource constraints. It describes conducting a questionnaire survey to identify critical delay factors. The genetic algorithm is applied to optimize the schedule obtained from Microsoft Project, reducing the duration from 185 days to 172 days. The genetic algorithm approach provides a more effective scheduling solution than traditional methods.
Introduction
CPM/PERT or Network Analysis as the technique is sometimes called, developed along two parallel streams, one industrial and the other military.
CPM (Critical Path Method) was the discovery of M.R.Walker of E.I.Du Pont de Nemours & Co. and J.E.Kelly of Remington Rand, circa 1957. The computation was designed for the UNIVAC-I computer. The first test was made in 1958, when CPM was applied to the construction of a new chemical plant. In March 1959, the method was applied to maintenance shut-down at the Du Pont works in Louisville, Kentucky. Unproductive time was reduced from 125 to 93 hours.
PERT (Project Evaluation and Review Technique) was devised in 1958 for the POLARIS missile program by the Program Evaluation Branch of the Special Projects office of the U.S.Navy, helped by the Lockheed Missile Systems division and the Consultant firm of Booz-Allen & Hamilton. The calculations were so arranged so that they could be carried out on the IBM Naval Ordinance Research Computer (NORC) at Dahlgren, Virginia.
Earned Value Probabilistic Forecasting Using Monte Carlo SimulationRicardo Viana Vargas
The aim of this article is to present a proposal of interconnection between models and probabilistic simulations of project as possible ways to determine EAC (Final cost) through Earned Value Analysis. The article proves that the use of the 3 main models of projection (constant index, CPI and SCI) as the basis of a triangular probabilistic distribution that, through Monte Carlo simulation will permit associate and determine the probability according to the accomplishment of budgets and costs of the project.
Production Planning and control: Forecasting techniques – causal and time series models, moving average,
exponential smoothing, trend and seasonality; aggregate production planning; master production scheduling; materials
requirement planning (MRP) and MRP‐II; routing, scheduling and priority dispatching, concept of JIT manufacturing
System.
Project Management: Project network analysis, CPM, PERT and Project crashing.
Economics of project evaluation cpm module2ahsanrabbani
Introduction: The competencies required for developing business cases comprise a range of skills, including those for:
• facilitation and negotiation
• demand management
• risk management
• value management
• economic, social, environmental and budget analyses, and
• strategic planning.
Earned Value Management (EVM) is a technique
that forecasts the project giving an early warning of cost &
schedule. It not onely measures the project performance but also
measure the progress of the schedule. It is an effective tool to
measure cost, schedule & performance of the project. The EVA is
useful in various fields such as IT, Industries and Construction
companies etc.
The value of Earned Value Analysis (EVA) is dependent on
two key areas i.e. Precise Cost information and pragmatic
progress of project. If these two key areas are efficient then
benefit of the project will definitely get valued. This paper
summarizes the evolution, basic terminologies of Earned value
Analysis and effective use of it in the construction industries by
MS Project. There are many ways to implement EVA in the
construction project. MS Project is a tool to determine the EV
and its parameters in an efficient way with accuracy and within
time constraints.
Study of Probability Distributions of Cpi and Spi in Earned Value Analysistheijes
Earned Value analysis (EVA) is the most efficient tool used for transitional review of project execution .It is helpful to project managers and management team to value the progress of project work throughout the project life cycle. The Earned Schedule (ES) is used to approximate the time or duration of project/ s for appropriate evaluation of project execution. ES also help to forecast the time required to complete the project. When combined with schedule analysis, ES can enhance the project. EVA provides the controlling tool for better decision making in project management. The paper discuss about the probability distribution of Cost performance Index (CPI) and Schedule performance Index (SPI). Best fitted distribution will help for forecasting project duration effectively. This helps the Project Manager to prevent the over budgeted cost in future. So an attempt is made to find the alternative distribution of CPI and SPI for better decision making. If the project schedule performance shows poor results then manager need to take the corrective action with the help of this tool. Weibull, Gamma and Exponentiated Exponential Distribution functions are used to study the effect of SPI on CPI. For making better decision in project scheduling, Project managers can review the parameters using EVM tool. The tool is useful in all types of civil engineering and software engineering projects.
Planning and Optimization of Resource Constrained Project Scheduling by using...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on optimizing the scheduling of construction projects using a genetic algorithm approach. It discusses traditional project scheduling methods like critical path method that do not consider resource constraints. The study aims to develop a genetic algorithm model to minimize the duration of a residential building project given resource constraints. It describes conducting a questionnaire survey to identify critical delay factors. The genetic algorithm is applied to optimize the schedule obtained from Microsoft Project, reducing the duration from 185 days to 172 days. The genetic algorithm approach provides a more effective scheduling solution than traditional methods.
Introduction
CPM/PERT or Network Analysis as the technique is sometimes called, developed along two parallel streams, one industrial and the other military.
CPM (Critical Path Method) was the discovery of M.R.Walker of E.I.Du Pont de Nemours & Co. and J.E.Kelly of Remington Rand, circa 1957. The computation was designed for the UNIVAC-I computer. The first test was made in 1958, when CPM was applied to the construction of a new chemical plant. In March 1959, the method was applied to maintenance shut-down at the Du Pont works in Louisville, Kentucky. Unproductive time was reduced from 125 to 93 hours.
PERT (Project Evaluation and Review Technique) was devised in 1958 for the POLARIS missile program by the Program Evaluation Branch of the Special Projects office of the U.S.Navy, helped by the Lockheed Missile Systems division and the Consultant firm of Booz-Allen & Hamilton. The calculations were so arranged so that they could be carried out on the IBM Naval Ordinance Research Computer (NORC) at Dahlgren, Virginia.
Earned Value Probabilistic Forecasting Using Monte Carlo SimulationRicardo Viana Vargas
The aim of this article is to present a proposal of interconnection between models and probabilistic simulations of project as possible ways to determine EAC (Final cost) through Earned Value Analysis. The article proves that the use of the 3 main models of projection (constant index, CPI and SCI) as the basis of a triangular probabilistic distribution that, through Monte Carlo simulation will permit associate and determine the probability according to the accomplishment of budgets and costs of the project.
This document discusses risks that can lead to software project delays or failures. It identifies several categories of risk, including risks due to product size, business impact, customers, process maturity, technology, staff size and experience. It also discusses approaches for identifying, assessing, prioritizing and mitigating risks, including building a risk table to estimate probability and impact of each risk. Project managers are advised to take a proactive approach to risk management to avoid reactive crisis management when risks occur.
“Application of the Program Evaluation Review and TechniquePantho Sarker
The document provides an overview of the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). It discusses the origin and history of PERT and how it was developed parallel to the Critical Path Method (CPM). The document outlines the key features of PERT, including that it uses three time estimates (optimistic, pessimistic, most likely) to calculate the expected time to complete each task. The advantages of PERT are also summarized, such as how it can be used to determine the estimated project completion date and flexibility in a project schedule.
This document discusses Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), Gantt charts, and Management by Objectives (MBO). PERT is a project management tool used to schedule tasks, analyze time needed to complete tasks, and identify the minimum time to complete a project. Gantt charts are graphical representations of project schedules that show tasks, resources, and timelines. MBO is a comprehensive management system that integrates key activities to effectively achieve organizational objectives through goal-setting and periodic performance reviews.
Programme evaluation & review technique (pert)AnkitaKadam20
This document provides an overview of Programme Evaluation & Review Technique (PERT) and Critical Path Method (CPM). It defines PERT as a technique used to plan, schedule, organize, coordinate, and control uncertain project activities, using three time estimates. CPM is defined as a method used to plan, schedule, coordinate, and control project activities, assuming fixed activity durations. The document outlines the key components, steps, and benefits of PERT and CPM, noting they are both useful for project planning but designed for different types of projects and environments.
Program (Project) Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT): is a project management tool used to schedule, organize, and coordinate tasks within a project.
The document discusses the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) which is a management tool used to define and integrate project events. PERT uses optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely time estimates to calculate the expected time for tasks. It is event-oriented and models the logical order and dependencies of activities. Variance and standard deviation are also calculated to measure uncertainty. An example project is provided showing how to determine activity times, critical paths, and the probability of meeting a deadline.
This document provides an overview of project management techniques, including definitions, phases, and methods. It discusses:
1. Project management involves planning, scheduling, and controlling interrelated activities using limited resources over a defined time period.
2. Popular techniques include Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), which use network diagrams and time/resource estimates to identify critical paths and schedules.
3. Project formulation involves feasibility analysis, design, financial analysis, and cost-benefit analysis to evaluate a project idea before implementation.
Estimate costs in fragile and transitional contexts - July - 2014Abdulrahman Ismail
The document discusses estimating costs for construction projects in fragile and transitional contexts using the three-point estimating technique. It explains that the technique uses optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic estimates to define a cost range and improve accuracy. As an example, the document applies the technique to estimate costs for a basic education project in Sudan. It calculates optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic cost scenarios accounting for risks like instability and variables like inflation. The final cost estimate of $157,192 is close to the most likely amount, demonstrating how the simple three-point technique can reliably estimate costs while considering the uncertainties of fragile contexts.
The document discusses Project Evaluation Review Technique (PERT), a project management tool used to analyze tasks, time required, and critical paths. It describes various project management methodologies like PRINCE2, Agile, and Critical Path Method (CPM) that are suited for different types of projects. Finally, it discusses setting up an organizational structure and quality management process for a project.
PERT is a scheduling method used to plan, schedule, and control projects. It employs a network of interrelated activities and coordinates costs and time criteria. The example project involves building a parade float over 26 weeks. PERT is used to identify the project's critical path of activities, calculate the probability of completing on time, and determine which path has the highest likelihood of completion within the deadline. The critical path is identified as A-C-F-I-K at 23 weeks, and there is a 98.30% probability of completing the entire project within the 26 week deadline.
The document discusses Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), a method for planning, scheduling, and controlling complex projects. PERT was developed in the late 1950s to manage the Polaris missile program. It involves identifying tasks, durations, dependencies and critical paths to determine the minimum time needed to complete the overall project. The summary analyzes how PERT can be used by nurse managers to plan nursing work schedules and allocate resources efficiently to reduce patient costs and hospital stays.
1) The document discusses project management tools including network analysis techniques like CPM and PERT.
2) CPM and PERT are used to plan and schedule complex projects using network diagrams that show the logical sequence and relationships of tasks.
3) PERT uses three time estimates for each activity - optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic - to calculate the expected duration using probability.
Monte Carlo Schedule Risk Analysis: The Concept, Benefits, and Limitations. How Monte Carlo schedule risk analysis works; how to perform Monte Carlo simulations of project schedules.
For more information how to perform schedule risk analysis using RiskyProject software please visit Intaver Institute web site: http://www.intaver.com.
About Intaver Institute.
Intaver Institute Inc. develops project risk management and project risk analysis software. Intaver's flagship product is RiskyProject: project risk management software. RiskyProject integrates with Microsoft Project, Oracle Primavera, other project management software or can run standalone. RiskyProject comes in three configurations: RiskyProject Lite, RiskyProject Professional, and RiskyProject Enterprise.
This document discusses construction planning and the development of construction plans. It covers key concepts like defining work tasks, choosing technologies and construction methods, and developing a work breakdown structure. Developing a good construction plan is important as it forms the basis for budgets, schedules and overall management of the construction project. The plan should define tasks, durations, resources and relationships between tasks. It may also involve choosing technologies, construction methods and organizational structures for the project.
This document provides an overview of project management techniques including PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) and CPM (Critical Path Method). It defines key project management terms and explains the steps to create a PERT chart including identifying activities, sequencing activities, estimating activity times, determining critical paths, and updating the chart over time. The document also discusses calculating early start/finish and late start/finish times using forward and backward passes. Overall, it serves as a comprehensive introduction to project scheduling tools PERT and CPM.
The document discusses forecasting costs for projects through various modeling techniques. It describes parametric cost estimating using mathematical formulas to relate cost drivers to project costs. The document also discusses using a rolling average approach and Monte Carlo simulations to forecast project costs. It emphasizes the importance of accurate data and metrics in developing a performant cost model to provide confident forecasts for executive management.
This document discusses project management and the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). It begins with introductions to project management and PERT. PERT is a statistical tool used to analyze tasks in a project and determine the minimum time needed. Key PERT concepts discussed include critical path, float, expected and normal times. The document provides a theoretical example and then applies PERT to an industrial example of assembling a switch board. Key steps of PERT execution are outlined. Questions about project management responsibilities are also addressed.
This document discusses stochastic project scheduling using the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) method. PERT introduces uncertainty into activity duration estimates by using three time estimates per activity - optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic. It then calculates the expected mean duration, variance, and distribution for each activity. The critical path is determined using expected mean durations. The overall project duration is calculated as the sum of expected critical path activity durations, and the project variance is the sum of individual critical path activity variances. This allows calculating the probability of completing the project by a certain date using the normal distribution.
Size and Time Estimation in Goal Graph Using Use Case Points (UCP): A SurveyIJERA Editor
In order to achieve ideal status and meet demands of stakeholders, each organization should follow their vision and long term plan. Goals and strategies are two fundamental basis in vision and mission. Goals identify framework of organization where processes, rules and resources are designed. Goals are modelled based on a graph structure by means of extraction, classification and determining requirements and their relations and in form of graph. Goal graph shows goals which should be satisfied in order to guarantee right route of organization. On the other hand, these goals can be called as predefined sub projects which business management unit should consider and analyse them. If we know approximate size and time of each part, we will design better management plans resulting in more prosperity and less fail. This paper studies how use case points method is used in calculating size and time in goal graph.
Resource levelling minimizes resource fluctuations by postpone the earliest start time (EST) of non-critical activities with corresponding floats. Float consumption for resource leveling may reduces the project completion probability. This paper presents a method to minimize the resource fluctuations with minimum impact of float consumption. A case study is presented to verify the validity and usability of the method.
This document discusses earned value analysis (EVA), which is a project management technique used to measure project performance and progress in an objective manner. It introduces key EVA concepts like planned value, earned value, and actual cost. It then describes three software tools - Microsoft Project, Primavera, and a custom developed software - that can be used to perform EVA. The remainder of the document provides more details on EVA concepts, calculations, and indicators like schedule performance index and cost performance index. It explains how EVA integrates measurements of project scope, time and costs to provide accurate forecasts of performance problems.
This document discusses risks that can lead to software project delays or failures. It identifies several categories of risk, including risks due to product size, business impact, customers, process maturity, technology, staff size and experience. It also discusses approaches for identifying, assessing, prioritizing and mitigating risks, including building a risk table to estimate probability and impact of each risk. Project managers are advised to take a proactive approach to risk management to avoid reactive crisis management when risks occur.
“Application of the Program Evaluation Review and TechniquePantho Sarker
The document provides an overview of the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). It discusses the origin and history of PERT and how it was developed parallel to the Critical Path Method (CPM). The document outlines the key features of PERT, including that it uses three time estimates (optimistic, pessimistic, most likely) to calculate the expected time to complete each task. The advantages of PERT are also summarized, such as how it can be used to determine the estimated project completion date and flexibility in a project schedule.
This document discusses Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), Gantt charts, and Management by Objectives (MBO). PERT is a project management tool used to schedule tasks, analyze time needed to complete tasks, and identify the minimum time to complete a project. Gantt charts are graphical representations of project schedules that show tasks, resources, and timelines. MBO is a comprehensive management system that integrates key activities to effectively achieve organizational objectives through goal-setting and periodic performance reviews.
Programme evaluation & review technique (pert)AnkitaKadam20
This document provides an overview of Programme Evaluation & Review Technique (PERT) and Critical Path Method (CPM). It defines PERT as a technique used to plan, schedule, organize, coordinate, and control uncertain project activities, using three time estimates. CPM is defined as a method used to plan, schedule, coordinate, and control project activities, assuming fixed activity durations. The document outlines the key components, steps, and benefits of PERT and CPM, noting they are both useful for project planning but designed for different types of projects and environments.
Program (Project) Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT): is a project management tool used to schedule, organize, and coordinate tasks within a project.
The document discusses the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) which is a management tool used to define and integrate project events. PERT uses optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely time estimates to calculate the expected time for tasks. It is event-oriented and models the logical order and dependencies of activities. Variance and standard deviation are also calculated to measure uncertainty. An example project is provided showing how to determine activity times, critical paths, and the probability of meeting a deadline.
This document provides an overview of project management techniques, including definitions, phases, and methods. It discusses:
1. Project management involves planning, scheduling, and controlling interrelated activities using limited resources over a defined time period.
2. Popular techniques include Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), which use network diagrams and time/resource estimates to identify critical paths and schedules.
3. Project formulation involves feasibility analysis, design, financial analysis, and cost-benefit analysis to evaluate a project idea before implementation.
Estimate costs in fragile and transitional contexts - July - 2014Abdulrahman Ismail
The document discusses estimating costs for construction projects in fragile and transitional contexts using the three-point estimating technique. It explains that the technique uses optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic estimates to define a cost range and improve accuracy. As an example, the document applies the technique to estimate costs for a basic education project in Sudan. It calculates optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic cost scenarios accounting for risks like instability and variables like inflation. The final cost estimate of $157,192 is close to the most likely amount, demonstrating how the simple three-point technique can reliably estimate costs while considering the uncertainties of fragile contexts.
The document discusses Project Evaluation Review Technique (PERT), a project management tool used to analyze tasks, time required, and critical paths. It describes various project management methodologies like PRINCE2, Agile, and Critical Path Method (CPM) that are suited for different types of projects. Finally, it discusses setting up an organizational structure and quality management process for a project.
PERT is a scheduling method used to plan, schedule, and control projects. It employs a network of interrelated activities and coordinates costs and time criteria. The example project involves building a parade float over 26 weeks. PERT is used to identify the project's critical path of activities, calculate the probability of completing on time, and determine which path has the highest likelihood of completion within the deadline. The critical path is identified as A-C-F-I-K at 23 weeks, and there is a 98.30% probability of completing the entire project within the 26 week deadline.
The document discusses Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), a method for planning, scheduling, and controlling complex projects. PERT was developed in the late 1950s to manage the Polaris missile program. It involves identifying tasks, durations, dependencies and critical paths to determine the minimum time needed to complete the overall project. The summary analyzes how PERT can be used by nurse managers to plan nursing work schedules and allocate resources efficiently to reduce patient costs and hospital stays.
1) The document discusses project management tools including network analysis techniques like CPM and PERT.
2) CPM and PERT are used to plan and schedule complex projects using network diagrams that show the logical sequence and relationships of tasks.
3) PERT uses three time estimates for each activity - optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic - to calculate the expected duration using probability.
Monte Carlo Schedule Risk Analysis: The Concept, Benefits, and Limitations. How Monte Carlo schedule risk analysis works; how to perform Monte Carlo simulations of project schedules.
For more information how to perform schedule risk analysis using RiskyProject software please visit Intaver Institute web site: http://www.intaver.com.
About Intaver Institute.
Intaver Institute Inc. develops project risk management and project risk analysis software. Intaver's flagship product is RiskyProject: project risk management software. RiskyProject integrates with Microsoft Project, Oracle Primavera, other project management software or can run standalone. RiskyProject comes in three configurations: RiskyProject Lite, RiskyProject Professional, and RiskyProject Enterprise.
This document discusses construction planning and the development of construction plans. It covers key concepts like defining work tasks, choosing technologies and construction methods, and developing a work breakdown structure. Developing a good construction plan is important as it forms the basis for budgets, schedules and overall management of the construction project. The plan should define tasks, durations, resources and relationships between tasks. It may also involve choosing technologies, construction methods and organizational structures for the project.
This document provides an overview of project management techniques including PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) and CPM (Critical Path Method). It defines key project management terms and explains the steps to create a PERT chart including identifying activities, sequencing activities, estimating activity times, determining critical paths, and updating the chart over time. The document also discusses calculating early start/finish and late start/finish times using forward and backward passes. Overall, it serves as a comprehensive introduction to project scheduling tools PERT and CPM.
The document discusses forecasting costs for projects through various modeling techniques. It describes parametric cost estimating using mathematical formulas to relate cost drivers to project costs. The document also discusses using a rolling average approach and Monte Carlo simulations to forecast project costs. It emphasizes the importance of accurate data and metrics in developing a performant cost model to provide confident forecasts for executive management.
This document discusses project management and the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). It begins with introductions to project management and PERT. PERT is a statistical tool used to analyze tasks in a project and determine the minimum time needed. Key PERT concepts discussed include critical path, float, expected and normal times. The document provides a theoretical example and then applies PERT to an industrial example of assembling a switch board. Key steps of PERT execution are outlined. Questions about project management responsibilities are also addressed.
This document discusses stochastic project scheduling using the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) method. PERT introduces uncertainty into activity duration estimates by using three time estimates per activity - optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic. It then calculates the expected mean duration, variance, and distribution for each activity. The critical path is determined using expected mean durations. The overall project duration is calculated as the sum of expected critical path activity durations, and the project variance is the sum of individual critical path activity variances. This allows calculating the probability of completing the project by a certain date using the normal distribution.
Size and Time Estimation in Goal Graph Using Use Case Points (UCP): A SurveyIJERA Editor
In order to achieve ideal status and meet demands of stakeholders, each organization should follow their vision and long term plan. Goals and strategies are two fundamental basis in vision and mission. Goals identify framework of organization where processes, rules and resources are designed. Goals are modelled based on a graph structure by means of extraction, classification and determining requirements and their relations and in form of graph. Goal graph shows goals which should be satisfied in order to guarantee right route of organization. On the other hand, these goals can be called as predefined sub projects which business management unit should consider and analyse them. If we know approximate size and time of each part, we will design better management plans resulting in more prosperity and less fail. This paper studies how use case points method is used in calculating size and time in goal graph.
Resource levelling minimizes resource fluctuations by postpone the earliest start time (EST) of non-critical activities with corresponding floats. Float consumption for resource leveling may reduces the project completion probability. This paper presents a method to minimize the resource fluctuations with minimum impact of float consumption. A case study is presented to verify the validity and usability of the method.
This document discusses earned value analysis (EVA), which is a project management technique used to measure project performance and progress in an objective manner. It introduces key EVA concepts like planned value, earned value, and actual cost. It then describes three software tools - Microsoft Project, Primavera, and a custom developed software - that can be used to perform EVA. The remainder of the document provides more details on EVA concepts, calculations, and indicators like schedule performance index and cost performance index. It explains how EVA integrates measurements of project scope, time and costs to provide accurate forecasts of performance problems.
The document discusses Success Driven Project Management (SDPM), a methodology that integrates scope, time, cost, and risk management. Some key aspects of SDPM include defining optimistic, most probable and pessimistic estimates; calculating desired project parameters and success probabilities; establishing target dates and budgets; and monitoring success probabilities and contingency reserves to control the project. SDPM is similar to Critical Chain Project Management but differs in some assumptions, such as allowing for multiple critical paths that can change.
The document discusses project management risk sensitivity analysis. It begins by introducing the importance of fulfilling project outcomes and how a single change in risk sensitivity analysis measures can impact overall project outcomes. It then defines risk sensitivity analysis as a useful analytical procedure for project evaluation and assessment that can help identify major risk variables and guide risk control, though it does not fully evaluate or eliminate all project risks. The objective of the research survey discussed is to evaluate risk sensitivity analysis techniques and models under real-world scenarios to demonstrate their usefulness and inform future risk reduction and management strategies.
Running head critical path method1 critical path method7criticDIPESH30
This document discusses the critical path method (CPM) and its application in project management. It begins by introducing CPM and outlining its key steps: defining tasks, creating a flowchart of task relationships, identifying critical and non-critical paths, determining task times, and locating alternative paths. It then discusses schedule risk analysis and joint confidence level analysis as complementary project management techniques. Schedule risk analysis connects risk information to the project baseline schedule. Joint confidence level analysis provides a holistic view of cost and schedule risk, showing their correlation through a "football chart" shape. The document aims to explain how these techniques can improve project planning and management.
Application Development Risk Assessment Model Based on Bayesian NetworkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper describes a new risk assessment model for application development and its
implementation. The model is developed using a Bayesian network and Boehm’s software risk principles.
The Bayesian network is created after mapping top twenty risks in software projects with interrelationship
digraph of risk area category. The probability of risk on the network is analyzed and validated using both
numerical simulation and subjective probability from several experts in the field and a team of application
developers. After obtaining the Bayesian network model, risk exposure is calculated using Boehm's risk
principles. Finally, the implementation of the proposed model in a government institution is shown as a real
case illustration.
Visual controls are used in lean environments to illustrate processes and compare actual performance to expected performance. Task boards and burn charts are examples of visual controls that can be used to track work status and project velocity. Effective use of visual controls provides transparency into processes and tasks.
This document discusses the importance of project time management and scheduling. It outlines key processes for developing a project schedule, including defining activities, sequencing activities, estimating resources and durations, and developing the schedule. It emphasizes the critical path method for determining the longest path of activities in order to predict the project completion date. Maintaining and controlling the schedule is also discussed.
Project Management Series By Himadri Banerji: The New Frontiers From Himadri ...HIMADRI BANERJI
SDPM is an extension of Critical Chain Project Management, and is practiced widely in Russia.It deals with concepts Resource Critical Path which unlike in CCPM can be multiple, and Resource Productivity depends on country and environment, Success Probability.
The document discusses project scheduling and tracking in software engineering. It provides reasons why projects may be late, such as unrealistic deadlines or changing requirements. It discusses principles for effective scheduling like compartmentalization of tasks and defining responsibilities. Metrics like earned value analysis are presented to quantitatively track project progress versus what was planned. Risk management techniques like proactive risk analysis are outlined to improve project success.
1) Estimation is an essential part of project management used to justify projects, secure resources, understand support impacts, and improve processes.
2) The document describes estimation techniques including three point estimation and base and contingency estimation.
3) Three point estimation uses best, most likely, and worst case estimates to calculate expected value and standard deviation for tasks and projects. Base and contingency separates estimates into minimum bases and risk-based contingencies.
Technical and programmatic disruptions in project plans don’t need to negatively impact cost, performance or schedule metrics. But traditional approaches to planning are not an adequate defense. This white paper outlines the six steps for building a risk-tolerant schedule using a field proven approach.
Schedule Development - Diploma in Project Management danieljohn810
Schedule development is an iterative process that determines start and finish dates for project activities. It relies on the project network diagram, time estimates, and resource estimates to create an approved baseline schedule. Schedule development continues throughout the project as the plan changes and risks occur or are addressed. Key inputs include the project scope statement, activity list, network diagrams, resource requirements, calendars, duration estimates, and the project management plan.
GANTT CHART nursing Management for Msc nursingThangamjayarani
The document discusses Gantt charts and their use for project planning and scheduling. It defines what a Gantt chart is and its key components such as the horizontal and vertical axis, broken lines, diamond symbols, and milestones. It also outlines the steps to create a basic Gantt chart which includes identifying essential tasks, task relationships, inputting activities into software, and charting progress. Limitations of Gantt charts are that they cannot display more than 30 activities easily and are only valuable for short projects.
Project management involves planning, scheduling, monitoring, controlling, and reporting on information system development projects. It was first used for large-scale projects like the transcontinental railroad in the 1860s and further developed during World Wars I and II. Successful project management requires completing projects on time, within budget, and delivering high-quality products that meet user requirements. The key aspects of project management are planning, scheduling, monitoring, and reporting. Planning involves identifying tasks, durations, costs, and dependencies. Scheduling uses this information to create timelines like Gantt charts and PERT charts. Monitoring tracks progress and addresses issues. Reporting communicates status to stakeholders. Risk management also identifies, analyzes, and monitors risks to minimize their impact
This presentation discusses managing project resources. It defines resources as sources of supply or support, including human and capital resources. Human resources include project team members and stakeholders. Capital resources are tools and infrastructure used to produce goods and services. The presentation covers estimating and managing resource needs, and techniques for developing project schedules based on resource availability like critical path analysis and schedule compression. The goal is to understand resource types, their importance, and how to apply tools to effectively manage resources and project time.
This document discusses various techniques for estimating project duration for software projects, including top-down, bottom-up, expert judgements, historical comparison, functional points, object points, critical path method (CPM), and program evaluation and review technique (PERT). It provides details on each technique, such as how top-down estimation takes effort as a function of project size, and bottom-up involves participation from those doing the work to set estimates. CPM and PERT are discussed in more detail, such as how CPM captures activities and relationships in a graph. The document aims to help determine the best technique to estimate duration for a given software project.
This document provides an overview of Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and Critical Path Method (CPM), which are network analysis techniques used for project scheduling. PERT is used for projects with uncertainty, uses probabilistic time estimates, and focuses on scheduling and monitoring. CPM is used for projects with deterministic time estimates, focuses on time/cost tradeoffs, and allows expediting activities for extra cost. Both techniques identify the critical path and activities with slack. The document then discusses network terminology, provides an example project, and demonstrates how to construct a PERT network and perform calculations for expected activity times, earliest/latest event times, and slack.
Similar to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on reducing corrosion rates in steel through welding design. The researchers tested different welding groove designs (X, V, 1/2X, 1/2V) and preheating temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) on ferritic malleable iron samples. Testing found that X and V groove designs with 500°C and 600°C preheating had corrosion rates of 0.5-0.69% weight loss after 14 days, compared to 0.57-0.76% for 400°C preheating. Higher preheating reduced residual stresses which decreased corrosion. Residual stresses were 1.7 MPa for optimal X groove and 600°C
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
The document summarizes a study on the use of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and limestone powder to replace cement in self-compacting concrete (SCC). Tests were conducted on SCC mixes with 0-50% replacement of cement with GGBS and 0-20% replacement with limestone powder. The results showed that replacing 30% of cement with GGBS and 15% with limestone powder produced SCC with the highest compressive strength of 46MPa, meeting fresh property requirements. The study concluded that this ternary blend of cement, GGBS and limestone powder can improve SCC properties while reducing costs.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Webinar: Designing a schema for a Data WarehouseFederico Razzoli
Are you new to data warehouses (DWH)? Do you need to check whether your data warehouse follows the best practices for a good design? In both cases, this webinar is for you.
A data warehouse is a central relational database that contains all measurements about a business or an organisation. This data comes from a variety of heterogeneous data sources, which includes databases of any type that back the applications used by the company, data files exported by some applications, or APIs provided by internal or external services.
But designing a data warehouse correctly is a hard task, which requires gathering information about the business processes that need to be analysed in the first place. These processes must be translated into so-called star schemas, which means, denormalised databases where each table represents a dimension or facts.
We will discuss these topics:
- How to gather information about a business;
- Understanding dictionaries and how to identify business entities;
- Dimensions and facts;
- Setting a table granularity;
- Types of facts;
- Types of dimensions;
- Snowflakes and how to avoid them;
- Expanding existing dimensions and facts.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 9, Issue 7 (January 2014), PP. 55-59
Risk Assessment Score (RAS) as an Indicator of Decision
Making
MaushumiLahon
Assam Engineering Institute
maushumi28@gmail.com
________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract:- Risk Assessment is considered to be an important indicator in decision making. Different methods
are devised for assessing risk. This paperattempts to define a task in terms of certain factors and assess risk in
terms of the three factors. The factors considered are: the number of activities, the duration of the activities and
the resources required to complete the activities along with its availability. An algorithm is given to compute the
contribution from each factor which ultimately determines the Risk Assessment Score(RAS). This score can
form the basis of decision making or even can be used to identify the factors responsible for increased RAS and
design measures to minimise the RAS which in turn can ensure reduced uncertainty. This model is more or less
generic by not specifying any particular area of decision making and hence can be considered in any decision
making condition where ever the three factors can be ascertained.
Keywords:- Risk assessment, task, plan, decision, activities, resources.
I. INTRODUCTION
It is a universally accepted fact that resources are scarce and there should be minimum wastage of
resources. Risk assessment is a positive step in this direction as detailed risk assessment of a task, plan or act
can minimise the failure rate and thereby wastage of resources. Roger Pressman [1] inhis book on software
engineering mentioned that, there are different process models and in all the models, software building starts
with the problem definition. This is addressed by the requirements collection task as the first step. If the problem
definition and the requirements collection tasks are performed with maximum accuracy there is every possibility
that the other phases of analysis, design, testing and implementation will proceed with minimum error.
Considering risk assessment of any project or task as the problem to be addressed we can consider that
a detailed analysis of the tasks or activities involved needs to be done to identify the major sources of risk. This
may provide better accuracy in the risk identification process and thereby contribute positively in the subsequent
process of risk prioritization, monitoring and mitigation exercises. In this connection TORA (Task Oriented
Risk Assessment) [2] is a proposed model to filter out the tasks/ events which contribute significantly towards
failure of a project/task.
A task is a set of objectives, the current situation and other information, assumptions, requirements and
constraints affecting the problem to be solved. For example, the requirement that a certain action must be in any
acceptable plan would be a constraint on the task. A number of alternative plans can be produced for a given
task. Each plan can be at multiple levels of abstraction and consists of the whole set of information about the
plan. In particular, a plan is composed of a number of increasingly detailed action networks, and a set of
assumptions. The basic unit of organization in the Act formalism is an Act. Each Act describes a set of actions
that can be taken to fulfil some designated purposeunder certain conditions. The purpose could be either to
satisfy a goal or to respond to some event in the world[3]. This definition of act fits in with that of task.
II.
DEFINING A TASK
To define a task, we can consider a set of parameters which describes the task. In this case the help of
the network diagram [4] created by the project managers can beconsideredfor the purpose of analysis.The
network diagram represents the activities as well as the interdependence between the activities along with the
time required for completing each activity [5]. This network diagram can provide a very important resource for
performing the risk assessment exercise. As network diagram is prepared before the commencement of the
project, it can be used for risk assessment which is also a proactive exercise.
In case of analysing the task, the activities under the task needs to be identified such that they are the
primitive activities i.e. they cannot be further split into smaller activities and placed in a Hierarchical Task
Network (HTN) [6,7,8]. Every activity now can be represented by the time required for the completion of the
activity and the different types of resources required. For this paper we consider only those resources which are
necessary in at least two activities. This is because, if a resource is specifically required for a particular activity,
55
2. Risk Assessment Score (RAS) as an Indicator of Decision Making
then risk of non-availability of the resource is negligible and hence is not considered for risk assessment. A
representation of a task could look like :
T (n,t, rx)
Where T represents the task,
n represents the number of activities,
t represents the time required for the task,
rx represents the contribution of the resource towards timely completion of the task
x is an integer denoting the resource number
III. PROPOSED ALGORITHM FOR RISK ASSESSMENT
Consideringthat there are multiple plans to complete a taskwithout failure, risk assessment can become
an indicator to choose among the plans for completion of the task. So, risk assessment can become a valuable
metrics for the project managers or anyone who is involved in the process of decision making. From this point
i.e. after identifying the activities, their duration, the interdependencies and the resources required, the exercise
is to develop an algorithm to assess the risk so as to choose the plan where Risk AssessmentScore(RAS) is
least.The steps to calculate the RAS is as follows :
1: Calculate the contribution of number of activities (n) towards RAS.
2: Calculate the contribution of time required for the activities (t) towards RAS.
3: Calculate the contribution of availability of resources towards RAS.
4: Compute the final RAS.
The next step is to decide on the percentage of contributionof each of the threefactors towards computation of
RAS. For the purpose of this study the percentage of contribution towards the total assessment is considered as
shown in Table I.
Table I: Contribution from different factors
Factors
Contribution (%)
Number of activities
20%
Time
20%
Resources
60%
The number of activities required to complete a task plays a significant role in successful completion of
the task i.e. completion of the task in scheduled time and within the estimated cost. More number of activities,
more is the uncertainty in completion and more is the contribution towards RAS. Here a contribution of 20% is
assumed towards RAS. This is represented in table II.
Table II: Contribution from activities
No. of Activities
Contribution towards
RA Score (%)
0–5
5
6 -10
10
11 – 15
15
16- 20
18
>20
20
In this computation it is accepted that there is a positive correlation between the number of activities
and the RAS. According to the given model, the time required for completion of the task contributes towards
RA score to the extent of 20%. It is assumed that longer the duration / estimated time for completion of the task,
more is the uncertainty and hence more contribution to RAS. The relationship is considered to be directly
proportional and the contribution is represented in table III.
Table III: Contribution from duration
Estimated Time
Contribution
(days)
towards RA Score
(%)
0 – 15
5
16 – 30
10
31 – 45
15
46 – 60
18
>60
20
56
3. Risk Assessment Score (RAS) as an Indicator of Decision Making
IV.
CONTRIBUTION OFRESOURCE AVAILABILITY TOWARDS RAS
The data that is crucial is the contribution of the resources towards the completion of the task. There is
another aspect which needs to be recorded which is necessary for risk assessment according to this algorithm is
the uncertainty in the availability of the resource. This failure of availability of resource is represented in this
paper in language terms as Very likely (VL), Likely (L), Unlikely (U) and No Possibility (NP). This availability
of resources are expressed in language terms using table IV which represents the terms with its equivalent
percentage of chances of non-availability. The judgement of availability of a resource is to be based on previous
experiences and records of past projects.
Table IV:Terms with equivalent percentage of non-availability
Term
Chance of nonavailability (%)
Very likely
Above 70
Likely
41 - 70
Unlikely
21 - 40
No possibility
0 - 20
A numeric value is assigned to each of the language terms which is represented in table V. This
numeric value is necessary to compute the contribution of the availability of resources towards RAS.
Table V:Numeric value assignment of availability
Term
Numeric value
Very likely
1
Likely
0.75
Unlikely
0.5
No
0.25
possibility
AnActivity-Resource table is created as shown in table VIwhere all the resources required for the task according
to all the alternative plans are listed horizontally and all the activities vertically. According to the example
considered here, two plans are considered with four activities altogether in both the plans.Each of the cell
contains the extent of the contribution of the resource towards the completion of the activity in percentage and
also
the
uncertainty
in
the
availability
of
that
resourcein
language
terms.
Table VI:Activity – Resource table representing contribution of resource and uncertainty in availability
Resources
Contribution towards
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
RA Score (%)
Activities
A1
10 – L
30 - VL
40 – U
20 – NP
7.5 +30+20+5=62.5
A2
20 – L
30 – VL
10 - VL
10 – U
30 – NP
15+30+10+5+7.5=67.5
A3
30 - L
40 – VL
20 - VL
10 – U
22.5 +40+20+5=87.5
A4
30 – VL
50 – U
20 – NP
30 + 25 + 5 = 60
The contribution from the resources towards the activity is expressed in terms of percentage and so the
contribution from the resources required for an activity that is represented in each row sums up to 100. The
value in the 7th column which gives the uncertainty in completion of the activity from the resource point of view
is computed as follows :
Where
r -represents the contribution of an activity towards RAS
n - represents number of resources required for that activity
p - percentage of contribution of the resource towards the activity
a - chances of non-availability of the resource in numeric terms
According to the entries in table VI the value in the 7th column of the table is calculated as follows :
r1 - 10*0.75 + 30*1 + 40*0.5 + 20*0.25 = 62.5 %
r2 - 20*0.75 + 30*1 + 10*1 + 10*0.5 + 30*0.25 = 67.5%
r3 - 30*0.75 + 40*1 + 20*1 + 10*0.5 = 87.5 %
57
4. Risk Assessment Score (RAS) as an Indicator of Decision Making
r4 - 30*1 + 50*0.5 + 20*0.25 = 60 %
The values are represented in terms of percentage i.e. out of 100.
To compute final RA Score, the contribution from all the three factors are to be combined. Before that, the
activities in each of the plan needs to be considered. For the purpose of this paper, two plans are considered P1
and P2 and the sequence of activities are as follows :
P1 : A1 - A3 - A4
and
P2 : A1 - A2 - A4
The duration of each of the activity is considered to be as follows:
A1 - 20 days, A2 - 32 days, A3 - 15 days, A4 - 42 days
V.
COMPUTATION OF FINAL RAS FOR EACH PLAN
To compute the contribution from factor 1 ,the total number of activities under each plan is considered
and converted into respective percentage using table II. In this case number of activities in both the plans are 3
and hence the contribution is 5% in both the cases.
For factor 2 the sum of the duration of all the activities under each plan is calculated and converted to
percentage using table III. In this case the summation of duration of activities according to both the plans is
greater than 60 and so the contribution is 20% in both the cases.
For factor 3 the RA score for each activity according to the Column 7 of table V is considered and the
summation according to each plan is computed and average is taken which represents in terms of 100%. Finally
to bring the value to match 60% contribution the sum is multiplied by 0.6 to get the value for factor 3.
The value is computed as follows :
For Plan P1 :
P1 - A1 – A3 – A4
From table VI the RA Score values respectively are 62.5, 87.5 and 60. To give equal weightage to
every activity and come to a single figure, average of the RA Score for each activity related to the respective
plan is considered. In the given case the average is given as :
62.5+87.5+60 /3 = 70
To get the contribution towards final RASthe average is multiplied by a factor0.6 .
70 * 0.6 = 42
For Plan P2 :
P2 – A1 – A2- A4
From table VI the RA Score values respectively are 62.5, 67.5 and 60.
The average is 62.5+67.5+60 /3 = 63.3
Contribution towards final RA Score = 63.3 * 0.6 = 37.99 ̴ 38
The final RAS from the three different factors are represented in the table VII. The contributions from each
factor is obtained from the respective tables and performing required calculations. The final RA Score is in
terms of percentage.
Table VII: Final RA Score computation
PLAN
Factor1 Factor 2 Factor 3 RA Score
NUMBER
(20%)
(20%)
(60%)
(100%)
P1
5
20
42
67
P2
5
20
38
63
The final table suggests that the RAS lies more or less in the same range and so the decision to choose
among the plans may depend on other aspects.
VI.
CONCLUSION
The concept of risk management includes risk identification, risk assessment, prioritization and finally
designing of mitigation strategies. In this paper risk assessment is considered as an indicator to decide on as to
which plan faces more uncertainty in terms of completion. For this a Risk Assessment Score(RAS) is calculated
on the basis of three factors. This is an aim to make the decision makers aware of the uncertainties associated
with each plan considering number of activities, duration of activities and the resources required for each
activity. This approach demands a thorough study of the various activities related to each plan which ensures a
detailed study of the plans. This detailed study can finally contribute to minimise uncertainty in successful
completion of the task which is the purpose of every project.As decision making forms an integral part of every
activity whenever there are more than one alternative, a detailed analysis of each alternative is essential. RAS
can form one factor to assist the decision maker before taking any decision. Moreover, as this is a proactive
exercise it is to be incorporated in the planning phase of the different phases in ‘Systems approach to
58