This document analyzes the response of a 700m long coaxial cable to the transmission of digital data signals. An experiment was conducted transmitting square wave signals at various frequencies through lengths of coaxial cable from 100m to 700m. Voltage measurements were taken at each length for loads of 75ohms, 50ohms and 10kohms. The results showed that signal attenuation, power loss, and transmitted energy all increased with longer cable lengths as expected based on established transmission line principles.
Twisted pair cable is the simplest and oldest cable medium consisting of two insulated copper wires twisted around each other to reduce electrical interference. It is commonly used in telephone systems and comes in two main types - unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted pair (STP). UTP is the most common type used in networks today and comes in categories depending on the data transfer rate it supports, with category 5 cable providing up to 100 Mbps. STP cable has each pair of conductors encased in metal shielding to further prevent interference.
Transmission mediums in computer networkssuraj pandey
This document summarizes different types of transmission mediums used in computer networks. It discusses wired mediums like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. It also discusses key characteristics of each medium such as bandwidth, attenuation, and noise absorption. Wireless or unguided transmission mediums are also briefly introduced. The document provides an overview of the different factors to consider when selecting a transmission medium, including transmission rate, cost, and environmental resistance.
Twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable are guided media that provide a conduit for transmission. Twisted-pair cable reduces noise through regular twisting of the wire pairs. Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable is commonly used for telephone and Ethernet connections while shielded twisted-pair (STP) provides better noise shielding but is more expensive. Coaxial cable uses a central conductor surrounded by insulating and outer conducting layers to carry higher frequency signals than twisted pair over longer distances.
Twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable are three common types of bounded or wired transmission media. Twisted pair cable is the most popular for networks and comes in shielded and unshielded versions. Coaxial cable uses a copper mesh and is used by cable TV companies. Fiber optic cable transmits light instead of electronic signals and is ideal for environments with interference but is very costly and difficult to install.
Twisted pair cable is made by intertwining two insulated copper wires together to cancel out electromagnetic interference from external sources. Shielded twisted pair (STP) cable has each twisted pair coated with an insulating shield that acts as a ground, protecting the transmission from electromagnetic interference. Unshielded twisted pair is the most common telephone wiring, with two insulated wires twisted around each other to reduce crosstalk between wire pairs within the cable.
This document discusses different types of network media used to transmit data in computer networks. It describes guided (wired) media such as twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. It also describes unguided (wireless) media such as radio waves, microwaves, and infrared waves. The key differences between guided and unguided media are that guided media uses a physical conductor to transmit signals while unguided media broadcasts signals through the air.
The document compares different wired transmission media, including unshielded twisted pair (UTP), shielded twisted pair (STP), coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. It discusses their structures, performance in terms of bandwidth, attenuation, segment length, installation cost, susceptibility to interference and crosstalk, and typical cost per meter. UTP has the lowest cost but also the lowest bandwidth and highest attenuation. Fiber optic cable has the highest bandwidth and lowest attenuation but also the highest installation cost.
Network media refers to the physical paths over which electrical signals travel between network components. There are two types of network transmission: bounded/guided transmission, where signals are confined to a specific path using cables like twisted-pair, coaxial, or fiber-optic; and unbound transmission, which extends beyond cabling and includes radio waves, microwaves, and infrared waves. Unbound transmission provides larger bandwidth and wide area capabilities but operates at very high frequencies. Common methods for reducing noise in network signals include signal averaging, analog filtering using passive low-pass and high-pass filters, and active filters which incorporate amplifying components.
Twisted pair cable is the simplest and oldest cable medium consisting of two insulated copper wires twisted around each other to reduce electrical interference. It is commonly used in telephone systems and comes in two main types - unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted pair (STP). UTP is the most common type used in networks today and comes in categories depending on the data transfer rate it supports, with category 5 cable providing up to 100 Mbps. STP cable has each pair of conductors encased in metal shielding to further prevent interference.
Transmission mediums in computer networkssuraj pandey
This document summarizes different types of transmission mediums used in computer networks. It discusses wired mediums like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. It also discusses key characteristics of each medium such as bandwidth, attenuation, and noise absorption. Wireless or unguided transmission mediums are also briefly introduced. The document provides an overview of the different factors to consider when selecting a transmission medium, including transmission rate, cost, and environmental resistance.
Twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable are guided media that provide a conduit for transmission. Twisted-pair cable reduces noise through regular twisting of the wire pairs. Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable is commonly used for telephone and Ethernet connections while shielded twisted-pair (STP) provides better noise shielding but is more expensive. Coaxial cable uses a central conductor surrounded by insulating and outer conducting layers to carry higher frequency signals than twisted pair over longer distances.
Twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable are three common types of bounded or wired transmission media. Twisted pair cable is the most popular for networks and comes in shielded and unshielded versions. Coaxial cable uses a copper mesh and is used by cable TV companies. Fiber optic cable transmits light instead of electronic signals and is ideal for environments with interference but is very costly and difficult to install.
Twisted pair cable is made by intertwining two insulated copper wires together to cancel out electromagnetic interference from external sources. Shielded twisted pair (STP) cable has each twisted pair coated with an insulating shield that acts as a ground, protecting the transmission from electromagnetic interference. Unshielded twisted pair is the most common telephone wiring, with two insulated wires twisted around each other to reduce crosstalk between wire pairs within the cable.
This document discusses different types of network media used to transmit data in computer networks. It describes guided (wired) media such as twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. It also describes unguided (wireless) media such as radio waves, microwaves, and infrared waves. The key differences between guided and unguided media are that guided media uses a physical conductor to transmit signals while unguided media broadcasts signals through the air.
The document compares different wired transmission media, including unshielded twisted pair (UTP), shielded twisted pair (STP), coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. It discusses their structures, performance in terms of bandwidth, attenuation, segment length, installation cost, susceptibility to interference and crosstalk, and typical cost per meter. UTP has the lowest cost but also the lowest bandwidth and highest attenuation. Fiber optic cable has the highest bandwidth and lowest attenuation but also the highest installation cost.
Network media refers to the physical paths over which electrical signals travel between network components. There are two types of network transmission: bounded/guided transmission, where signals are confined to a specific path using cables like twisted-pair, coaxial, or fiber-optic; and unbound transmission, which extends beyond cabling and includes radio waves, microwaves, and infrared waves. Unbound transmission provides larger bandwidth and wide area capabilities but operates at very high frequencies. Common methods for reducing noise in network signals include signal averaging, analog filtering using passive low-pass and high-pass filters, and active filters which incorporate amplifying components.
This document discusses different types of transmission media used for physical layer communication, including twisted pair cables which use twisting of copper wires to reduce noise, unshielded and shielded twisted pair cables, coaxial cables which have a central conductor surrounded by insulating material and outer conductor, and fiber optic cables which transmit data as pulses of light through glass or plastic fibers. It provides figures and a table comparing properties of these media.
Transmission media can be guided or unguided. Guided media include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable which direct signals along a conduit. Unguided media transmit electromagnetic waves wirelessly. Common unguided media are radio waves, microwaves, and infrared which propagate through the air. Each media has characteristics that determine its applications such as short or long-distance communication.
Transmission media enable computers and other devices to communicate by transmitting signals carrying information. There are two main types: guided media, which uses physical paths like cables, and unguided media, which transmits electromagnetic waves through air. Characteristics of transmission media that impact communication quality include bandwidth, interference levels, and transmission impairments like attenuation and distortion. Common guided media include twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables, while common unguided media include radio, microwave, and satellite transmissions. The choice of transmission medium depends on factors like data transmission needs, costs, and installation considerations.
This document discusses different types of transmission media used to transmit signals and information from one location to another. It focuses on guided media, which uses physical links like cables to transmit signals. It describes three main types of guided media: twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. For each type, it provides details on their construction, components, uses, advantages and disadvantages compared to other media.
The document discusses different types of transmission media used to transmit signals from sender to receiver. It describes guided media like twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable. It provides details on their characteristics, applications, advantages and disadvantages. Twisted-pair cable is commonly used for telephone lines and low-speed LANs. Coaxial cable has higher bandwidth but is more expensive over long distances. Fiber-optic cable has the highest bandwidth and data rates but requires more skilled installation and maintenance.
This document certifies that a group of 5 students from Shankar Narayan College completed a case study on data communication cables for their semester 2 course in 2012-2013. It provides the names of the students and signatures from their lecturer and head of department, confirming the students satisfactorily completed the required work.
This document provides information about different types of transmission cables including coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, and fiber optic cable. It discusses the structure, types, applications and advantages/disadvantages of each cable. Coaxial cable transmits signals over larger distances at higher speeds compared to twisted pair. Twisted pair cables have two insulated copper wires twisted together to reduce electromagnetic interference. Fiber optic cables transmit data using light pulses through glass cores and have very high bandwidth and low susceptibility to interference.
The document summarizes different types of transmission cables including coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, and fiber optic cable. Coaxial cable uses a central conductor surrounded by insulation and shielding, and was commonly used in early Ethernet networks. Twisted pair cable consists of two copper wires twisted together to reduce interference, and comes in unshielded and shielded varieties. Fiber optic cable uses glass cores to transmit light signals and is more expensive but can transmit over greater distances and speeds with less signal loss than other cables.
This document discusses fiber optic communication and fiber optic cables. It describes the core, cladding and outer jacket of an optical fiber and the differences between monomode and multimode fibers. Monomode fibers have a small core that allows only one mode of light propagation, while multimode fibers have a larger core that allows multiple light modes. The document also outlines common applications of fiber optic cables in telecommunications, medicine, defense, data storage, and broadcasting.
Optical fibers can transmit light over long distances with little attenuation and have immense bandwidth potential. They have replaced copper wires for telecommunications because they are smaller, lighter, more durable, and can carry vastly more data. Different types of optical fiber cables like OPGW, ADSS, lashed, underground, and duct cables are used in various environments and situations.
An optical fiber cable contains one or more optical fibers that carry light pulses instead of electrical signals. The fibers are coated in plastic and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment. Different cable types are used for long distance telecommunications or connecting parts of a building. Cables consist of glass cores and claddings, protective coatings, strength members, and outer jackets. Fiber optic cables are used by businesses, governments, and industries to transmit voice, video, and data over long distances and within networks and devices.
Transmission Media, Guided and unguided transmission mediaadnanqayum
Transmission Media and its types, Guided and unguided transmission media with examples (guided = (i) Twisted pair cable (ii) Coaxial cable (iii) Fiber optical cable, unguided = (i) Radio wave (ii) Microwave (iii) Infra-red wave)
The document classifies and describes different types of transmission media used for data communication, including guided media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable which transmit data through a physical medium, as well as unguided media such as radio waves, microwaves, and infrared which transmit electromagnetic waves wirelessly without a physical path. It provides details on the composition, categories, applications and specifications of each type of transmission medium.
Guided and unguided media transmission by zaidhmzaid2
This document summarizes guided and unguided media transmission. Guided media transmission requires a physical path for signals to travel along, such as cables, and includes twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables. Unguided media transmission does not require a physical path as signals are broadcast through air, including radio waves, microwaves, and infrared waves. The key difference between the two is that guided media uses a physical medium to direct signal transmission while unguided media broadcasts signals wirelessly through air.
Transmission media enable computers and networks to communicate by sending and receiving signals and messages through various channels. There are two main types of transmission media: guided and unguided. Guided media uses physical paths like cables to transmit electromagnetic waves, while unguided or wireless media transmits through open spaces like air. Factors like bandwidth, interference, and transmission impairments like attenuation affect the quality and maximum distance of data communication through different transmission media.
This document discusses different types of transmission media, including wired and wireless options. Wired transmission uses cables like twisted pair, coaxial, and optical fiber cables to transmit data through physical pathways in a bounded manner. Wireless transmission methods like radio waves, microwaves, infrared, Bluetooth, and satellites transmit data without cables by utilizing different frequencies. Each transmission media has advantages and limitations regarding speed, reliability, range, bandwidth, and susceptibility to interference.
Xiamen Winlink Cable Factory, is a professional manufacturer of electronic electronics & communication cables, relative patch cords and accessories.
Our products cover spheres of CCTV, MATV, Ethernet network, audio & video and automatic control etc.
Product Series:
Coaxial cable for satellite TV, CATV, CCTV like RG6/RG59/RG58/RG11/RG8 etc;
Cat5e/Cat6/Cat7 Lan cable etc for Telecommunication Network;
Electrical cable, Speaker cable, Control cable and cable accessory.
Contact us at:
danniesliuy@gmail.com
Optical fiber uses pulses of light to transmit information over long distances and has largely replaced copper wire for telecommunications. It works by total internal reflection of light through fiber optic cables containing glass or plastic fibers. Optical fiber transmits digital signals for telephone calls, internet, and cable TV using semiconductor devices like lasers and photodetectors. Fiber optic communication has revolutionized telecommunications by enabling much higher bandwidth transmission over greater distances than electrical wires.
The Analysis of Selected Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water (A Case Study o...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes selected physico-chemical parameters of water from the Isu and Calabar rivers in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from various points along the rivers and tested for parameters like pH, turbidity, conductivity, alkalinity, total solids, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates, and heavy metals. The results were then compared to World Health Organization drinking water standards. Most parameters met WHO standards, but some exceeded them - turbidity in Isu river, chromium downstream of Isu river, lead and cadmium in Calabar river, and arsenic in both rivers. The study aims to evaluate water quality in these rivers given their importance for drinking,
Inventory Management System and Performance of Food and Beverages Companies i...IOSR Journals
Inventory management decisions are an integral aspect of organisations. Inventory postponement as
argued by Bucklin (1965) is where a firm deliberately delays the purchase and the physical possession of
inventory items until demand or usage requirements are known with certainty. This is an effective supply chain
strategy adopted by most manufacturing organisations by reducing the inventory, and in turn reducing the cost
of obsolete stock. This study explores the relationship between inventory management and control and
performance and Food and Beverages companies in Nigeria. Secondary data were obtained from annual
financial reports and accounts of Food and Beverages companies listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The
data obtained were analyzed using simple and multiple regression models. The results show that there
significant relationship between inventory management and control and the performance of Food and
Beverages companies in Nigeria. The multiple regression correlation coefficient (R) =0.996, R2=0.990 and pvalue
=0;00<0.05 The results also show the relative importance of the inventory management decisions made
by the organisation, and the implications these decisions have on the consumer. The findings show that the three
key qualities that are essential in inventory management decisions for manufacturing organisation from the
perspective of the third party logistics provider are customer satisfaction, on time delivery and order fulfillment
This document compares time series and neural network methods for exchange rate forecasting. It provides background on exchange rates and exchange rate forecasting. Time series methods discussed include moving average, weighted moving average, and exponential smoothing. Performance parameters for evaluating forecast accuracy are defined, including mean absolute error, mean square error, and root mean square error. An example dataset of yearly average dollar exchange rates from 2003-2015 is presented. Mathematical implementations of simple and weighted moving average time series forecasting methods are shown on this dataset, including forecasted values, errors, mean square error, etc. Neural networks are also mentioned as an alternative forecasting method.
This document discusses different types of transmission media used for physical layer communication, including twisted pair cables which use twisting of copper wires to reduce noise, unshielded and shielded twisted pair cables, coaxial cables which have a central conductor surrounded by insulating material and outer conductor, and fiber optic cables which transmit data as pulses of light through glass or plastic fibers. It provides figures and a table comparing properties of these media.
Transmission media can be guided or unguided. Guided media include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable which direct signals along a conduit. Unguided media transmit electromagnetic waves wirelessly. Common unguided media are radio waves, microwaves, and infrared which propagate through the air. Each media has characteristics that determine its applications such as short or long-distance communication.
Transmission media enable computers and other devices to communicate by transmitting signals carrying information. There are two main types: guided media, which uses physical paths like cables, and unguided media, which transmits electromagnetic waves through air. Characteristics of transmission media that impact communication quality include bandwidth, interference levels, and transmission impairments like attenuation and distortion. Common guided media include twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables, while common unguided media include radio, microwave, and satellite transmissions. The choice of transmission medium depends on factors like data transmission needs, costs, and installation considerations.
This document discusses different types of transmission media used to transmit signals and information from one location to another. It focuses on guided media, which uses physical links like cables to transmit signals. It describes three main types of guided media: twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. For each type, it provides details on their construction, components, uses, advantages and disadvantages compared to other media.
The document discusses different types of transmission media used to transmit signals from sender to receiver. It describes guided media like twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable. It provides details on their characteristics, applications, advantages and disadvantages. Twisted-pair cable is commonly used for telephone lines and low-speed LANs. Coaxial cable has higher bandwidth but is more expensive over long distances. Fiber-optic cable has the highest bandwidth and data rates but requires more skilled installation and maintenance.
This document certifies that a group of 5 students from Shankar Narayan College completed a case study on data communication cables for their semester 2 course in 2012-2013. It provides the names of the students and signatures from their lecturer and head of department, confirming the students satisfactorily completed the required work.
This document provides information about different types of transmission cables including coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, and fiber optic cable. It discusses the structure, types, applications and advantages/disadvantages of each cable. Coaxial cable transmits signals over larger distances at higher speeds compared to twisted pair. Twisted pair cables have two insulated copper wires twisted together to reduce electromagnetic interference. Fiber optic cables transmit data using light pulses through glass cores and have very high bandwidth and low susceptibility to interference.
The document summarizes different types of transmission cables including coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, and fiber optic cable. Coaxial cable uses a central conductor surrounded by insulation and shielding, and was commonly used in early Ethernet networks. Twisted pair cable consists of two copper wires twisted together to reduce interference, and comes in unshielded and shielded varieties. Fiber optic cable uses glass cores to transmit light signals and is more expensive but can transmit over greater distances and speeds with less signal loss than other cables.
This document discusses fiber optic communication and fiber optic cables. It describes the core, cladding and outer jacket of an optical fiber and the differences between monomode and multimode fibers. Monomode fibers have a small core that allows only one mode of light propagation, while multimode fibers have a larger core that allows multiple light modes. The document also outlines common applications of fiber optic cables in telecommunications, medicine, defense, data storage, and broadcasting.
Optical fibers can transmit light over long distances with little attenuation and have immense bandwidth potential. They have replaced copper wires for telecommunications because they are smaller, lighter, more durable, and can carry vastly more data. Different types of optical fiber cables like OPGW, ADSS, lashed, underground, and duct cables are used in various environments and situations.
An optical fiber cable contains one or more optical fibers that carry light pulses instead of electrical signals. The fibers are coated in plastic and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment. Different cable types are used for long distance telecommunications or connecting parts of a building. Cables consist of glass cores and claddings, protective coatings, strength members, and outer jackets. Fiber optic cables are used by businesses, governments, and industries to transmit voice, video, and data over long distances and within networks and devices.
Transmission Media, Guided and unguided transmission mediaadnanqayum
Transmission Media and its types, Guided and unguided transmission media with examples (guided = (i) Twisted pair cable (ii) Coaxial cable (iii) Fiber optical cable, unguided = (i) Radio wave (ii) Microwave (iii) Infra-red wave)
The document classifies and describes different types of transmission media used for data communication, including guided media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable which transmit data through a physical medium, as well as unguided media such as radio waves, microwaves, and infrared which transmit electromagnetic waves wirelessly without a physical path. It provides details on the composition, categories, applications and specifications of each type of transmission medium.
Guided and unguided media transmission by zaidhmzaid2
This document summarizes guided and unguided media transmission. Guided media transmission requires a physical path for signals to travel along, such as cables, and includes twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables. Unguided media transmission does not require a physical path as signals are broadcast through air, including radio waves, microwaves, and infrared waves. The key difference between the two is that guided media uses a physical medium to direct signal transmission while unguided media broadcasts signals wirelessly through air.
Transmission media enable computers and networks to communicate by sending and receiving signals and messages through various channels. There are two main types of transmission media: guided and unguided. Guided media uses physical paths like cables to transmit electromagnetic waves, while unguided or wireless media transmits through open spaces like air. Factors like bandwidth, interference, and transmission impairments like attenuation affect the quality and maximum distance of data communication through different transmission media.
This document discusses different types of transmission media, including wired and wireless options. Wired transmission uses cables like twisted pair, coaxial, and optical fiber cables to transmit data through physical pathways in a bounded manner. Wireless transmission methods like radio waves, microwaves, infrared, Bluetooth, and satellites transmit data without cables by utilizing different frequencies. Each transmission media has advantages and limitations regarding speed, reliability, range, bandwidth, and susceptibility to interference.
Xiamen Winlink Cable Factory, is a professional manufacturer of electronic electronics & communication cables, relative patch cords and accessories.
Our products cover spheres of CCTV, MATV, Ethernet network, audio & video and automatic control etc.
Product Series:
Coaxial cable for satellite TV, CATV, CCTV like RG6/RG59/RG58/RG11/RG8 etc;
Cat5e/Cat6/Cat7 Lan cable etc for Telecommunication Network;
Electrical cable, Speaker cable, Control cable and cable accessory.
Contact us at:
danniesliuy@gmail.com
Optical fiber uses pulses of light to transmit information over long distances and has largely replaced copper wire for telecommunications. It works by total internal reflection of light through fiber optic cables containing glass or plastic fibers. Optical fiber transmits digital signals for telephone calls, internet, and cable TV using semiconductor devices like lasers and photodetectors. Fiber optic communication has revolutionized telecommunications by enabling much higher bandwidth transmission over greater distances than electrical wires.
The Analysis of Selected Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water (A Case Study o...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes selected physico-chemical parameters of water from the Isu and Calabar rivers in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from various points along the rivers and tested for parameters like pH, turbidity, conductivity, alkalinity, total solids, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates, and heavy metals. The results were then compared to World Health Organization drinking water standards. Most parameters met WHO standards, but some exceeded them - turbidity in Isu river, chromium downstream of Isu river, lead and cadmium in Calabar river, and arsenic in both rivers. The study aims to evaluate water quality in these rivers given their importance for drinking,
Inventory Management System and Performance of Food and Beverages Companies i...IOSR Journals
Inventory management decisions are an integral aspect of organisations. Inventory postponement as
argued by Bucklin (1965) is where a firm deliberately delays the purchase and the physical possession of
inventory items until demand or usage requirements are known with certainty. This is an effective supply chain
strategy adopted by most manufacturing organisations by reducing the inventory, and in turn reducing the cost
of obsolete stock. This study explores the relationship between inventory management and control and
performance and Food and Beverages companies in Nigeria. Secondary data were obtained from annual
financial reports and accounts of Food and Beverages companies listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The
data obtained were analyzed using simple and multiple regression models. The results show that there
significant relationship between inventory management and control and the performance of Food and
Beverages companies in Nigeria. The multiple regression correlation coefficient (R) =0.996, R2=0.990 and pvalue
=0;00<0.05 The results also show the relative importance of the inventory management decisions made
by the organisation, and the implications these decisions have on the consumer. The findings show that the three
key qualities that are essential in inventory management decisions for manufacturing organisation from the
perspective of the third party logistics provider are customer satisfaction, on time delivery and order fulfillment
This document compares time series and neural network methods for exchange rate forecasting. It provides background on exchange rates and exchange rate forecasting. Time series methods discussed include moving average, weighted moving average, and exponential smoothing. Performance parameters for evaluating forecast accuracy are defined, including mean absolute error, mean square error, and root mean square error. An example dataset of yearly average dollar exchange rates from 2003-2015 is presented. Mathematical implementations of simple and weighted moving average time series forecasting methods are shown on this dataset, including forecasted values, errors, mean square error, etc. Neural networks are also mentioned as an alternative forecasting method.
This document presents a method for detecting the quality of fruits using artificial neural networks (ANN). Images of fruit samples are taken and features like color, shape, and size are extracted. These features are used to train an ANN. Then, additional fruit samples can be tested using the trained ANN to classify them into categories representing quality levels like best, medium, or poor quality. The method was tested on three lemon samples of varying color, shape and size. The ANN accurately classified each sample based on its extracted features. This quality detection technique using ANN could be useful for applications in the agriculture industry.
This document reviews a mobility management scheme for mobile communication systems. It was found that mobile-to-mobile call setup times performed better than fixed network-to-mobile or mobile-to-fixed call setup times. Additionally, increasing the number of location areas within a switch did not affect inter-MSC handovers or location updates since the switch coverage area size remained the same, but did increase intra-MSC location updates and handovers. Finally, user mobility directly impacts signaling traffic for handovers, location management, radio resource allocation, and routing.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the performance of vertical skirted strip footings on slopes using the finite element software PLAXIS 2D. Various parameters were considered, including the vertical load, depth of footing embedment, distance of footing from crest, ratio of skirt depth to footing width, and configuration of the skirt (one side, both sides, unequal sides). The results showed that skirted foundations significantly improved the bearing capacity compared to unskirted foundations. Bearing capacity increased with deeper skirt depths. Footings at the crest also showed improved bearing capacity. Footing embedment depth did not affect bearing capacity. The study provides insights into using skirted foundations to improve slope stability and bearing capacity
The document studies the microstructure of pure hydroxyapatite (HAp) and a 20% alumina-reinforced HAp bioceramic composite sintered at different temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that pure HAp sintered at 1250°C had an irregular bubbly surface and well-distributed pores, indicating decomposition. The composite sintered up to 1250°C maintained a dense microstructure with small pores (<3 μm), explaining its higher strength compared to pure HAp. The addition of alumina prevented pore growth at high temperatures, negating the negative effects of HAp decomposition.
The document introduces the concept of generalized quasi-nonexpansive (GQN) maps. Some key results are:
1) GQN maps generalize quasi-nonexpansive maps but the fixed point set may not always be closed or convex.
2) If a subset satisfies certain conditions, it is a GQN-retract of the space.
3) Under these conditions, the class of GQN-retracts is closed under intersection and the common fixed point set of an increasing sequence of GQN maps is a GQN-retract.
This document proposes a system for sentiment classification in Hindi language texts. It involves building a training dataset from Hindi corpora by identifying sentiment scores. A classification model is then built and applied to new test data to predict sentiment. Key steps include tokenization, removing stop words, stemming using a Hindi stemmer, identifying sentiment using Hindi WordNet, and aggregating word-level sentiment scores to determine overall sentiment. Challenges noted include limited coverage of Hindi WordNet and accuracy issues. Future work could focus on expanding Hindi WordNet. The proposed system aims to efficiently classify sentiment in Hindi texts.
To Study The Viscometric Measurement Of Substituted-2-Diphenylbutanamide And ...IOSR Journals
Recently in this laboratory the viscometric measurement of 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl]-4-hydroxy piperidin-1-yl]-N, N-dimethyl-2, 2-diphenylbutanamide[CPHDD] and (2S, 6R)-7-chloro -2, 4, 6-trimethoxy-6'-methyl-3H, 4'H-spiro[1-benzofuran 2, 1’-] cychohex-2-ene]-3,4'-dione[CTMBCD] were carried out at different percentage compositions of solvent to investigate the solute-solvent interactions of drugs with solvent and the effect of dilution of the solvent. The effects of various substituents were also investigated. The results obtained during this investigation gave detail information about pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these drugs.
Building Consumer Loyalty through Servicescape in Shopping MallsIOSR Journals
India is experiencing exponential growth in retail sector and Global Retail Development Index
consecutively ranked as one of the most promising retail destinations of the world. Due to this reason lot of
investments are happening in India and new players are entering the market. Shopping Mall being the latest
organized retail format entering the market witnessed huge popularity and consumer attention, luring mall
developers going all out to launch their projects. However the mushrooming growth of shopping malls has
posed lot of challenges. Recent studies have revealed that 45% of the malls in cities are vacant. Poor mall
management and poor tenant mix have resulted in poor mall traffic and low conversion rate. This paper
attempts to explore the possibility of building consumer loyalty through effective use of servicescape (physical
environment) in a shopping mall to attract and retain serious buyers. Study revealed that seven servicescape
dimensions considered i.e., ambient factor, aesthetic factor, layout, variety, cleanliness, signs, symbols &
artifacts, and social factor are all relevant in shopping mall context and capable of inducing significant
variations in consumer loyalty.
This document discusses a framework for improving access to virtual reality (VR) environments for citizens with disabilities. It proposes techniques ranging from simple additions to VRML files to scripts that can aid in creating more accessible VR worlds. These techniques aim to improve the usability and accessibility of VR technologies for people with sensory, physical, or cognitive impairments. The framework also provides initial authoring strategies to help make VRML content more accessible. The goal is to leverage VR to enhance the quality of life and independence of citizens with disabilities.
Modeling Of Flat Plate Collector by Using Hybrid TechniqueIOSR Journals
(SWH) are becoming increasingly attractive in sustainable development. Hence the Efforts continuously made here is to reduce their costs to make them more affordable. Solar energy has experienced a remarkable development in recent years because of cost reduction due to technological development as well as renewable energy scheme supported by the government. The process of using sun’s energy to heat water is not a new technology. (SWH) technology has improved a lot during the past century. The primary method of energy transport in solar energy from sun is electromagnetic radiation .This type of radiation coming from the Sun also depends on temperature. The Sun generates electromagnetic radiation in extensive span of wavelengths. However, most of the radiation is being sent out in the observable range due to its surface temperature. The amount of solar energy received in a particular region depends on the time of the day, the season of the year, the sky’s cloudiness, and how closeness of Earth’s equator. For modeling we utilized Genetic algorithm and for prediction we employed hybrid ABC and PSO techniques. Genetic algorithm is utilized in order to optimize the modeling technique by using the dataset collected.
Isolation and Characterization of Thermostable Protease Producing Bacteria fr...IOSR Journals
This study is a search for potential thermostable protease producing strain. Among nine protease
producing strains screened from soap industry effluent, one was selected as promising thermostable protease
producer and identified as Bacillus subtilis. The activity of the protease produced by this organism is stable up
to 70ºC. The optimum yield was achieved after 48 hours of culture, at 65ºC with the pH 8.0. The maximum
protease activity was observed at 65ºC and at pH 8.0.
Accretion Profile of the Rosy Barb, Puntius Conchonius (Hamilton- Buchanan, 1...IOSR Journals
Present study was made on 50 freshwater wild Puntius conchonius (Hamilton - Buchanan) of
various sizes ranging from a total length of 5.2 cm to 7.6 cm and weighing 1.6 gm to 7.1 gm. They were
sampled from different lentic and lotic water bodies of Nagaland, to investigate the weight-length relationship.
Each fish was measured and weight was taken. Log transformed regressions were used to test the growth trend. It was observed that growth in weight is not proportional to the cube of its length. Coefficient of correlation values for both male and female as well as for mixed population were found to be highly significant.
Cutting Strategies for Casting Die Manufacturing on CNC Milling MachineIOSR Journals
Manufacturing of dies has been presenting greater requirements of geometrical accuracy,
dimensional precision and surface quality as well as decrease in costs and manufacturing times. Although
proper cutting parameter values are utilized to obtain high geometrical accuracy and surface quality, there may
exist geometrical discrepancy between the designed and the manufactured surface profile of the die cavities. In
milling process; cutting speed, step over and feed are the main cutting parameters and these parameters affect
geometrical accuracy and surface quality of the casting die cavities. In this paper, effects of the cutting
parameters on geometrical error have been examined on a representative die cavity profile. To remove
undesired volume in the die cavities, available cutting strategies are investigated. Finish option for roughing
and finish option for finishing are optimized to reduce the Machining time of the cutting process thereby
decreasing the cost of cutting process. The cutting parameters considered are Cut Feed, Step Depth, Spindle
Speed for both roughing and finishing, scan type for roughing and lace type for finishing.3D model and
manufacturing process is done in parametric modeling software Pro/Engineer wildfire5.0.
Leather Quality Estimation Using an Automated Machine Vision SystemIOSR Journals
This document describes a proposed machine vision system to automate the inspection and quality estimation of leather materials. Key steps of the proposed methodology include image acquisition, preprocessing, segmentation of defects, computation of defect features like location, area, perimeter, and a histogram analysis to estimate surface smoothness. These quantitative defect features would be compiled into a feature vector to objectively determine the quality of the leather in a standardized way. Related works on automated leather inspection and applications of machine vision in leather manufacturing processes are also reviewed. The proposed system aims to provide repeatable, consistent and time-efficient leather quality assessment compared to manual inspection.
Review and Performance Comparison of Distributed Wireless Reprogramming Proto...IOSR Journals
Abstract:A Reprogramming service should be efficient, reliable and secured in Wireless sensor network.
Wireless reprogramming for wireless sensor network emphasize over the process of changing or improving the
functionality of simulation or existing code. For challenging and on demand security purpose, secure and
distributed routing protocols such as SDRP and ISDRP were developed. This paper reviews and compares the
propagation delay for two reprogramming protocols, SDRP and ISDRP, which based on hierarchy of energies
in network. Both are based on identity-based cryptography. But in the improved protocol the keys are
distributed to the network as per the sorting and communication capabilities to improve the broadcast or
communication nature of the network. Moreover, ISDRP demonstrates the security concepts, which deals over
the key encryption properties using heap sort algorithm and the confidentiality parameter is enhanced by
changing the private key values after certain interval of time for cluster head in respect to different public keys.
The ISDRP shows high efficiency rate clearly with the throughput and propagation results by implementation in
practice over SRDP.
Keywords: identity-based cryptography,ISDRP, heapsort algorithm, Reprogramming, SDRP, Wireless sensor
network.
All optical single module phase encoded half-adder and halfsubtractor exploit...IOSR Journals
The development of all optical super fast arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is one of the most important
requirement for construction of super fast all optical processor. All optical half-adder and half-subtractor have
performed most of the essential functions of the arithmetic logic unit. Here in this paper the author has
proposed a scheme of single module for phase encoded simultaneous operation of half-addition and halfsubtraction
for the same input bits using four wave mixing (FWM) in semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA).
This type of single module for simultaneous operations using phase encoding based on the difference of phase
with the reference signal one through FWM in SOA will gives fast response to accomplish the demand of super
fast all optical processing
Monitoring Of Macronutrients Uptake by Soil and Potato Plants – A Comparative...IOSR Journals
Soil test1, 2 is necessary to identify optimal concentrations of essential elements required for plant growth. The fertility of soil is affected by the presence of some essential elements as Macronutrients like N, P& K. This study including the status of Macronutrients in the soil and potato plans. The percentage of nitrogen (N) in soil of potato plant was obtained 5.6% and 1.89% where as nitrogen percentage in plant ash was 17.45% and 16.4% respectively. But the phosphorus and potassium are present in adequate amount in soil. As it was found that the concentration of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in part per million in soil of potato was 62ppm and 148.3ppm and in potato plant ash the concentration was 64.23ppm and 103.3ppm respectively.
This document discusses different types of transmission lines used in line communication including parallel wire lines, twisted pair wires, and coaxial cables. It describes the basic components and workings of these line types. The document also covers optical fiber systems, the components of fiber optic equipment including light sources and detectors, and key aspects of optical fibers like numerical aperture, attenuation, and dispersion. The advantages of optical fibers for communication are highlighted such as high bandwidth capacity and immunity to electromagnetic interference.
Communication - Line Communication Class 12 Part-6Self-employed
This document discusses different types of line communication systems including two wire transmission lines, coaxial cables, and optical fibers. It provides details on the components, working principles, and characteristics of each type of system. The key points covered include:
- Two wire transmission lines can be parallel wires, twisted pairs, or coaxial cables. Coaxial cables provide better protection than twisted pairs.
- Optical fiber communication works on the principle of total internal reflection within the fiber's core. It has advantages like high bandwidth, low attenuation, and immunity to electromagnetic interference.
- Important fiber optic components are light sources, amplifiers, modulators, filters, and detectors. Fiber types include multi-mode and single-
Coaxial cable was invented in 1929 to transmit multiple telephone channels over a single conductor with less interference. It consists of an inner conductor surrounded by insulation and an outer conductor, with both conductors running parallel to transmit electrical signals. Coaxial cable is commonly used for cable TV, computer networks, and connecting devices due to its ability to transmit signals over short distances with good bandwidth while shielding the signal from outside interference.
The document provides an overview of coaxial cables, including their history, construction, categories, types, electrical and physical properties, applications, benefits, and advantages/disadvantages. Coaxial cables were invented in 1929 to transmit multiple telephone channels with less interference. They consist of an inner conductor surrounded by insulation and an outer conductor, transmitting signals through the inner wire while the outer layer serves as a ground. Common types include flexible, semi-rigid, hand-formable, twin-axial, and triaxial cables.
UNIT -03 Transmission Media and Connecting Devices Raj vardhan
The document discusses various transmission media and connecting devices. It describes twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable and wireless transmission media such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, and satellite communication. For each medium, it covers characteristics, applications, advantages and disadvantages. Twisted pair cable is commonly used for telephone lines and local area networks. Coaxial cable provides high bandwidth and is used in cable TV networks. Fiber optic cable has the highest bandwidth and longest transmission distances. Wireless media transmit signals through free space using electromagnetic waves.
1) The document discusses various types of transmission media including guided media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable as well as unguided media like radio waves.
2) It explains key characteristics of each medium such as bandwidth, maximum transmission distances, and common applications. Twisted pair cable is widely used for Ethernet while coaxial and fiber optic cables can support longer transmission distances.
3) The document also describes different methods of radio wave propagation including ground waves, sky waves that reflect off the ionosphere, and line-of-sight waves between antennas. The propagation method depends on the frequency band being used.
Data can be stored as long as required (i.e. magnetic disks
rather than computer memory)
– Retrieve information.
• Sharing
– Can be used by multiple users simultaneously
– Unless two people are trying to change the same data at the
same time they should be able to operate independently
• Interrelated
– Link information about different elements to provide a
complete picture
Databases
Properties
3/4/2007 Sanjay Goel, School of Business,
This document certifies that a group of 5 students from Shankar Narayan College completed a case study on data communication cables for their semester 2 course in 2012-2013. It lists the students and is signed by their lecturer and head of department, with the college stamp. The case study covered coaxial cables, optical fiber cables, and twisted pair cables. It described the basic design and properties of each type of cable as well as their applications and advantages/disadvantages.
Transmission mediums allow data to be transmitted from one device to another through electromagnetic signals. There are three main types of transmission mediums discussed in the document: twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. Twisted pair cable is the most commonly used due to its low cost and ease of installation, though it has lower bandwidth than other options. Coaxial cable has higher bandwidth but is more expensive to install. Fiber optic cable has the highest bandwidth but is also the most expensive. The document provides details on the characteristics and applications of each transmission medium type.
1. The document examines the power capacity of transmission lines using coaxial cables as a case study.
2. The power capacity of transmission lines depends on cable size and type and is limited by voltage breakdown, which typically occurs at 3x106 V/m for air at sea level pressure. Reflections can further reduce capacity.
3. Larger coaxial cables and rectangular waveguides have greater power capacities than smaller ones. At 10 GHz, coaxial cables can transmit up to 520 kW peak power while rectangular waveguides can transmit up to 2,300 kW.
Digital Data Transmission Medium of Digital Networks and Telecommunications describing every aspects, advantages and disadvantages of the ways of transferring information between sender and receiver.
Transmission lines guide electrical energy from one point to another. They have two ends - an input end connected to the source, and an output end connected to the load. Common types of transmission lines include twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber. Twisted pair comes in unshielded and shielded variants, with shielded providing better protection against interference. Coaxial cable carries signals of higher frequencies than twisted pair. Optical fiber uses light pulses to transmit data over long distances at high speeds. Wireless transmission uses electromagnetic waves like radio waves, microwaves, and infrared to transmit data through the air without a physical medium.
This document discusses transmission systems in satellite communications. It begins by defining a transmission line as a device that transmits or guides energy from one point to another. It then discusses how transmission lines carry alternating current and are used to connect radio transmitters and receivers. The document goes on to describe the key components of fiber optic and wireless transmission systems, including transmitters, receivers, optical fiber cables, antennas, and amplifiers. It explains how each component functions and its role in transmitting signals across long distances.
This document discusses different types of guided media, including twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. It provides details on the characteristics of each type of cable, such as their uses, advantages, and disadvantages. Twisted pair cable is commonly used for short distance digital data transmission at speeds up to 9600 bits per second. Coaxial cable has higher bandwidth and can transmit signals over longer distances compared to twisted pair. Fiber optic cable has the highest bandwidth capability and is less susceptible to interference, but is the most expensive option.
This document discusses the key components of computer networking, including different types of transmission media. It describes bounded media such as twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables. For each type of cable, it outlines the basic components and design, advantages and disadvantages, bandwidth capabilities, and common applications. The document concludes with review questions to assess understanding of networking fundamentals.
IT Infrastructure and Network Technologies - Finals by Mark John LadoMark John Lado, MIT
This document discusses various types of transmission mediums used in computer networks. It covers bounded or guided mediums like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. It describes their characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and applications. It also discusses unbounded or unguided mediums like radio waves and microwaves. The document provides detailed information on the different properties and uses of each transmission medium.
This document discusses various transmission media used to transfer electromagnetic signals and data from one point to another. It categorizes transmission media as either guided (wired) media which uses cabling systems like twisted pair, coaxial cable and optical fiber, or unguided (wireless) media which transmits through air/vacuum using techniques like radio frequency propagation, microwave transmission, satellite transmission, infrared waves, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth. Each media type is then described in terms of its working principle, applications, advantages and disadvantages. The document provides an overview of the different transmission media and technologies used for wired and wireless communication networks.
Analyzing the Different Parameters of Dipole AntennaIJEEE
Ultra wideband is a wireless technology to realize high speed communications which is performed in wideband. In this paper the wideband dipole antenna is designed.
Transmission media carries information from the sender to the receiver using electromagnetic signals. There are two types of transmission media: guided media and unguided media. Guided media includes twisted pair, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cables which channel signals through physical pathways. Unguided media transmits signals through open air using radio waves, microwaves, or infrared waves without physical pathways. Each type has its own characteristics for frequency range, distance capability, bandwidth, and advantages.
The document discusses different types of transmission media used for telecommunications including guided media like twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and optical fiber as well as unguided or wireless media. It describes the basic characteristics of each type of medium, how they transmit signals, their applications, advantages and disadvantages.
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
Dive into the realm of operating systems (OS) with Pravash Chandra Das, a seasoned Digital Forensic Analyst, as your guide. 🚀 This comprehensive presentation illuminates the core concepts, types, and evolution of OS, essential for understanding modern computing landscapes.
Beginning with the foundational definition, Das clarifies the pivotal role of OS as system software orchestrating hardware resources, software applications, and user interactions. Through succinct descriptions, he delineates the diverse types of OS, from single-user, single-task environments like early MS-DOS iterations, to multi-user, multi-tasking systems exemplified by modern Linux distributions.
Crucial components like the kernel and shell are dissected, highlighting their indispensable functions in resource management and user interface interaction. Das elucidates how the kernel acts as the central nervous system, orchestrating process scheduling, memory allocation, and device management. Meanwhile, the shell serves as the gateway for user commands, bridging the gap between human input and machine execution. 💻
The narrative then shifts to a captivating exploration of prominent desktop OSs, Windows, macOS, and Linux. Windows, with its globally ubiquitous presence and user-friendly interface, emerges as a cornerstone in personal computing history. macOS, lauded for its sleek design and seamless integration with Apple's ecosystem, stands as a beacon of stability and creativity. Linux, an open-source marvel, offers unparalleled flexibility and security, revolutionizing the computing landscape. 🖥️
Moving to the realm of mobile devices, Das unravels the dominance of Android and iOS. Android's open-source ethos fosters a vibrant ecosystem of customization and innovation, while iOS boasts a seamless user experience and robust security infrastructure. Meanwhile, discontinued platforms like Symbian and Palm OS evoke nostalgia for their pioneering roles in the smartphone revolution.
The journey concludes with a reflection on the ever-evolving landscape of OS, underscored by the emergence of real-time operating systems (RTOS) and the persistent quest for innovation and efficiency. As technology continues to shape our world, understanding the foundations and evolution of operating systems remains paramount. Join Pravash Chandra Das on this illuminating journey through the heart of computing. 🌟
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Nunit vs XUnit vs MSTest Differences Between These Unit Testing Frameworks.pdfflufftailshop
When it comes to unit testing in the .NET ecosystem, developers have a wide range of options available. Among the most popular choices are NUnit, XUnit, and MSTest. These unit testing frameworks provide essential tools and features to help ensure the quality and reliability of code. However, understanding the differences between these frameworks is crucial for selecting the most suitable one for your projects.
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...alexjohnson7307
Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that anticipates equipment failures before they happen. At the forefront of this innovative strategy is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which brings unprecedented precision and efficiency. AI in predictive maintenance is transforming industries by reducing downtime, minimizing costs, and enhancing productivity.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
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H010625867
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 10, Issue 6 Ver. II (Nov – Dec. 2015), PP 58-67
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10625867 www.iosrjournals.org 58 | Page
Analysis of Co-Axial Cable Response to 700m Long Digital Data
Transmission.
Olumuyiwa Oludare Fagbohun
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
Abstract: This project work is based on analysis of coaxial cable when pulse signal (digital signal) is
transmitted through it. Transmission of information (Video, Audio or Data) in form of signal through cable
suffers degradation such as signal attenuation, signal power loss and signal energy transmitted. An experiment
was carried out to analyze the various factors (signal attenuation, signal power loss and signal energy
transmitted) that affect signal that are been transmitted through coaxial cable at a distance of 100m. The output
voltage of a digital data was measured at an interval of 100m with the effects of frequency variation of the input
signal, as well as effect of distance on the transmitted power. It was discovered that the signal attenuation, the
signal power loss and the signal energy transmitted increase as the length increases, in line with the established
laws.
Keywords: Attenuation, co-axial cable, distance, frequency, loading, transmitted power.
I. Introduction
The transmission medium is what actually carries a signal from point to point in the network. The
signal carried by the medium may be voice or data, network control signals or combination of the two. For data
to the transferred from place to place, it must have a route of getting there. To achieve this, many difference
devices have been developed. In addition, every medium has its own particular advantages and disadvantages.
Although modern transmission mediums can be found in many shapes and sizes, they can typically be separated
into three categories, wire, radio and fiber optic [1].
Twisted pair cable, coaxial cable and open wire are common transmission medium found not only in
the local loop and exchange network but also in the long haul network. Wire is certainly the oldest and most
straight forward of all mediums, yet it still remains the foundation of the network [1,2]. Wire has several
disadvantages. It is expensive heavy and bulky. The cost of installing and repairing long-haul wire is often
prohibitive when compared with other new media. Wires are susceptible to environmental effect such as
corrosion, noise and voltage spikes [2,3]. Twisted pair consists of two pair of twisted cable, twisted around each
other. Twisted pair can be bundled together so that more than a thousand pair can be placed together. Telephone
lines are cheap and fairly fast but they are very sensitive to distance and require repeaters or amplifier every
couple of miles to keep the signal strong when received at the other end [3]. The bandwidth of twisted pair is
about 1 Mega bit per seconds.
Coaxial cable is a high bandwidth insulated cables. It is the same cable that is used for television cable.
It is capable of transmitting 100 Mega bit per seconds. It is a big improvement over twisted pair. Coaxial cable
consists of a copper wire core covered by insulation then a braided copper shielding covered by a plastic
coating. It is used where a higher bandwidth than twisted pair is necessary [4,5].
Transmission of information as an electromagnetic signal occurs as a traverse electromagnetic wave.
With transmission lines, the metallic conductors confine the traverse electromagnetic wave to the vicinity of the
dielectric surrounding the conductors. Some aspect of the transmission are best treated in terms of the
distributed circuit parameters of the line, while others require the wave properties of the line to be taken into
account. In communications and electronic engineering, a transmission line is a specialized cable or other
structure designed to carry alternating current of radio frequency that is currents with a frequency high enough
that their wave‟s nature must be taken into account [5].
Transmission lines are used for purposes such as connecting radio transmitters and receivers with their
antennas, distributing cable television signals. Energy travels along a transmission line in the form of an
electromagnetic wave, the wave set up by the signal source being known as the incident wave. When the load
impedance at the receiving end is a reflection less match for the line with all the energy been transferred to the
load. If reflection less matching is not achieved, energy will be reflected back along the line in the form of a
reflected wave [6,7].
1.1 Coaxial Cable
2. Analysis of Co-axial cable response to 700m long Digital data Transmission.
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10625867 www.iosrjournals.org 59 | Page
Coaxial cable consists of two products that share a common axis. The conduction is typically a straight
wire, either solid or stranded and the outer conductor is typically a shield that might be brooded or a foil.
Coaxial cable is a cable type used to carry radio signals, video signal, measurement signals and data signals. It
consists of on insulated center conductor which is covered with a shield [5,7]. The signal is carried between the
cable shield and the center conductor. This arrangement give quite good shielding again noise from outside
cable and keeps the signal well inside the cables and keeps the cable characteristics stable. Coaxial cables and
systems connected to them are not ideal. There is always some signal radiating from coaxial cable. Hence, the
outer conductor also functions as a shield to reduce coupling of the signal into adjacent wiring. The more the
shield coverage the lesser the energy radiated but, not necessarily mean less signal attenuation [7]. Coaxial
cables are typically characterized with the impedance and cable loss. The length has nothing to do with coaxial
cable impedance. Characterizes impedance is determined by the size and spacing of the conductors and the type
of dielectric used between them. For ordinary coaxial cable that use a reasonable frequency, the characteristic
impedance depends on the dimensions of the inner and outer conductors [5,7].
The types of Coaxial Cables available are ;RG-6/U, RG-59B/U, RG-11, RG-11A/U, RG-58C/U, RG-
213U, RG-62A/U [7].
Figure 1: Diagram of a co-axial cable [7]
1.2 Structural Characteristics
The inner or centre conductor is used for the transmission of signal and responsible for ever 80% of the
coaxial cables attenuation level. The bigger the section of wire, the bigger the surface and the lesser the
attenuation. The dielectric layer of material placed around the inner conductor serve to keep the conduct exactly
concentrically with respect to the screen, to perfect the conductor from atmosphere agents; while the outer
conductor(screen) function is to protect the antenna‟s signal running along the conductor from external
interference as well as to avoid the radiation from electromagnetic signal outward. The Sheath protects the
coaxial cable from the external environment [5,7].
1.3 Electrical Characteristics
It represents the decrease in intensity that the signal undergoes while crossing the cable. It is generally
measured in (B/100m).Attenuation is a function of the frequency of the signal and the length and physical
structure of the cable itself. Specifically it depends on: The diameter of the inner conductor: as the diameter of
the conductor increase attenuation decreases. The composition of the outer conductor: the more effective the
screening action, the lower the attenuation. The nature of the dielectric: the lower its dielectric constant, the
lower the attenuation. The impedance represents the opposition that a given circuit (thus also a cable) offers to
the passage of the alternate electric current. In particular, characteristic impedance is defined as the relationship
between the applied tension and the current absorbed in a coaxial cable of infinite length. Examples of
standardized values for coaxial cables are 50ohm, 75ohm and 93ohm. Screening effectiveness defines the outer
conductor‟s (screen‟s) capability to oppose external electromagnetic interferences [5,6,7].
II. Materials and Methods
A practical experiment was conducted on the coaxial cable in order to obtain the cable‟s response to
long distance digital transmission. The following materials were used for conducting the experiment: a coaxial
cable of the type RG6/u; with total length of 700m. A cathode Ray Oscilloscope was used for viewing the
signal wave formed at both the input and the output cable, and function generator used to generate square wave
signal for the transmission through the cable.
3. Analysis of Co-axial cable response to 700m long Digital data Transmission.
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10625867 www.iosrjournals.org 60 | Page
A resistor was used for loading the circuit with various resistors values such as 50Ω, 75Ω and 10kΩ. A
Digital Multi-meter was used to take the voltage measurement. Other materials used include RF connectors
(male and female type and tee type), pliers and measuring tape.
The procedures involved in the experiment are outlined below:
Step 1: Cable Measurement and Cutting
The cable was removed with a measuring tape and cut at every 100m length. Each 100m length of the
cable was then terminated using RF connectors. The male type connector was used for terminating the cable at
one end while the female connector was used at the other end.
Step 2: Continuity and Bridge Test
The cables were tested for continuity of both the inner and the outer conductors. The presence of a
„bridge‟ i.e. a contact between the inner and outer conductors was also checked for during the test. The faults
were corrected where they were noticed.
Figure 2: Block Diagram for the Experiment
Step 3: Circuit Connection and Measurement
After the continuity of both the inner and outer conductors as well as the absence of the bridge between
the conductors were ascertained, the cable‟s input terminals were connected to the function generator‟s output
terminals and also to the cathode ray oscilloscope input channel‟s probes for a given distance D (length of the
cable).The Function generator was powered while it was set to generate square wave signals at a given
frequency F. The function generator‟s output was set to 5V ac. The 5V signal was then connected across the
input terminals of the coaxial cable. At the other end of the cable, a resistor was connected across the terminals.
The Function generator‟s output was readjusted to 5Vac after connecting a resistor to the output
terminal. The output voltage across the resistor was then taken using a digital multi-meter and recorded. The
experiment was first conducted for the length D =100m for the 75Ω resistor at frequencies F=50Hz, 100Hz,
500Hz, 1000Hz and 10000Hz.After the 100m distance, the experience was repeated for distance D=200m,
300m, 400m, 500m, 600m, and 700m at a step of 100m.The entire experiment was also repeated for R=50Ω and
10kΩ starting with D = 200m, 300m incremental at 100m to 700m. The result obtained were recorded and given
in the table below.
Table 1: Result of Experiment for R=75Ω at 100m
S/N Frequency Range (Hz) 75Ω Load
Input Voltage Output Voltage
V1 (Volts) V2 (Volts)
1 50 5.00 3.50
2 100 5.00 3.50
3 500 5.00 3.50
4 1000 5.00 3.30
5 10000 5.00 2.80
Table 2: Result of Experiment for R=75Ω, 50Ω and 10kΩ at 200m
S/N Frequency
Range (Hz)
75Ω load
Input Output
V1(Volts)V2(Volts)
50Ω load
Input Output
V1(Volts) V2 (Volts)
10kΩ load
Input Output
V1 (Volts) V2 (Volts)
1 50 5.00 2.60 5.00 2.10 5.00 5.00
2 100 5.00 2.60 5.00 2.00 5.00 5.00
3 500 5.00 2.50 5.00 2.00 5.00 5.00
4 1000 5.00 2.40 5.00 1.80 5.00 4.4
5 10000 5.00 2.05 5.00 1.30 5.00 5.15
- -
𝑰
𝑷 𝑶/𝑷
+ +
COAXIAL
CABLE
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
-
D
OSCILLOSCOPE
RESISTOR
4. Analysis of Co-axial cable response to 700m long Digital data Transmission.
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10625867 www.iosrjournals.org 61 | Page
Table.3: Result of Experiment for R=75Ω, 50Ω and 10kΩ at 300m
S/N Frequency
Range (Hz)
75Ω load
Input Output
V1 (Volts) V2(Volts)
50Ω load
Input Output
V1 (Volts) V2 (Volts)
10kΩ load
Input Output
V1 (Volts) V2 (Volts)
1 50 5.00 2.00 5.00 1.50 5.00 4.80
2 100 5.00 2.10 5.00 1.50 5.00 4.90
3 500 5.00 2.20 5.00 1.60 5.00 4.80
4 1000 5.00 2.00 5.00 1.50 5.00 4.90
5 10000 5.00 1.50 5.00 0.70 5.00 5.20
Table 4: Result of Experiment for R=75Ω, 50Ω and 10kΩ at 400m
S/N Frequency
Range (Hz)
75Ω load
Input Output
V1 (Volts) V2 (Volts)
50Ω load
Input Output
V1 (Volts) V2 (Volts)
10kΩ load
Input Output
V1 (Volts) V2 (Volts)
1 50 5.00 1.70 5.00 1.20 5.00 4.80
2 100 5.00 1.70 5.00 1.35 5.00 4.80
3 500 5.00 1.80 5.00 1.35 5.00 4.80
4 1000 5.00 1.80 5.00 1.05 5.00 4.70
5 10000 5.00 1.20 5.00 0.70 5.00 5.30
Table 5: Result of Experiment for R=75Ω, 50Ω and 10kΩ at 500m
S/N Frequency
Range (Hz)
75Ω load
Input Output
V1(Volts)V2 (Volts)
50Ω load
Input Output
V1(Volts) V2 (Volts)
10kΩ load
Input Output
V1(Volts) V2 (Volts)
1 50 5.00 1.40 5.00 1.00 5.00 4.80
2 100 5.00 1.40 5.00 1.00 5.00 4.80
3 500 5.00 1.50 5.00 1.10 5.00 4.80
4 1000 5.00 1.30 5.00 0.85 5.00 4.90
5 10000 5.00 1.00 5.00 0.60 5.00 4.70
Table 6: Result of Experiment for R=75Ω, 50Ω and 10kΩ at 600m
S/N Frequency
Range (Hz)
75Ω load
Input Output
V1(Volts)V2 (Volts)
50Ω load
Input Output
V1(Volts) V2 (Volts)
10kΩ load
Input Output
V1 (Volts) V2 (Volts)
1 50 5.00 1.30 5.00 0.80 5.00 4.80
2 100 5.00 1.20 5.00 0.80 5.00 4.80
3 500 5.00 1.30 5.00 0.80 5.00 4.80
4 1000 5.00 1.00 5.00 0.60 5.00 4.90
5 10000 5.00 0.80 5.00 0.50 5.00 4.40
Table 7: Result of Experiment for R=75Ω, 50Ω and 10kΩ at 700m
S/N Frequency
Range (Hz)
75Ω load
Input Output
V1(Volts)V2 (Volts)
50Ω load
Input Output
V1(Volts) V2 (Volts)
10kΩ load
Input Output
V1(Volts) V2 (Volts)
1 50 5.00 1.20 5.00 0.80 5.00 4.80
2 100 5.00 1.20 5.00 0.80 5.00 4.90
3 500 5.00 1.20 5.00 0.80 5.00 4.80
4 1000 5.00 1.00 5.00 0.60 5.00 4.90
5 10000 5.00 0.60 5.00 0.40 5.00 4.00
III. Analysis of Result
The analysis involves the following: Calculation of attenuation, power and energy; Graphical variation
of the calculated parameters showing: The variation of the calculated parameters with frequency and distance
and the Interpretation of the graphs.
The attenuation of the signal on transmission is calculated from 𝐴 =
𝑉1
𝑉2
;
In decibels, 𝐴 𝑑𝑏 =10×log10
𝑉1
𝑉2
The power transmitted is calculated from the formula =
𝑉2
2
𝑅
; where 𝑉2 = Voltage across the load at the
cable‟s output R = Load Resistor
The energy transmitted is given by the formula 𝐸 = 𝑃 × 𝑇 … … … … … … . (𝑖)
Where P = Power ,T = Time
5. Analysis of Co-axial cable response to 700m long Digital data Transmission.
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10625867 www.iosrjournals.org 62 | Page
But 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇 =
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐷
𝑉
… … … … … … … … … … . . (𝑖𝑖)
The velocity of an electromagnetic wave in a medium is given as 𝑉 =
𝑉𝑐
𝐾
…… … … … … … … . (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
Where 𝑉𝑐 = Velocity of light in vacuum = 3.0×108
mls, K = Dielectric constant of the medium
𝑇 = 𝐷
𝑉 … … … … … … … (𝑖𝑣)
Substitute 𝑉 =
𝑉𝑐
𝐾
into equation (iv)
𝑇 = 𝐷 ÷
𝑉𝑐
𝐾
or 𝑇 =
𝐷 𝐾
𝑉𝑐
… … … … … … (𝑣)
For RG6/U coaxial cable, the dielectric is polyethylene foam with a constant K = 1.64
𝑇 =
𝐷 × 1.64
3.0 × 108
𝑇 = 0.427𝐷 × 10−8
… … … … . (𝑣𝑖)
Substituting for T in equation (i), energy becomes
𝐸 = 𝑃 × 0.427𝐷 × 10−8
Table 8: For Frequency F = 50Hz and R = 75Ω
S/N Distance(m) Attenuation(dB) Power(watts)×10−3
Energy(joules)×10−9
1 100 1.549 163.3 69.73
2 200 2.840 90.13 76.97
3 300 3.979 53.30 68.27
4 400 4.685 38.50 65.76
5 500 5.528 26.13 55.79
6 600 5.820 22.53 57.72
7 700 6.198 19.20 57.38
Table 9: For Frequency F = 100Hz and R = 75Ω
S/N Distance(m) Attenuation(dB) Power(watts)×10−3
Energy(joules)×10−9
1 100 1.549 163.30 69.73
2 200 2.840 90.13 76.97
3 300 3.768 58.80 75.32
4 400 4.685 38.50 65.76
5 500 5.528 26.13 55.79
6 600 6.198 19.20 57.72
7 700 6.198 19.20 57.38
Table10: For Frequency F = 500Hz and R = 75Ω
S/N Distance(m) Attenuation(dB) Power(watts)×10−3
Energy(joules)×10−9
1 100 1.549 163.30 69.73
2 200 3.010 83.30 71.14
3 300 3.565 70.50 90.31
4 400 4.437 43.20 73.78
5 500 5.229 30.00 64.05
6 600 5.850 22.50 57.65
7 700 6.198 19.20 57.38
Table 11: For Frequency F = 1,000Hz and R = 75Ω
S/N Distance(m) Attenuation(dB) Power(watts)×10−3
Energy(joules)×10−9
1 100 1.805 145.20 61.92
2 200 3.188 76.80 65.59
3 300 3.979 53.30 68.28
4 400 4.437 43.20 73.78
5 500 5.850 22.50 48.05
6 600 6.990 13.30 34.07
7 700 6.990 13.30 39.75
Table 12: For Frequency F = 10,000Hz and R = 75Ω
S/N Distance(m) Attenuation(dB) Power(watts)×10−3
Energy(joules)×10−9
1 100 2.518 104.53 44.62
2 200 3.872 56.03 47.85
3 300 5.229 30.00 38.43
4 400 6.198 19.20 32.79
5 500 6.990 13.30 28.39
6 600 7.959 8.54 21.85
6. Analysis of Co-axial cable response to 700m long Digital data Transmission.
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10625867 www.iosrjournals.org 63 | Page
7 700 9.208 4.80 14.34
Table 13: For Frequency F = 50Hz and R = 50Ω
S/N Distance(m) Attenuation(dB) Power(watts)×10−3
Energy(joules)×10−9
1 200 3.768 88.20 75.32
2 300 5.229 45.00 57.65
3 400 6.198 28.80 49.19
4 500 6.990 20.00 42.70
5 600 7.959 12.82 32.79
6 700 7.959 12.80 38.25
Table 14: For Frequency F = 100Hz and R = 50Ω
S/N Distance(m) Attenuation(dB) Power(watts)×10−3
Energy(joules)×10−9
1 200 3.979 80.00 68.32
2 300 5.229 45.00 57.65
3 400 5.686 36.50 62.34
4 500 6.990 20.00 42.70
5 600 7.959 12.82 32.79
6 700 7.959 12.80 38.25
Table 15: For Frequency F = 500Hz and R = 50Ω
S/N Distance(m) Attenuation(dB) Power(watts)×10−3
Energy(joules)×10−9
1 200 3.010 80.00 68.32
2 300 4.949 51.20 65.59
3 400 5.686 36.50 62.34
4 500 6.576 24.20 51.67
5 600 7.959 12.82 32.79
6 700 7.959 12.80 38.25
Table 16: For Frequency F = 1,000Hz and R = 50Ω
S/N Distance(m) Attenuation(dB) Power(watts)×10−3
Energy(joules)×10−9
1 200 4.437 64.80 55.33
2 300 5.229 45.00 57.65
3 400 6.778 22.05 37.66
4 500 7.696 14.45 30.85
5 600 9.208 7.20 18.44
6 700 9.208 7.20 21.52
Table 17: For Frequency F = 10,000Hz and R = 50Ω
S/N Distance(m) Attenuation(dB) Power(watts)×10−3
Energy(joules)×10−9
1 200 5.850 33.80 28.86
2 300 8.539 9.80 10.25
3 400 8.539 9.80 16.74
4 500 9.208 7.20 15.37
5 600 10.000 5.00 12.81
6 700 10.969 3.20 9.56
Table 18: For Frequency F = 50Hz and R = 10kΩ
S/N Distance(m) Attenuation(dB) Power(watts)×10−3
Energy(joules)×10−9
1 200 0.000 2.50 21.35
2 300 0.177 2.30 29.45
3 400 0.177 2.30 39.28
4 500 0.177 2.30 49.11
5 600 0.177 2.30 58.92
6 700 0.177 2.30 68.75
Table 19: For Frequency F = 100Hz and R = 10kΩ
S/N Distance(m) Attenuation(dB) Power(watts)×10−3
Energy(joules)×10−9
1 200 0.000 2.50 21.35
2 300 0.088 2.40 30.74
3 400 0.177 2.30 39.28
4 500 0.177 2.30 49.11
5 600 0.177 2.30 58.92
6 700 0.177 2.40 68.75
7. Analysis of Co-axial cable response to 700m long Digital data Transmission.
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10625867 www.iosrjournals.org 64 | Page
Table 20: For Frequency F = 500Hz and R = 10kΩ
S/N Distance(m) Attenuation(dB) Power(watts)×10−3
Energy(joules)×10−9
1 200 0.000 2.50 21.35
2 300 0.177 2.30 29.46
3 400 0.177 2.30 39.28
4 500 0.177 2.30 49.11
5 600 0.177 2.30 58.92
6 700 0.177 2.30 68.75
Table 21: For Frequency F = 1,000Hz and R = 10kΩ
S/N Distance(m) Attenuation(dB) Power(watts)×10−3
Energy(joules)×10−9
1 200 0.555 1.94 16.57
2 300 0.088 2.40 30.74
3 400 0.268 2.40 37.58
4 500 0.088 2.40 51.24
5 600 0.088 2.40 61.49
6 700 0.088 2.40 71.74
Table 22: For Frequency F = 10,000Hz and R = 10kΩ
S/N Distance(m) Attenuation(dB) Power(watts)×10−3
Energy(joules)×10−9
1 200 -0.128 2.65 22.63
2 300 -0.170 2.70 34.59
3 400 -0.253 2.81 42.87
4 500 0.269 2.21 47.18
5 600 0.555 1.94 49.70
6 700 0.969 1.60 45.43
Table 23: For Distance D = 200m and R = 75Ω
S/N Frequency (Hz) Attenuation(dB) Power(watts)×10−3
Energy(joules)×10−9
1 50 2.840 90.13 76.97
2 100 2.840 90.13 76.97
3 500 3.010 83.30 90.31
4 1000 3.188 76.80 65.59
5 10000 3.872 56.03 47.85
Table 24: For Distance D = 700m and R = 75Ω
S/N Frequency (Hz) Attenuation(dB) Power(watts)×10−3
Energy(joules)×10−9
1 50 6.198 19.20 57.38
2 100 6.198 19.20 57.38
3 500 6.198 19.20 57.38
4 1000 6.990 13.30 39.75
5 10000 9.208 4.80 14.34
Table 25: For Distance D = 200m and R = 50Ω
S/N Frequency (Hz) Attenuation(dB) Power(watts)×10−3
Energy(joules)×10−9
1 50 3.768 88.20 75.32
2 100 3.979 80.00 68.32
3 500 3.010 80.00 68.32
4 1000 4.437 64.80 55.33
5 10000 5.850 33.80 28.80
Table 26: For Distance D = 700m and R = 50Ω
S/N Frequency (Hz) Attenuation(dB) Power(watts)×10−3
Energy(joules)×10−9
1 50 7.959 12.80 38.25
2 100 7.959 12.80 38.25
3 500 7.959 12.80 38.25
4 1000 9.208 7.20 21.52
5 10000 10.969 3.20 9.56
Table 27: For Distance D = 200m and R = 10kΩ
S/N Frequency (Hz) Attenuation(dB) Power(watts)×10−3
Energy(joules)×10−9
1 50 0.000 2.50 21.35
2 100 0.000 2.50 21.35
3 500 0.000 2.50 21.35
4 1000 0.555 1.94 16.59
5 10000 0.969 1.60 45.43
8. Analysis of Co-axial cable response to 700m long Digital data Transmission.
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10625867 www.iosrjournals.org 65 | Page
Table 28: For Distance D = 700m and R = 10kΩ
S/N Frequency (Hz) Attenuation(dB) Power(watts)×10−3
Energy(joules)×10−9
1 50 0.177 2.30 68.75
2 100 0.177 2.40 68.75
3 500 0.177 2.30 68.75
4 1000 0.088 2.40 71.74
5 10000 0.969 1.60 45.43
Tables 8-28 shows the variations of the three properties, i.e. attenuation energy and power with
distance and frequency for each load resistor i.e. 75Ω, 50Ω and 10kΩ.For the variation of the properties with
distance, two graphs are drawn for each load at F = 100Hz and F = 10,000Hz. For the variation with frequency,
two graphs are also drawn for each load at D = 200m and 700m.
The graph of figures 1-6 shows for 50 and 75ohms loading an increase in attenuation with distance
which shows that the signal strength is lost as the signal propagates along the line. The transmitted power
decreases with distance as seen from the graph. Comparing the two graphs, it shows that the general trend
suggests a decrease in power with distance. With the exception of distance 100m and 200m where there is an
increase in energy for both 100Hz and 10,000Hz, energy decreases with distance. The trend taken by both
graphs shows a decrease in the energy along the line. For 10kΩ loading, the graphs show very low attenuation
values compared to the 50Ω and 75Ω resistance. There is no regular trend in the attenuation of the signal with
distance. At 10,000Hz, negative values of attenuation are observed which is unrealistic. The power variation
with distance as observed from the graphs is not regular and the graphs show an increase in energy with the
exception of the 700m for 10,000Hz.
The graph of figures 7-12 shows the variation of the calculated properties i.e. attenuation, power and
energy with frequency at 200m and 700 respectively. For 50 and 75Ω loading, there is an increase in attenuation
after a constant value between 50Hz and 500Hz. The trend of the graphs shows an increase of attenuation with
frequency. With the exception of 700m at frequencies between 50Hz and 500Hz, there is a decrease in power
after a constant value in power with increase in frequency, and Energy follows the same pattern as power. The
trend of the graphs suggests a decrease in energy with frequency. For 10KΩ loading graphs 12(a) and 12(b)
show the variation of the properties with frequency for 10kΩ at 200m and 700m respectively. The two graphs
give different trends for the attenuation at high frequencies an indication that the trend for various distances
cannot be uniform. The two graphs show that power variation with frequency does not follow the same trend,
while the trend the variation takes with frequency can also be seen not be uniform at various distances.
IV. Conclusion
The transmission of signal in terms of transmitted power, energy and attenuation varies with change in
distance and frequency. Transmitted power and energy decrease with increase in distance and frequency at a
loading of 50Ω and 75Ω resistors. The use of 10kΩ resistor does not follow the trend, it varies randomly.
Attenuation increases with increase in distance and frequency at a loading of 50Ω and 75Ω resistors while the
use of 10kΩ (very high loading) resistor changes trend and follows a non-uniform trend. The non-uniformity of
the various variations (when the 10kΩ was used) might be caused due to a wrong impedance matching which
mostly tend to a backward reflection of the generated signal thereby sitting up an interference pattern known as
Standing Wave. Thus, in the transmission of signal, it is recommended to use an appropriate impedance
matching as this can affects the transmission of signal in terms of the transmitted power, energy and attenuation
with changes in distance and frequency.
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Figure 3: Power, Energy and Attenuation against Distance at a). 100Hz and b). 10 KHz FOR 75 ohms loading.
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DOI: 10.9790/1676-10625867 www.iosrjournals.org 67 | Page
Figure 7: Power, Energy and Attenuation against Frequency at a). 200m and b). 700m for 100 ohms loading.