Inventory management decisions are an integral aspect of organisations. Inventory postponement as
argued by Bucklin (1965) is where a firm deliberately delays the purchase and the physical possession of
inventory items until demand or usage requirements are known with certainty. This is an effective supply chain
strategy adopted by most manufacturing organisations by reducing the inventory, and in turn reducing the cost
of obsolete stock. This study explores the relationship between inventory management and control and
performance and Food and Beverages companies in Nigeria. Secondary data were obtained from annual
financial reports and accounts of Food and Beverages companies listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The
data obtained were analyzed using simple and multiple regression models. The results show that there
significant relationship between inventory management and control and the performance of Food and
Beverages companies in Nigeria. The multiple regression correlation coefficient (R) =0.996, R2=0.990 and pvalue
=0;00<0.05 The results also show the relative importance of the inventory management decisions made
by the organisation, and the implications these decisions have on the consumer. The findings show that the three
key qualities that are essential in inventory management decisions for manufacturing organisation from the
perspective of the third party logistics provider are customer satisfaction, on time delivery and order fulfillment
Impact of Inventory Management on the Effectiveness of Supply Chain Managemen...paperpublications3
Abstract: The main objective of the study was to assess factors affecting the effectiveness of supply chain management practices in Kenyan public sector with, specific reference to the Ministry of Finance. The study’s specific objective being; to establish the effect of inventory management on the effectiveness of supply chain management practices. The study adopted a descriptive case research design and the study population comprised of 120 management staff working at the Ministry of finances’ procurement, finance and administration departments. A stratified random sampling technique was employed to select a sample size of 60 respondents. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instrument. Descriptive statistics data analysis method was applied to analyze numerical data gathered using closed ended questions aided by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Pearson correlation was carried out to establish the relationship between the research variables. Inventory management was also found to have a strong positive correlation with effectiveness of SCM practices (r = 0.915). The study recommend implementation of EOQ inventory management methods for and IT based SCM systems.
Effect of inventory management on organisational effectivenessAlexander Decker
This document discusses inventory management and its effect on organizational effectiveness. It begins by defining inventory management and describing the different types of inventory. It then discusses the purposes of holding inventory and different inventory systems like fixed order quantity and fixed order interval systems. The document also covers inventory control methods like perpetual, physical and materials control cycle. It presents research on four organizations in Enugu, Nigeria to analyze the relationship between inventory management and organizational productivity, profitability and effectiveness. The findings indicate a significant relationship between good inventory management and organizational effectiveness, and that inventory management positively impacts organizational productivity and profitability.
Instantaneous Deteriorated Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Model with Promotion...IJAEMSJORNAL
This model studies the problem by proposing a continuous review inventory model under promotion by assuming that the units do not lost due to deterioration of the items. In this model optimization has been studied for applying promotional effort cost with promotion constraint. The effect of deteriorating items on the instantaneous profit maximization replenishment model under promotion is considered in this model. The market demand may increase with the promotion of the product over time when the units do not lost due to deterioration. In this model, promotional effort and replenishment decision are adjusted arbitrarily upward or downward for profit maximization model in response to the change in market demand within the planning horizon with fixed ordering cost. The objective of this model is to determine the optimal time length, the promotional effort and the replenishment quantity with fixed ordering cost so that the net profit is maximized and the numerical analysis show that an appropriate promotion policy can benefit the retailer and that promotion policy is important, especially for deteriorating items. Finally, sensitivity analyses of the optimal solution with respect to the major parameters are also studied to draw the managerial implications.
Factors Affecting Inventory Management Efficiency in Kenya Seed Company, Kita...paperpublications3
Abstract: Most of parastatal in Kenya face problems of efficiency in their inventory management systems. Despite this fact, limited scientific research has been undertaken to examine the factors that influence inventory management efficiency in Kenya Seeds Company. The main objective of the study was to assess factors affecting the effectiveness of inventory management practices in Kenya Seed Company. The study adopted a case study research design to produce detailed description in order to evaluate the phenomena. The target population was 110 management staff working at the Company’s procurement departments from which a sample size of 87 respondents was drawn. Questionnaires were used to collect data and descriptive statistics data analysis method applied to analyze data using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20. Data analysis involved inferential statistics where regression analysis was used to establish the association between study variables at 95% confidence level, p-value ± 0.05. Staff training, level of technology, stock evaluation and procurement policies had a positive and significant association on the efficiency of inventory management at Kenya Seed Company. The results showed that most of the staff do not have necessary competency to run the procurement function, there is poor stock audit practices, outdated procurement systems and long bureaucratic procedures. The research finding is helpful to academicians, procurement officers and the Kenya seed company as a whole on the determinants of procurement performance.
Keywords: Inventory management efficiency, level of technology, procurement policies, Staff training, and stock evaluation.
Title: Factors Affecting Inventory Management Efficiency in Kenya Seed Company, Kitale Branch, Kenya
Author: Okwaro, Fredrick, Iravo, Mike, Berut, Zipporah
ISSN 2349-7807
International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM)
Paper Publications
AN OPTIMIZING INTEGRATED INVENTORY MODEL WITH INVESTMENT FOR QUALITY IMPROVEM...IJITCA Journal
This paper presents a vendor-buyer integrated inventory model. This paper considers the problem of a vendor and buyer integrated production inventory model for the vendor and the buyer optimization model
under quality improvement investment and setup cost reduction in the production system such that the total
profit is maximized. The relationship between demand and price is considered as a linear. Entirety profit is
the supply chain presentation calculate and it is calculated as the dissimilarity among revenue from sales
and total cost, where the last is the sum of the vendor’s and buyer’s setup/order and inventory holding
costs, opportunity in setup cost and opportunity investment cost. This manuscript efforts to conclude the
optimal production run time and capital investments in setup cost reduction and process quality
improvement for production system such that the total profit is maximized. The main focus for this paper is
the setup cost reduction and investment for quality improvement. The proposed model is based on the
integrated total profit for both buyer and vendor which find out the optimal value of order quantity,
opportunity investment cost for quality improvement and setup cost reduction. The solution procedure is
developed in order to find the total profit of the vendor and the buyer which is to be maximized. To conclude, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the solution procedure.
Strengthening Supply Chain for Growth of Organized Retail IndustryIOSRJBM
The continuing growth and expansion of organised retail Industry in India has opened the door for new investment opportunities as well as to make India strongest economy in the world. Effective supply chain management is the key driver for the success of organised retail industry. Retail Industry had emerged as one of the most dynamic, versatile and fast paced change industries due to entering of many new player (MNCs) in the market. Recent researches have shown that the growth rate of organised retail sector was 42 % in 2008 and now in 2015, it is forecast to be around US$ 600 billion, and thereby registering a CAGR of 24% in organised retail, since 2020. Which lead to a great expansion and scope of organised retail in India? This paper study how supply chain management strengthening the organised retail market and how to create a strong economy and facing a major challenges in Indian market in context to infrastructure, supply chain management.
Accounting, Purchasing and Supply Chain Management InterfaceIOSR Journals
This paper examines an interface between accounting system and purchasing/supply chain management. It explains how professional purchasing/supply management and accounting personnel contribute at least as much to the success of their organisation in areas such as supplier sourcing, or substitute materials, price determination, value analysis, outsourcing, make or buy analysis, invoice settlement and payment. At the most fundamental level, supply management concerns quick execution of work expeditiously, without fault in a cost effective manner. The paper details efficacy of goods inspection and reception procedure for the right quality and quantity through the association of purchasing and accounting department. The findings suggest that a cooperative relationship between purchasing and accounting/finance clearly can impact the development of a good supplier relations and cost reduction for the benefit of an organisation.
This study examines how inventory shortages or stockouts affect customer purchase behavior and a retailer's profitability using data from an online grocer. The three main objectives are:
1) To empirically investigate the short-term and long-term impact of stockouts on customer purchase behavior.
2) To study how customer responses to stockouts differ across customer segments.
3) To analyze how the impact of stockouts varies across product categories.
The findings suggest stockouts have a complex, nonlinear effect on customer relationships and retailer profitability. Small decreases in stockout rates can achieve much of the potential benefit of eliminating stockouts entirely. Prioritizing inventory to reduce stockouts for key customer segments and product categories can
Impact of Inventory Management on the Effectiveness of Supply Chain Managemen...paperpublications3
Abstract: The main objective of the study was to assess factors affecting the effectiveness of supply chain management practices in Kenyan public sector with, specific reference to the Ministry of Finance. The study’s specific objective being; to establish the effect of inventory management on the effectiveness of supply chain management practices. The study adopted a descriptive case research design and the study population comprised of 120 management staff working at the Ministry of finances’ procurement, finance and administration departments. A stratified random sampling technique was employed to select a sample size of 60 respondents. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instrument. Descriptive statistics data analysis method was applied to analyze numerical data gathered using closed ended questions aided by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Pearson correlation was carried out to establish the relationship between the research variables. Inventory management was also found to have a strong positive correlation with effectiveness of SCM practices (r = 0.915). The study recommend implementation of EOQ inventory management methods for and IT based SCM systems.
Effect of inventory management on organisational effectivenessAlexander Decker
This document discusses inventory management and its effect on organizational effectiveness. It begins by defining inventory management and describing the different types of inventory. It then discusses the purposes of holding inventory and different inventory systems like fixed order quantity and fixed order interval systems. The document also covers inventory control methods like perpetual, physical and materials control cycle. It presents research on four organizations in Enugu, Nigeria to analyze the relationship between inventory management and organizational productivity, profitability and effectiveness. The findings indicate a significant relationship between good inventory management and organizational effectiveness, and that inventory management positively impacts organizational productivity and profitability.
Instantaneous Deteriorated Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Model with Promotion...IJAEMSJORNAL
This model studies the problem by proposing a continuous review inventory model under promotion by assuming that the units do not lost due to deterioration of the items. In this model optimization has been studied for applying promotional effort cost with promotion constraint. The effect of deteriorating items on the instantaneous profit maximization replenishment model under promotion is considered in this model. The market demand may increase with the promotion of the product over time when the units do not lost due to deterioration. In this model, promotional effort and replenishment decision are adjusted arbitrarily upward or downward for profit maximization model in response to the change in market demand within the planning horizon with fixed ordering cost. The objective of this model is to determine the optimal time length, the promotional effort and the replenishment quantity with fixed ordering cost so that the net profit is maximized and the numerical analysis show that an appropriate promotion policy can benefit the retailer and that promotion policy is important, especially for deteriorating items. Finally, sensitivity analyses of the optimal solution with respect to the major parameters are also studied to draw the managerial implications.
Factors Affecting Inventory Management Efficiency in Kenya Seed Company, Kita...paperpublications3
Abstract: Most of parastatal in Kenya face problems of efficiency in their inventory management systems. Despite this fact, limited scientific research has been undertaken to examine the factors that influence inventory management efficiency in Kenya Seeds Company. The main objective of the study was to assess factors affecting the effectiveness of inventory management practices in Kenya Seed Company. The study adopted a case study research design to produce detailed description in order to evaluate the phenomena. The target population was 110 management staff working at the Company’s procurement departments from which a sample size of 87 respondents was drawn. Questionnaires were used to collect data and descriptive statistics data analysis method applied to analyze data using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20. Data analysis involved inferential statistics where regression analysis was used to establish the association between study variables at 95% confidence level, p-value ± 0.05. Staff training, level of technology, stock evaluation and procurement policies had a positive and significant association on the efficiency of inventory management at Kenya Seed Company. The results showed that most of the staff do not have necessary competency to run the procurement function, there is poor stock audit practices, outdated procurement systems and long bureaucratic procedures. The research finding is helpful to academicians, procurement officers and the Kenya seed company as a whole on the determinants of procurement performance.
Keywords: Inventory management efficiency, level of technology, procurement policies, Staff training, and stock evaluation.
Title: Factors Affecting Inventory Management Efficiency in Kenya Seed Company, Kitale Branch, Kenya
Author: Okwaro, Fredrick, Iravo, Mike, Berut, Zipporah
ISSN 2349-7807
International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM)
Paper Publications
AN OPTIMIZING INTEGRATED INVENTORY MODEL WITH INVESTMENT FOR QUALITY IMPROVEM...IJITCA Journal
This paper presents a vendor-buyer integrated inventory model. This paper considers the problem of a vendor and buyer integrated production inventory model for the vendor and the buyer optimization model
under quality improvement investment and setup cost reduction in the production system such that the total
profit is maximized. The relationship between demand and price is considered as a linear. Entirety profit is
the supply chain presentation calculate and it is calculated as the dissimilarity among revenue from sales
and total cost, where the last is the sum of the vendor’s and buyer’s setup/order and inventory holding
costs, opportunity in setup cost and opportunity investment cost. This manuscript efforts to conclude the
optimal production run time and capital investments in setup cost reduction and process quality
improvement for production system such that the total profit is maximized. The main focus for this paper is
the setup cost reduction and investment for quality improvement. The proposed model is based on the
integrated total profit for both buyer and vendor which find out the optimal value of order quantity,
opportunity investment cost for quality improvement and setup cost reduction. The solution procedure is
developed in order to find the total profit of the vendor and the buyer which is to be maximized. To conclude, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the solution procedure.
Strengthening Supply Chain for Growth of Organized Retail IndustryIOSRJBM
The continuing growth and expansion of organised retail Industry in India has opened the door for new investment opportunities as well as to make India strongest economy in the world. Effective supply chain management is the key driver for the success of organised retail industry. Retail Industry had emerged as one of the most dynamic, versatile and fast paced change industries due to entering of many new player (MNCs) in the market. Recent researches have shown that the growth rate of organised retail sector was 42 % in 2008 and now in 2015, it is forecast to be around US$ 600 billion, and thereby registering a CAGR of 24% in organised retail, since 2020. Which lead to a great expansion and scope of organised retail in India? This paper study how supply chain management strengthening the organised retail market and how to create a strong economy and facing a major challenges in Indian market in context to infrastructure, supply chain management.
Accounting, Purchasing and Supply Chain Management InterfaceIOSR Journals
This paper examines an interface between accounting system and purchasing/supply chain management. It explains how professional purchasing/supply management and accounting personnel contribute at least as much to the success of their organisation in areas such as supplier sourcing, or substitute materials, price determination, value analysis, outsourcing, make or buy analysis, invoice settlement and payment. At the most fundamental level, supply management concerns quick execution of work expeditiously, without fault in a cost effective manner. The paper details efficacy of goods inspection and reception procedure for the right quality and quantity through the association of purchasing and accounting department. The findings suggest that a cooperative relationship between purchasing and accounting/finance clearly can impact the development of a good supplier relations and cost reduction for the benefit of an organisation.
This study examines how inventory shortages or stockouts affect customer purchase behavior and a retailer's profitability using data from an online grocer. The three main objectives are:
1) To empirically investigate the short-term and long-term impact of stockouts on customer purchase behavior.
2) To study how customer responses to stockouts differ across customer segments.
3) To analyze how the impact of stockouts varies across product categories.
The findings suggest stockouts have a complex, nonlinear effect on customer relationships and retailer profitability. Small decreases in stockout rates can achieve much of the potential benefit of eliminating stockouts entirely. Prioritizing inventory to reduce stockouts for key customer segments and product categories can
Adoption of supply chain management strategiesTapan Panda
This document discusses a survey of Indian retailers about adopting supply chain management strategies to address the bullwhip effect. The bullwhip effect occurs when small changes in customer demand result in large fluctuations in orders to suppliers further up the supply chain. The survey compares how small and medium retailers differ in their willingness to participate in supply chain information sharing. The findings could help companies reduce negative perceptions among retailers about supply chain practices.
Impact of channel strategy on customer value of kenyan soft drink companies 1...fredrickaila
This document summarizes a study that examined the impact of channel strategy on customer value for Kenyan soft drink companies. The study assessed the relationship between order cycle time, stock availability, and sales. It found a high positive correlation between stock availability and sales, indicating that increased stock availability leads to higher sales. A regression analysis showed that 53% of the variance in sales was explained by stock availability levels. This implies that management needs to ensure sufficient stock availability to meet customer needs and achieve desired customer value. The study concluded that managing stock levels is critical for optimizing customer value in distribution channels, and companies must work to prevent stock outs.
This document provides an overview of supply chain management in the Indian healthcare industry. It finds that supply chain expenses account for 25-30% of total hospital operating costs in India. Private sector hospitals dominate the market, accounting for 70% of the healthcare delivery market share. The document then analyzes and compares the key performance metrics and financials of several major Indian hospital chains, finding that Max Healthcare has the highest growth rate and strongest operating parameters. Finally, it discusses opportunities to improve supply chain management in hospitals through centralized procurement, inventory management, establishing long-term supplier contracts, and demand forecasting to reduce costs and risks of expiration and stock-outs.
This document discusses consolidation and concentration in the agribusiness sector. It notes the trend toward fewer and larger firms across food and agriculture businesses. Extensive consolidation can result in economic concentration where one or a few large firms have the power to influence prices. The document examines different types of consolidation like horizontal and vertical. It also outlines concerns that consolidation raises for farmers like facing market power from large firms, loss of price discovery, and environmental impacts. Finally, it discusses potential measures to address issues stemming from consolidation like affecting industry structure, increasing bargaining power, and regulating market behavior.
This document discusses various topics related to agricultural marketing, including:
1. It defines markets and the key elements of a market, including place, participants, exchange relationships, and negotiated prices.
2. It categorizes markets based on factors like the nature of competition, location, regulation, end users, products traded, and coverage.
3. It describes different types of markets like consumer markets, industrial markets, factor markets, product markets, domestic markets, and international markets.
4. It discusses important marketing functions like exchange, physical distribution, grading and standardization, financing, risk bearing, and market information.
5. It also covers topics like agricultural marketing systems, cooperatives, and
This document discusses challenges with inventory management and emerging solutions using big data analytics. Effective inventory control balances meeting customer needs while keeping inventory levels as low as possible. However, inventory management is complicated by conflicting objectives within companies and unpredictable supply and demand. New inventory optimization tools use big data from ERP systems to more accurately analyze trends, forecast demand, and recommend optimal inventory levels and replenishment schedules to reduce costs while maintaining customer satisfaction. These tools help companies better balance the trade-offs between avoiding stock-outs and overstocking.
Lake Tana basin is one of the most potential vegetable production areas in Ethiopia. However, production in this
region has been carried out at smallholders’ level with poor marketing infrastructure. Hence, this study was aimed to
examine the structure and performance of vegetable marketing in the Lake Tana basin. Multistage random sampling
mixed with non probability sampling techniques were employed to collect data from 385 smallholder vegetable
producing farmers and 107 vegetable traders from three districts and two major town markets. Data were analyzed
using market structure and performance indicators. The result of the analysis showed that market structure in the
study area could be characterized by weak oligopolistic market with little chance of market participants to influence
market price. Storage loss and transport cost were found the two largest cost components of vegetable marketing in
the study area. Net marketing margin and producers’ share of the consumers’ price could be improved by shortening
the distance between the producer and urban consumer or reducing the intermediaries involved. Establishing
farmers’ group marketing with communication access together with least cost storage and transport technologies
should be encouraged to improve vegetable marketing performance.
This chapter brings together the basic ideas of consumer demand, and the production and cost concerns. This chapter will enable students to understand how price is determined in a market and the role of price.
Factors affecting the use of Public Procurement and Disposal Act of 2005 in P...paperpublications3
Abstract: Kenya is undertaking public procurement reforms, by enacting the Public Procurement and Disposal Act (PPDA) of 2005 which became operational in 2007. This research considered the factors which affect the implementation of PPDA in public secondary schools by considering four factors; procurement skills, enforcement, organizational procurement culture and familiarity with procurement regulations. The researcher adopted purposive sampling and questionnaires were administered to the respondents, who included the members of the tender and procurement committees. Data collected was analyzed by use of SPSS and presented in percentages, frequency tables, and inferential statistics. The study showed that there is a significant relationships between; procurement skills, enforcement of PPDA, organizational procurement culture and familiarity with the regulations and the implementation of the PPDA. 80% of the respondents agree that lack of familiarity with the procurement regulations, inhibited the implementation of the PPDA. 85% of schools in Trans- Nzoia County have not engaged procurement professionals. 53% of the respondents agree that lack of training has hindered the implementation of PPDA. 80% agree that lack of enforcement has somehow hindered its implementation. It is recommended that the procurement officers in public secondary schools to read, understand and implement the Public Procurement and Disposal Act 2005 and that the school management should train their procurement officers to gain procurement skills, which will enhance the effective implementation of the PPDA.
Keywords: Compliance, Enforcement, Organization culture, Professionalism, Public procurement, School management, Value for money.
This document discusses how hospital supply chains can transform from basic models focused on operations to more advanced models that balance costs, efficiency, and quality of care. It identifies three key enablers of transformation: collaborative governance structures involving clinicians, streamlined supply chain processes, and integrated IT systems. A case study highlights how one healthcare system achieved cost savings through strategic sourcing, a distribution center, and technology like barcoding medications.
Agriculture marketing involves the process of transferring agricultural goods from the producer to the consumer. It includes pre-harvest and post-harvest operations, assembly, grading, storage, transportation, and distribution. Agriculture marketing in Pakistan faces several problems, including a long chain of middlemen that reduce farmers' returns, low-quality produce due to poor production practices, costly and inadequate transportation and storage infrastructure, and lack of market knowledge among farmers. Reforms are needed to improve the agricultural marketing system in Pakistan.
This document summarizes a study that examined the determinants of profit in tomato marketing in Ghana's Ashanti Region. The study analyzed data from 200 tomato traders, including 100 wholesalers and 100 retailers. It found that wholesalers had higher margins of 99.7% compared to retailers' margins of 75.4%. Key determinants of marketing profit for both groups were labor costs, purchase price, transportation costs, and selling price. The document calls for policies to stabilize currency and eliminate illiteracy among traders, as well as enable retailers to increase their scale of operations.
1. A supply chain involves all parties involved in fulfilling a customer request, including suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and retailers. Materials and products flow between these entities.
2. Supply chain management (SCM) aims to efficiently integrate these entities so that the right products are delivered to the right place at the right time while minimizing costs.
3. Uncertainty is inherent in supply chains and can cause fluctuations in inventory levels and backorders, even if customer demand remains steady. SCM strategies aim to reduce this uncertainty and its negative effects.
ROLE OF SUPPLIER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN OPTIMIZATION OF OPERATIONAL PERFORM...muo charles
ROLE OF SUPPLIER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN OPTIMIZATION OF OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICE INDUSTRY IN KENYA. A CASE OF SAFARICOM LIMITED KENYA
The document discusses how weather impacts retail supply chains. A survey of 240 supply chain managers found that weather was the third most important external factor driving consumer demand, after events/holidays and competitor activity. Weather, especially temperature, is used in short-term sales forecasting but respondents felt it could be better utilized. Those using paid weather data reported more benefits than those relying on free data, including better availability, sales forecasting, customer service and reduced waste. The document concludes that properly accounting for weather's influence on shopper behavior and demand planning is increasingly important for retailers.
Defenition and Basic concepts of logistics,its types ,significance , Logistics on Indian Context, Marketing Mangement ,Comparision of contribution of Logistics management into the GDP among the top 10 Countries,scope of logistics ,key logistic activities,phases of logistic development
The document provides an introduction to supply chain management. It defines a supply chain as a network of facilities and distribution options that procures materials, transforms materials into products, and distributes finished products to customers. The objectives of supply chain management are to satisfy customer requirements efficiently and minimize system-wide costs while meeting service requirements. Key activities of supply chain management include procurement, manufacturing, warehousing, and distribution with the goal of producing and delivering the right products in the right quantities to the right locations at the right time.
This study examines the influence of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems on inventory management in private primary schools in Kenya, using Bridge International Academies as a case study. The study found that cost management, supplier relationships, customer service, and employee productivity were positively influenced by ERP systems. It recommends that schools properly manage inventory costs and payments, form beneficial supplier relationships, continuously monitor performance to ensure customer satisfaction, and utilize ERP systems to increase efficiency and productivity. The goal of the research was to evaluate how ERP systems impact key aspects of inventory management in private primary schools.
This document describes an automated anti-theft and misuse alerting system for ATMs that uses face detection. The system uses a Raspberry Pi board running a face detection algorithm based on Haar classifiers to detect a user's face before opening the ATM door. Vibration sensors on the door and ATM trigger an alarm if forced entry is detected. The system is designed to prevent theft and attacks at ATMs by only granting access after verifying the user's identity and alerting authorities if intrusion is detected.
This document analyzes the response of a 700m long coaxial cable to the transmission of digital data signals. An experiment was conducted transmitting square wave signals at various frequencies through lengths of coaxial cable from 100m to 700m. Voltage measurements were taken at each length for loads of 75ohms, 50ohms and 10kohms. The results showed that signal attenuation, power loss, and transmitted energy all increased with longer cable lengths as expected based on established transmission line principles.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using sink mobility to maximize the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. The paper introduces wireless sensor networks and describes the existing problem of energy-inefficient routing. It then proposes a solution that involves moving the sink node to different locations to reduce energy consumption. The framework creates alternative paths using AODV routing when nodes have low energy. Results show improved network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, and lower bit error rate compared to stationary sink approaches. Future work may extend the approach to networks with moving sensor nodes.
Adoption of supply chain management strategiesTapan Panda
This document discusses a survey of Indian retailers about adopting supply chain management strategies to address the bullwhip effect. The bullwhip effect occurs when small changes in customer demand result in large fluctuations in orders to suppliers further up the supply chain. The survey compares how small and medium retailers differ in their willingness to participate in supply chain information sharing. The findings could help companies reduce negative perceptions among retailers about supply chain practices.
Impact of channel strategy on customer value of kenyan soft drink companies 1...fredrickaila
This document summarizes a study that examined the impact of channel strategy on customer value for Kenyan soft drink companies. The study assessed the relationship between order cycle time, stock availability, and sales. It found a high positive correlation between stock availability and sales, indicating that increased stock availability leads to higher sales. A regression analysis showed that 53% of the variance in sales was explained by stock availability levels. This implies that management needs to ensure sufficient stock availability to meet customer needs and achieve desired customer value. The study concluded that managing stock levels is critical for optimizing customer value in distribution channels, and companies must work to prevent stock outs.
This document provides an overview of supply chain management in the Indian healthcare industry. It finds that supply chain expenses account for 25-30% of total hospital operating costs in India. Private sector hospitals dominate the market, accounting for 70% of the healthcare delivery market share. The document then analyzes and compares the key performance metrics and financials of several major Indian hospital chains, finding that Max Healthcare has the highest growth rate and strongest operating parameters. Finally, it discusses opportunities to improve supply chain management in hospitals through centralized procurement, inventory management, establishing long-term supplier contracts, and demand forecasting to reduce costs and risks of expiration and stock-outs.
This document discusses consolidation and concentration in the agribusiness sector. It notes the trend toward fewer and larger firms across food and agriculture businesses. Extensive consolidation can result in economic concentration where one or a few large firms have the power to influence prices. The document examines different types of consolidation like horizontal and vertical. It also outlines concerns that consolidation raises for farmers like facing market power from large firms, loss of price discovery, and environmental impacts. Finally, it discusses potential measures to address issues stemming from consolidation like affecting industry structure, increasing bargaining power, and regulating market behavior.
This document discusses various topics related to agricultural marketing, including:
1. It defines markets and the key elements of a market, including place, participants, exchange relationships, and negotiated prices.
2. It categorizes markets based on factors like the nature of competition, location, regulation, end users, products traded, and coverage.
3. It describes different types of markets like consumer markets, industrial markets, factor markets, product markets, domestic markets, and international markets.
4. It discusses important marketing functions like exchange, physical distribution, grading and standardization, financing, risk bearing, and market information.
5. It also covers topics like agricultural marketing systems, cooperatives, and
This document discusses challenges with inventory management and emerging solutions using big data analytics. Effective inventory control balances meeting customer needs while keeping inventory levels as low as possible. However, inventory management is complicated by conflicting objectives within companies and unpredictable supply and demand. New inventory optimization tools use big data from ERP systems to more accurately analyze trends, forecast demand, and recommend optimal inventory levels and replenishment schedules to reduce costs while maintaining customer satisfaction. These tools help companies better balance the trade-offs between avoiding stock-outs and overstocking.
Lake Tana basin is one of the most potential vegetable production areas in Ethiopia. However, production in this
region has been carried out at smallholders’ level with poor marketing infrastructure. Hence, this study was aimed to
examine the structure and performance of vegetable marketing in the Lake Tana basin. Multistage random sampling
mixed with non probability sampling techniques were employed to collect data from 385 smallholder vegetable
producing farmers and 107 vegetable traders from three districts and two major town markets. Data were analyzed
using market structure and performance indicators. The result of the analysis showed that market structure in the
study area could be characterized by weak oligopolistic market with little chance of market participants to influence
market price. Storage loss and transport cost were found the two largest cost components of vegetable marketing in
the study area. Net marketing margin and producers’ share of the consumers’ price could be improved by shortening
the distance between the producer and urban consumer or reducing the intermediaries involved. Establishing
farmers’ group marketing with communication access together with least cost storage and transport technologies
should be encouraged to improve vegetable marketing performance.
This chapter brings together the basic ideas of consumer demand, and the production and cost concerns. This chapter will enable students to understand how price is determined in a market and the role of price.
Factors affecting the use of Public Procurement and Disposal Act of 2005 in P...paperpublications3
Abstract: Kenya is undertaking public procurement reforms, by enacting the Public Procurement and Disposal Act (PPDA) of 2005 which became operational in 2007. This research considered the factors which affect the implementation of PPDA in public secondary schools by considering four factors; procurement skills, enforcement, organizational procurement culture and familiarity with procurement regulations. The researcher adopted purposive sampling and questionnaires were administered to the respondents, who included the members of the tender and procurement committees. Data collected was analyzed by use of SPSS and presented in percentages, frequency tables, and inferential statistics. The study showed that there is a significant relationships between; procurement skills, enforcement of PPDA, organizational procurement culture and familiarity with the regulations and the implementation of the PPDA. 80% of the respondents agree that lack of familiarity with the procurement regulations, inhibited the implementation of the PPDA. 85% of schools in Trans- Nzoia County have not engaged procurement professionals. 53% of the respondents agree that lack of training has hindered the implementation of PPDA. 80% agree that lack of enforcement has somehow hindered its implementation. It is recommended that the procurement officers in public secondary schools to read, understand and implement the Public Procurement and Disposal Act 2005 and that the school management should train their procurement officers to gain procurement skills, which will enhance the effective implementation of the PPDA.
Keywords: Compliance, Enforcement, Organization culture, Professionalism, Public procurement, School management, Value for money.
This document discusses how hospital supply chains can transform from basic models focused on operations to more advanced models that balance costs, efficiency, and quality of care. It identifies three key enablers of transformation: collaborative governance structures involving clinicians, streamlined supply chain processes, and integrated IT systems. A case study highlights how one healthcare system achieved cost savings through strategic sourcing, a distribution center, and technology like barcoding medications.
Agriculture marketing involves the process of transferring agricultural goods from the producer to the consumer. It includes pre-harvest and post-harvest operations, assembly, grading, storage, transportation, and distribution. Agriculture marketing in Pakistan faces several problems, including a long chain of middlemen that reduce farmers' returns, low-quality produce due to poor production practices, costly and inadequate transportation and storage infrastructure, and lack of market knowledge among farmers. Reforms are needed to improve the agricultural marketing system in Pakistan.
This document summarizes a study that examined the determinants of profit in tomato marketing in Ghana's Ashanti Region. The study analyzed data from 200 tomato traders, including 100 wholesalers and 100 retailers. It found that wholesalers had higher margins of 99.7% compared to retailers' margins of 75.4%. Key determinants of marketing profit for both groups were labor costs, purchase price, transportation costs, and selling price. The document calls for policies to stabilize currency and eliminate illiteracy among traders, as well as enable retailers to increase their scale of operations.
1. A supply chain involves all parties involved in fulfilling a customer request, including suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and retailers. Materials and products flow between these entities.
2. Supply chain management (SCM) aims to efficiently integrate these entities so that the right products are delivered to the right place at the right time while minimizing costs.
3. Uncertainty is inherent in supply chains and can cause fluctuations in inventory levels and backorders, even if customer demand remains steady. SCM strategies aim to reduce this uncertainty and its negative effects.
ROLE OF SUPPLIER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN OPTIMIZATION OF OPERATIONAL PERFORM...muo charles
ROLE OF SUPPLIER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN OPTIMIZATION OF OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICE INDUSTRY IN KENYA. A CASE OF SAFARICOM LIMITED KENYA
The document discusses how weather impacts retail supply chains. A survey of 240 supply chain managers found that weather was the third most important external factor driving consumer demand, after events/holidays and competitor activity. Weather, especially temperature, is used in short-term sales forecasting but respondents felt it could be better utilized. Those using paid weather data reported more benefits than those relying on free data, including better availability, sales forecasting, customer service and reduced waste. The document concludes that properly accounting for weather's influence on shopper behavior and demand planning is increasingly important for retailers.
Defenition and Basic concepts of logistics,its types ,significance , Logistics on Indian Context, Marketing Mangement ,Comparision of contribution of Logistics management into the GDP among the top 10 Countries,scope of logistics ,key logistic activities,phases of logistic development
The document provides an introduction to supply chain management. It defines a supply chain as a network of facilities and distribution options that procures materials, transforms materials into products, and distributes finished products to customers. The objectives of supply chain management are to satisfy customer requirements efficiently and minimize system-wide costs while meeting service requirements. Key activities of supply chain management include procurement, manufacturing, warehousing, and distribution with the goal of producing and delivering the right products in the right quantities to the right locations at the right time.
This study examines the influence of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems on inventory management in private primary schools in Kenya, using Bridge International Academies as a case study. The study found that cost management, supplier relationships, customer service, and employee productivity were positively influenced by ERP systems. It recommends that schools properly manage inventory costs and payments, form beneficial supplier relationships, continuously monitor performance to ensure customer satisfaction, and utilize ERP systems to increase efficiency and productivity. The goal of the research was to evaluate how ERP systems impact key aspects of inventory management in private primary schools.
This document describes an automated anti-theft and misuse alerting system for ATMs that uses face detection. The system uses a Raspberry Pi board running a face detection algorithm based on Haar classifiers to detect a user's face before opening the ATM door. Vibration sensors on the door and ATM trigger an alarm if forced entry is detected. The system is designed to prevent theft and attacks at ATMs by only granting access after verifying the user's identity and alerting authorities if intrusion is detected.
This document analyzes the response of a 700m long coaxial cable to the transmission of digital data signals. An experiment was conducted transmitting square wave signals at various frequencies through lengths of coaxial cable from 100m to 700m. Voltage measurements were taken at each length for loads of 75ohms, 50ohms and 10kohms. The results showed that signal attenuation, power loss, and transmitted energy all increased with longer cable lengths as expected based on established transmission line principles.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using sink mobility to maximize the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. The paper introduces wireless sensor networks and describes the existing problem of energy-inefficient routing. It then proposes a solution that involves moving the sink node to different locations to reduce energy consumption. The framework creates alternative paths using AODV routing when nodes have low energy. Results show improved network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, and lower bit error rate compared to stationary sink approaches. Future work may extend the approach to networks with moving sensor nodes.
This document summarizes techniques to reduce peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. It first introduces OFDM and discusses how high PAPR is a drawback. It then describes several categories of PAPR reduction techniques: signal distortion techniques like clipping and filtering or peak windowing; signal scrambling techniques like selected mapping, partial transmit sequence, interleaving, tone reservation, and tone injection; and coding techniques like block coding. The document presents simulation results comparing 16-QAM and 64-QAM modulation schemes under various SNR and PAPR levels. It concludes that no single technique achieves large PAPR reduction with high efficiency and low complexity.
This document discusses how integrating mobile technology and big data can improve access to healthcare services in India. It argues that reality mining of real-time data from mobile devices can provide insights into individuals' behaviors and lifestyles that may help predict health issues early on. Sensors in mobile phones can also continuously monitor physical activity and location. Analyzing these vast data streams alongside medical records through big data analytics could enable more personalized healthcare and early intervention, potentially reducing healthcare costs. However, privacy safeguards would need to be established to protect individuals' personal data.
The document compares and summarizes various encryption algorithms and techniques for improving secured data communication. It first discusses symmetric and asymmetric encryption techniques. It then analyzes popular encryption algorithms like AES, DES, Triple DES, RSA, Diffie-Hellman, and Blowfish. For each algorithm, it explains the methodology, provides a performance summary, and discusses key characteristics. It finds that AES and Triple DES provide better security than older standards like DES. The document also proposes a new encryption algorithm based on block cipher concepts like XOR and shifting operations.
The document presents the Burr Type III software reliability growth model based on non-homogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) with time domain data. It describes the background and formulation of the Burr Type III and NHPP models. Parameter estimation for the Burr Type III model is performed using maximum likelihood estimation on ungrouped time domain failure data. Goodness of fit is analyzed to assess how well the model fits real software failure data sets.
Review and Performance Comparison of Distributed Wireless Reprogramming Proto...IOSR Journals
Abstract:A Reprogramming service should be efficient, reliable and secured in Wireless sensor network.
Wireless reprogramming for wireless sensor network emphasize over the process of changing or improving the
functionality of simulation or existing code. For challenging and on demand security purpose, secure and
distributed routing protocols such as SDRP and ISDRP were developed. This paper reviews and compares the
propagation delay for two reprogramming protocols, SDRP and ISDRP, which based on hierarchy of energies
in network. Both are based on identity-based cryptography. But in the improved protocol the keys are
distributed to the network as per the sorting and communication capabilities to improve the broadcast or
communication nature of the network. Moreover, ISDRP demonstrates the security concepts, which deals over
the key encryption properties using heap sort algorithm and the confidentiality parameter is enhanced by
changing the private key values after certain interval of time for cluster head in respect to different public keys.
The ISDRP shows high efficiency rate clearly with the throughput and propagation results by implementation in
practice over SRDP.
Keywords: identity-based cryptography,ISDRP, heapsort algorithm, Reprogramming, SDRP, Wireless sensor
network.
This document summarizes a paper that points out a major error in Albert Einstein's 1905 paper on special relativity. Specifically, it shows that Einstein's assumption that the time coordinate of a moving clock (τ2) can be expressed as a function of the time (t) and spatial (x) coordinates of a stationary system is incorrect. An alternative derivation is presented that expresses τ2 in terms of t, x, the velocity (v) of the moving system, and other variables. This challenges one of the foundational assumptions of Einstein's original formulation of special relativity.
Filtering Unwanted Messages from Online Social Networks (OSN) using Rule Base...IOSR Journals
Online Social Networks (OSNs) are today one of the most popular interactive medium to share,
communicate, and distribute a significant amount of human life information. In OSNs, information filtering can
also be used for a different, more responsive, function. This is owing to the fact that in OSNs there is the
possibility of posting or commenting other posts on particular public/private regions, called in general walls.
Information filtering can therefore be used to give users the ability to automatically control the messages
written on their own walls, by filtering out unwanted messages. OSNs provide very little support to prevent
unwanted messages on user walls. For instance, Facebook permits users to state who is allowed to insert
messages in their walls (i.e., friends, defined groups of friends or friends of friends). Though, no content-based
partialities are preserved and therefore it is not possible to prevent undesired communications, for instance
political or offensive ones, no matter of the user who posts them. To propose and experimentally evaluate an
automated system, called Filtered Wall (FW), able to filter unwanted messages from OSN user walls
An Overview of Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS) and Security...IOSR Journals
Technical solutions, introduced by policies and implantations are essential requirements of an
information security program. Advanced technologies such as intrusion detection and prevention system (IDPS)
and analysis tools have become prominent in the network environment while they involve with organizations to
enhance the security of their information assets. Scanning and analyzing tools to pinpoint vulnerabilities, holes
in security components, unsecured aspects of the network and deploying of IDPS technology are highlighted.
This document compares different car cooling systems and a proposed portable car cooling system. It begins with an introduction to the problem of high temperatures inside parked cars exposed to sunlight. It then describes alternative methods like ventilation fans and sunshades and their limitations. The document proposes a portable car cooling system that uses fans, batteries, a water pump and cloth to cool hot air inside a car. It presents results of testing this system versus no cooling system, showing it reduces maximum interior temperatures the most, especially at locations like the steering wheel. The system achieves an overall good performance in lowering temperatures but could be improved with a more compact design and use of plastics over metal.
This document presents a scalable method for image classification using sparse coding and dictionary learning. It proposes parallelizing the computation of image similarity for faster recognition. Specifically, it distributes the task of measuring similarity between images among multiple cores in a cluster. Experimental results on a face recognition dataset show nearly linear speedup when balancing the dataset size and number of nodes. Reconstruction errors are used as a similarity measure, with dictionaries learned using K-SVD for each image. The proposed parallel method distributes this similarity computation process to achieve faster image classification.
This document describes a VSC-HVDC transmission system connecting a strong AC system to a weak island AC system. It investigates the AC filter requirements and designs controllers for the VSC using optimal techniques. The controllers designed are a active power controller for the rectifier, reactive power controller for the rectifier, DC voltage controller for the inverter, and AC voltage controller for the inverter. Simulations are performed in MATLAB to analyze the system's performance for load variations in the island system.
This document describes a memristor device using a heterojunction of silver nanoparticles and aluminum oxide for resistive switching applications. The device consists of an aluminum-aluminum oxide-silver nanoparticles-aluminum structure. Current-voltage measurements show a transition between two states, with a resistance ratio of 105 for the major transition and a ratio of 101 for the minor transition. Scanning electron microscopy images confirm the growth of a thin aluminum oxide film consisting of spherical nanoparticles approximately 40nm in size on an aluminum substrate. This memristor operates at low voltages and shows potential for non-volatile resistive random access memory.
This document compares the main lobe and side lobes of the frequency response curves for different types of FIR filters designed using the Fourier Series Expansion Method. It analyzes low pass, high pass, and band pass FIR filters with sampling frequencies of 4000Hz, 8000Hz, 12000Hz, 16000Hz, and 20000Hz. The maximum magnitudes in the main lobe and side lobes are observed and compared for each case. The results show that as the sampling frequency increases, the response curves move closer to the ideal response curves with smaller deviations in the magnitudes of the different lobes.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new dual bound control approach to provide quality of service in wireless networks under heterogeneous conditions with node mobility. The paper first describes an existing system model and quality of experience (QoE)-aware framework. It then introduces the proposed approach, which uses a new dual bound traffic control logic to manage buffering and offer quality of service as node resources and mobility change dynamically in the heterogeneous network environment. The approach aims to address limitations of prior approaches that only controlled an upper traffic bound, which could lead to node failures under varying network conditions.
“Prevalent Clinical Entities Of Hilly Regions, Aetio-Pathogenesis Factors, An...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on prevalent clinical conditions in hilly regions and their relationship to various etiological factors. The study examined numerous surgical and medical conditions with high prevalence in hilly areas, including ano-rectal pathologies, uterine prolapse, hernias, varicose veins, musculoskeletal issues, and infections. It analyzed various causative factors such as climate, physical activity, nutrition, trauma, infections, and gravitational forces resulting from terrain. The study found demonstrable links between etiological factors, pathophysiological changes, disease progression, management approaches, and outcomes. It concludes that recognizing the role of causative factors can help with diagnosis, treatment guidelines, and implementing prevention strategies through lifestyle modifications and awareness programs
Self Immunity To Reinforce The Vulnerability Factors on Soft Errors In 64 Bit...IOSR Journals
Abstract: VLSI technology reduces the size of the digital components, reduce the power consumption and
increase the speed of operation. In these criteria digital devices are more sensitively manufacturing. These type
of devices mostly effected by soft errors, then it reduces the life of the devices(microprocessor,
microcontrollers), it is nothing but vulnerability of microprocessors or microcontroller applications. The
register file is one of the essential architectural components where soft errors can be very mischievous because
errors may rapidly spread from there throughout the whole system. Thus, register files are recognized as one of
the major concerns when it comes to reliability. This paper introduces Self-Immunity, a technique that improves
the integrity of the register file with respect to soft errors. We show that our technique can reduce the
vulnerability of the register file considerably while exhibiting smaller overhead in terms of area and power
consumption compared to state-of-the-art in register file protection.
Non- Newtonian behavior of blood in very narrow vesselsIOSR Journals
The purpose of the study is to get some qualitative and quantitative insight into the problem of flow in vessels under consideration where the concentration of lubrication film of plasma is present between each red cells and tube wall. This film is potentially important in region to mass transfer and to hydraulic resistance, as well as to the relative resistance times of red cells and plasma in the vessels network.
The Impact of Inventory Management on Manufacuring Industryinventionjournals
Inventory is generally considered to comprise in three main areas which are raw materials, work in progress and finished goods. Where these are held and in what quantities, and how they are managed will vary significantly from one organization to another. The activities of inventory management involves are identifying inventory requirements, setting targets, providing replenishment techniques and options, monitoring item usages, reconciling the inventory balances, and reporting inventory status. In order to have clear inventory management, a company should not only focus on logistic management but also on sales and purchase management. Inventory management and control is not only the responsibility of the accounting department and the warehouse, but also the responsibility of the entire organization. Actually, there are many departments involved in the inventory management and control process, such as sales, purchasing, production, logistics and accounting. All these departments must work together in order to achieve effective inventory controls. Inventory includes raw material in progress, finished products, general Suppliers and equipment etc. inventory control may defined as systematic location, storage and Recording of goods in such a way that desired degree of service can be made to the operating shops at minimum ultimate cost. The need for inventory control is to maintain stock of goods and ensure Manufacturing according to the production schedule based on sale requirement and the lowest possible ultimate cost to the customer. Every enterprise needs inventory for smooth running of activities, it serves as link between production and distribution process and there is general time lag between the recognition of a need and its fulfillment. The greater time lag, the higher the requirement for inventory. The unforeseen fluctuation in demand and supply of goods also necessitate the need for inventory as it provides cushion for future price fluctuation. This paper includes the concept of inventory management, nature of inventory management, materials management techniques and inventory accounting
This document summarizes a study on the effect of inventory management systems on operational performance in manufacturing firms, using May and Baker Manufacturing Nigeria Limited as a case study. The study aims to determine if there is a significant relationship between poor inventory management and organizational performance, as well as between inventory management and profitability. It reviews relevant literature on inventory management and theories like the economic order quantity model and theory of constraints. The study employs a descriptive research design and chi-square test on a sample of 60 staff to analyze its hypotheses. The findings reveal a significant relationship between poor inventory management and performance, and that effective inventory management can benefit organizations through cost reduction, improved profitability, and more.
The role of raw material management in production operationsijmvsc
Experience had shown that there is critical operational problem regarding raw material management in
manufacturing organisations. This has prompted the desire to embark on a conceptual analysis that will
examine the problem and strive to proffer useful suggestions. This paper intends to bring to the fore, the
salient issue of inefficiency in the practice of raw material management and its effects on production
operations of manufacturing concerns by theoretical review. The paper concludes that, should
practitioners become proactive by applying proffered solutions, efficiency will be achieved in management
of raw materials and production operations.
Adoption of Vendor Managed Inventory Practices on Supply Chain Performance in...AkashSharma618775
This document discusses a study on the adoption of vendor managed inventory practices on supply chain performance in selected automobile industries in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study aims to determine the role of supplier demand visibility, communication mechanisms, inventory decisions, and replenishment decisions on supply chain management performance. The document provides background on vendor managed inventory and outlines the research objectives, questions, significance, scope, and methodology. It discusses the theoretical framework, conceptual framework, research design, target population, sampling techniques, and data collection instruments used in the study.
AN OPTIMIZING INTEGRATED INVENTORY MODEL WITH INVESTMENT FOR QUALITY IMPROVEM...IJITCA Journal
This document summarizes an integrated inventory model that considers investment for quality improvement and setup cost reduction for a vendor and buyer. The model aims to maximize total profit for the supply chain. It accounts for factors such as price-dependent demand, production costs including defective items, setup costs, and investment costs for quality improvement and setup cost reduction. An analytical approach is used to determine optimal order quantity, quality improvement investment, and setup cost reduction investment. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the model.
Globalization and managing across cultures and borders make the business sense of efficient supply chain management more challenging than ever before. The demand and supply chain can now be as long or as short as the distance between suppliers and consumers who have critical influence on the value chain. This is important because the demand and supply chain processes often have profound effect on productivity levels of the organization. The exploratory research design was deployed for the investigation to gauge the effect of supply chain management on productivity. Through regression analysis it was found that for a 1 percent increase in supply chain management productivity increases by 1.88 percent. Organizations around the globe are getting increasingly concerned about the process with which their goods and services reach the ultimate consumer or customer. It is believed that an effective and efficient supply chain management is the corner stone for customer satisfaction, and to this extent, supply chain management is an important topic in business and management today. According to Chase, et al (2001) the critical idea of supply chain management is to apply a total system approach to managing the entire flow of information, materials and services from raw materials suppliers, through factories and warehouses to the end customer. They posit that the idea of supply chain management comes from a picture of how organizations are linked together as a particular company. Such linkage is typically between suppliers that provide inputs, manufacturing and service support operations that transform the inputs into products and services, and the distribution and local service providers that localize the products. They argue that localization can involve just the delivery of the products or some other processes that tailors the products or services to the needs of the local markets and customers. Enterprises have come to realize that achieving significant competitive advantage depends to a great extent on the way they configure and manage their supply chain operations. Stevenson (2002) states that a supply chain is a sequence of organizations – their facilities, functions, and activities that are involved in producing and delivering a product or service. According to him, the sequence begins with basic suppliers of raw materials and extends all the way to the final customer. Basic facilities in supply chain management include warehouses, factories, processing centres, distribution centres, retail outlets, and offices. On the other hand, the major activities in supply chain management include forecasting, purchasing, scheduling, production, distribution, delivery, and customer service (Copacino, 1997, Marshall, 1997, Handfield, et al, 1999). Stevenson (2002) elaborates that supply chains are sometimes referred to as value chains; a term that reflects the concept that value is added as goods and services progress through the chain supply or value chains
Cost Implication of Inventory Management in Organised SystemsDr. Amarjeet Singh
This document discusses cost implications of inventory management systems. It uses a case study of a university store, AYZ University, to analyze the costs and inefficiencies of the store's primarily manual inventory system. The study finds that the existing manual system is not effective for time management or efficiency. It proposes developing a new computerized maintenance store system (CMMS) to automate the inventory management process. This would greatly improve the store's operations in terms of both financial costs from reduced inventory levels and time costs from increased efficiency. The economic order quantity model is discussed as a technique to determine optimal inventory levels and minimize total inventory costs.
This document discusses effective inventory management practices and their impact on firm performance. It begins by defining key inventory management terms and outlining the importance of effective inventory practices. It then presents statements of the problem addressed, research questions, and study objectives and hypotheses.
The literature review discusses concepts of inventory management, the need for effective practices, and how inventory levels impact various costs and firm performance measures like return on capital employed and return on investment. The document aims to examine the relationship between inventory management practices and performance for selected consumable goods firms in Nigeria over 10 years.
The document discusses inventory management and control techniques. It defines inventory as including raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods. It outlines the objectives of inventory management as ensuring availability of materials when needed while minimizing investment costs. The document also describes different types of inventories and factors that influence inventory levels. It discusses various inventory control techniques used by organizations.
The document discusses inventory control systems and their importance for companies. It analyzes the inventory control system of Capital Land Assets Pvt Ltd. The objectives are to evaluate the effectiveness of their current inventory control system, analyze inventory control methods used, and identify problems in inventory management. The study examines inventory levels, purchase procedures, supplier selection, and identifies benefits of improving the inventory control system such as reduced costs and better resistance to price fluctuations.
Drivers of supply chain performance enhancing organizational output an explo...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper on the drivers of supply chain performance. It finds that there are six key drivers - facilities, inventory, transportation, information, sourcing and pricing - that organizations must manage to enhance performance. These drivers are interrelated and organizations need to balance efficiency and responsiveness in their supply chain practices. Properly managing these six drivers through integration, goals, market identification, and other practices can help firms increase performance and gain a competitive advantage through effective supply chain management. The paper provides a framework for organizations to manage the different drivers of supply chain performance.
Impact of Variable Ordering Cost and Promotional Effort Cost in Deteriorated ...IJAEMSJORNAL
The instantaneous economic order quantity (EOQ) profit optimization model for deteriorating items is introduced for analyzing the impact of variable ordering cost and promotional effort cost for leveraging profit margins in finite planning horizons. The objective of this model is to maximize the net profit so as to determine the order quantity and promotional effort factor. For any given number of replenishment cycles the existence of a unique optimal replenishment schedule are proved and further the concavity of the net profit function of the inventory system in the number of replenishments is established. The numerical analysis shows that an appropriate policy can benefit the retailer, especially for deteriorating items. Finally, sensitivity analyses with respect to the major parameters are also studied to draw managerial decisions in production systems.
1) The document discusses inventory control systems and techniques. It introduces concepts like inventory planning and control, inventory levels, and objectives of inventory management.
2) Key points covered include defining inventories, historical perspectives on inventory management, classification of inventories, and techniques for inventory control like setting control levels and applying relevant methods.
3) The objectives of inventory management are also summarized as maintaining adequate stock levels, minimizing costs, and facilitating production planning.
Inventory Management-A tool for efficiency in Production Operations (Repaired)olusakin akindiPe
This document discusses inventory management in manufacturing small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It notes that inefficient inventory management is a serious problem for SMEs that leads to issues like low capacity utilization and loss of production time. The study aims to examine this problem and provide suggestions to improve inventory management practices. It hypothesizes that determining optimal stock levels, engaging skilled store personnel, and using automated stock control systems can help SMEs optimize resource use and improve overall efficiency. An effective inventory management system is important for SME performance and the broader economy.
This document discusses a case study on the role of strategic sourcing on the performance of Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. It begins with an introduction to strategic sourcing and its benefits over traditional purchasing approaches. A literature review then covers several relevant theories and factors related to strategic sourcing, including quality of goods and services, cost of goods and services, supplier relationships, and timely delivery. The study used a descriptive research design and questionnaires to collect data from university employees. The findings suggested that strategic sourcing enables strategic advantages and problem alleviation. Quality of goods and services was found to be the most important variable for performance, followed by cost, timely delivery, procurement plans, and supplier relationships. The document concludes with
Evaluation of procurement processes and its operational performance in the pu...Alexander Decker
This document evaluates procurement processes and operational performance in the public sector of Ghana using two case studies, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital and Kumasi Polytechnic. It finds that the institutions rely on Ghana's public procurement procedures and processes are characterized by challenges. The processes were found to play a role in performance but can be rigid and allow no flexibility. Recommendations include reviewing the Public Procurement Act to make it less rigid and embracing e-procurement.
Gaining Competitive Advantages Through Supply Chain Management:Success StoriesLijo M Loyid
This document discusses how effective supply chain management can create competitive advantages for organizations. It provides success stories of Zara, Dell, FedEx, and Walmart as examples. Zara gains advantages through rapid production, local sourcing, and frequent deliveries. Dell reduces costs and lead times through vendor managed inventory and information sharing. FedEx improves transparency and customer service through innovative technology and data availability. Walmart was an early adopter of barcodes and IT to reduce costs and offer low prices. Overall the document shows how supply chain integration, information technology, and waste reduction can help firms compete.
Factors Affecting Purchasing Effectiveness in the Public Sugar Sector: A Case...paperpublications3
Abstract:In the recent past, procurement performance has been attracting great attention from practitioners, academicians and researchers due to poor performance resulting from non adherence to proper processes and procedures. Many of the studies have devoted their content to financial factors as measures of effectiveness dismally giving consideration to non financial factors. This study aimed at investigating selected non financial factors that influence the effectiveness of purchasing function in the public sugar sector guided by four specific objectives; to find out how purchasing interaction with other departments impacts on its effectiveness, to find out how Purchasing delegated authority impacts on its effectiveness, to find out how Purchasing activity Execution impacts on its effectiveness and to find out how supplier relationship management practices impacts on purchasing function effectiveness. The four variables were found to have an effect on effectiveness of purchasing function in the public sugar sector. The study adopted a descriptive case research design and the study population comprised of 118 management staff Nzoia Sugar Company Ltd. A purposive sampling technique was employed to select a sample size of 57 respondents. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments. Descriptive statistics data analysis method was applied to analyze numerical data gathered using closed ended questions aided by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). From the findings, level of task execution explained 43.1% of purchasing department’s effectiveness, level of supplier relationship explained 20.9% and interaction level explained 2.2% while the level of purchasing delegated authority had a negative relationship with its effectiveness at -4.1% which means that the more autonomous purchasing department becomes the less effective it will be. The study recommends application of supplier collaboration strategies, integration of supply chain management tasks with IT to help speed up decision making process between the SCM partners, signing service level agreements (SLA),purchasing function to increase effectiveness by training and being members of professional bodies such as CIPS and KISM.
Similar to Inventory Management System and Performance of Food and Beverages Companies in Nigeria (20)
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
Inventory Management System and Performance of Food and Beverages Companies in Nigeria
1. IOSR Journal of Mathematics (IOSR-JM)
e-ISSN: 2278-5728.Volume 6, Issue 1 (Mar. - Apr. 2013), PP 24-30
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 24 | Page
Inventory Management System and Performance of Food and
Beverages Companies in Nigeria
Lawrence Imeokparia
Department of Financial Studies. College of Management Science Redeemer’s University Mowe Ogun State
Nigeria.
Abstract: Inventory management decisions are an integral aspect of organisations. Inventory postponement as
argued by Bucklin (1965) is where a firm deliberately delays the purchase and the physical possession of
inventory items until demand or usage requirements are known with certainty. This is an effective supply chain
strategy adopted by most manufacturing organisations by reducing the inventory, and in turn reducing the cost
of obsolete stock. This study explores the relationship between inventory management and control and
performance and Food and Beverages companies in Nigeria. Secondary data were obtained from annual
financial reports and accounts of Food and Beverages companies listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The
data obtained were analyzed using simple and multiple regression models. The results show that there
significant relationship between inventory management and control and the performance of Food and
Beverages companies in Nigeria. The multiple regression correlation coefficient (R) =0.996, R2=0.990 and p-
value =0;00<0.05 The results also show the relative importance of the inventory management decisions made
by the organisation, and the implications these decisions have on the consumer. The findings show that the three
key qualities that are essential in inventory management decisions for manufacturing organisation from the
perspective of the third party logistics provider are customer satisfaction, on time delivery and order fulfillment.
Key words: inventory, Food organistion, customer, control
I. Introduction
Inventory Control System is the process of managing inventory in order to meet customer demand at
the lowest possible cost and with a minimum of investment, Byoungho (2004). A successfully implemented
inventory control program takes into account such things as purchasing goods commensurate with demand,
seasonal variation, changing usage patterns, and monitoring for pilferage, Ellram (1996). A preliminary step in
the process of inventory control is to determine the approximate costs of carrying inventory. According to
Langabeer and Stoughton (2001), these costs include such expenses as storage costs, inventory risks, and the
loss-of-opportunity costs associated with tying up capital.
Inventory management is a vital function to help insure the success of manufacturing and distribution
companies. The effectiveness of inventory management systems is directly measurable by how successful a
company is in providing high levels of customer service, low inventory investment, maximum throughput and
low costs, Ellram (1996). The challenge of productive inventory management is to support an upward trend in
sales while keeping the investment at the lowest level consistent with adequate customer service. Control of
inventory, which typically represents 45% to 90% of all expenses for business, is needed to ensure that the
business has the right goods on hand to avoid stock-outs, to prevent shrinkage (spoilage/theft), and to provide
proper accounting, Khan (2003).
Objectives of the Study
This project work aims at achieving the following objectives:
1) To describe the relationship between inventory control system and how it affects the success of the
company
2) To ascertain the relationship between the financial performance of a company and its inventory control
system.
3) To examine the various problems associated with the inventory control system of a company and its
decision making process.
Research Questions
The following research questions are asked to guide the conduct of this study:-
1. To what extent do relationships between inventory postponements affect the success of the organization?
2. Does inventory speculation have any significant relationship with the financial performance of a company?
3. Is there a relationship between inventory control and decision making of the company?
2. Inventory Management System And Performance Of Food And Bravages Companies In Nigeria
www.iosrjournals.org 25 | Page
1 Hypothesis of the Study
Hypothesis One
Ho: There is no significant relationship between the inventory postponement of the company and its
productivity
H1: There is a significant relationship between the inventory postponement and the productivity of the company
Hypothesis Two
Ho: There is no significant relationship between the financial performance of a company and its inventory
speculations
H1: There is a significant relationship between the financial performance of a company and its inventory
speculations
II. Literature Review
Graman and Magazine (2006), argued that today, the cost of holding inventory, extensive product
proliferation and the risk of obsolescence, especially in rapidly changing markets, make the expense of holding
large inventories of finished goods excessive and that high demand items naturally have safety stock assigned to
them, but in many organizations there are so many very-low-demand items that keeping any stock of these items
is unreasonably expensive, so they argue that companies must now provide good service while maintaining
minimal inventories. Therefore, inventory management approaches are essential aspects of any organization.
Wallin et al. (2006), has argued that that a typical manufacturing firm spends on average, 56 cents out of every
dollar of revenue to cover the direct cost of purchased goods, and Monczka et al. (2002), and Handfield (2002),
have argued that this percentage figure is higher for the typical wholesaler or retailer. Wallin et al. (2006),
argued that a firm carrying $20 million in purchased goods inventory would incur an additional $6-7 million in
material handling and inventory holding costs, but once these direct and indirect costs are reduced, the firm's net
profits increase. Therefore, organizations from manufacturing to wholesale to retail require effective inventory
management. However, inventory management in the manufacturing organizations needs special attention.
Wanke and Zinn (2004,:466) states that inventory management approaches are a “function of product,
operational and demand related variables such as delivery time, obsolescence, coefficient of variation of sales
and inventory turnover” and that logistics managers are more likely to decentralise inventory in order to stock
product close to the customer's facility if the customers demand a reduced delivery time. On the other hand,
Imai (1998), states that organizations that have a long lead time of production, in turn leading to a large amount
of inventory, means that there is no flexibility to meet changing customer orders on a day-today basis.
Therefore, the problem with this inventory management decision is that “when the forecast is off-which is
usually the case companies may be left with a volume of unsold products or its market may evaporate overnight
when consumer preferences change or when a competitor comes up with a new and better product” (Imai,
1998,:26).
Therefore, for an organisation to adopt the right inventory management approach, this inventory
management approach is necessary in order to gain more customers through customer satisfaction, and in order
for the third party logistics provider organisation to operate effectively through the preferable approach. Imai
(1998) has argued that there is a “push”, “pull” and “just in time” inventory management system. The just in
time system is based on the “pull” from the market, and this “pull production is based on a short, slim
production line with the shortest possible production lead time, which allows the company to respond to the
fluctuating orders from the market” (Imai, 1998, p.27). “This system ensures that the minimum-required number
of the popular models is always in stock, (and) in addition to increasing flexibility and reducing inventory to the
minimum, the number of operators on the line can be drastically reduced, (and so) as a result, the overall cost of
operations can be drastically reduced” (Imai, 1998, p.28).
Yang et al (2004) has argued that supply chains have evolved from traditional forecast-driven push to
demand-driven pull systems over time, and that postponement is playing an increasingly important role in a
supply chain. Yang and Burns (2003) argued that postponement fosters a new way of thinking about the supply
chain and Van Hoek (1999), identified that postponement is an important characteristic of modern and
competitive supply chains. Chan et al. (2002:1446), states that “Many companies have realized that important
cost savings can be achieved by integrating inventory control and transportation policies throughout their
supply chains”.
Therefore, these companies need to ensure they have an optimal replenishment plan, being an inventory
and transportation strategy, in order to minimise total inventory and transportation costs over a finite planning
horizon (Chan et al., 2002). These undisclosed companies, as explained by Chan et al. (2002), rely on external
third party logistics providers for the transportation of goods from suppliers through warehouses to retailers.
“This cost structure, representing quantity discounts, volume-based price incentives, and other forms of
economies of scale, has a major impact on the replenishment strategy. It usually reflects either incremental or
all-unit discount effects, leading to the following types of cost functions” (Chan et al., 2002:1447). Tarn et al.
3. Inventory Management System And Performance Of Food And Bravages Companies In Nigeria
www.iosrjournals.org 26 | Page
(2003), has described that when a consumer places an order,
“the order goes to the fulfillment operation, the distributor, the manufacturer, or a combination of the
above (where) it is then picked, packed, handed to a shipper, and delivered to the customer” (Tarn et al., 2003).
The consumer who orders quickly expects delivery also quickly, but when the merchandise is not there, a
consumer may not return, a lost sale has just been created and this places increased pressure on managing
demand and planning up and down the supply chain (Tarn et al., 2003).
The most common inventory management method is inventory speculation (Wallin et al., 2006).
Bucklin (1965), has explained this by stating that a firm would purchase items and physically hold this
inventory within its storage facilities before there is a demand from the consumer. There are several advantages
to this inventory management method being that there is an ability to respond quickly to demand or requirement
as well as the ability to protect itself against fluctuations in prices (Wallin et al., 2006). Rietze (2004) argues that
inventory postponement refers to delayed decision-making about a product, and that it is beneficial to delay
commitment to product-specific characteristics as late as possible in order to avoid a mismatch between orders
and inventory on hand. Bucklin (1965), supported this explanation agreeing that a firm operating under an
inventory postponement approach would deliberately delay the purchase and the physical possession of
inventory items until demand or usage requirements are known with certainty. Wallin et al. (2006), has
elaborated this point by stating that through inventory postponement, a firm can minimise the risk of inventory
obsolescence, reduce the opportunity cost of having capital tied up in these items, and avoid acquiring inventory
storage and tracking expenses since this inventory is physically located with the supplier. Byoungho (2004),
identified five inventory control/ record system. According to him, the ideal inventory and proper merchandise
turnover will vary from one market to another. Average industry figures serve as a guide for comparison. Too
large an inventory may not be justified because the turnover does not warrant investment, Billington et al
(2004). On the other hand, because products are not available to meet demand, too small an inventory may
minimize sales and profits as customers go somewhere else to buy what they want where it is immediately
available ,Byoungho (2004).
Wanke and Zinn (2004)state that the most profitable policy is not to optimize one of these at the expense of the
others.
In a general stores environment the service will normally be taken as 'availability ex stock', whereas in
a supply to customer specification, the service expected would be delivery on time against customer requested
date, Chan et al (2002). The second target, inventory costs, requires a minimum of cash tied up in stock. This
target has to be considered carefully, since there is often the feeling that having any stock in stores for a few
months is bad practice. In reality, minimizing the stock usually means attending to the major costs: very low
value items are not considered a significant problem. Low inventory can also be considered in terms of space or
other critical resources, Van Hoek (1999)..According to Yang et al (2004), the improvement in stock control has
been slow and gradual, created by new technology, financial need and competitive pressure. Those companies
who can tighten their control faster than the average will flourish, but those which do not keep up with the
average, even if they are improving, will gradually dwindle. The trick of the good stock controller is to meet the
objectives simultaneously, not one at a time, and of course 'the better the control the smaller the cost, the lower
the stock levels, and the better the customer service'. One of the dichotomies of inventory control is that at item
level, the more stock the better the availability. However for the whole inventory, experience has shown that the
businesses with the highest stock are often those which have the worst availability, Yang et al (2004). These
observations are not in conflict if the causes are considered. Stock outs result from holding too little stock of the
offending lines, because the forecasts, monitoring or controls are inadequate. High stock levels arise because too
much stock has been purchased through bad forecasting, monitoring or controls. High stock and poor
availability are caused simultaneously as a result of poor control. The problem rests with the inventory
controller and the solution is in improved techniques, Yang et al (2004). Inventory control, according to Ozer, O
(2003), is the activity which organizes the availability of items to the customers. goes on to states that
conventional supply organization will have many departments including sales, purchasing, finance, quality
assurance, contracts and general administration. In some cases there will also be manufacturing, distribution or
support services or a variety of industry specific activities. Each of these has a particular view of the role of
stock control.
III. Methodology
` This research work employs the use of secondary data which provides repository records and accounts
in a workable format. The instrument used for this research is secondary in nature as quantifiable Inventory data
were obtained from the financial reports obtained from the manufacturing companies. The reason for the use of
annual reports is because it captures all financial transactions of the companies.
Model Specification
4. Inventory Management System And Performance Of Food And Bravages Companies In Nigeria
www.iosrjournals.org 27 | Page
SOGITFSFGWIPRPMC 65422,01
Method of Data Analysis The method used in this study is based largely on deductive method and the use of
secondary data collected from various annual financial reports published by Food and Beverages companies
listed on the Nigeria Stock Exchanges. The Linear Regression Analysis is divided into two categories:
(i) Simple Linear Regression Model
(ii) Multiple Linear Regression Model
Regression Analysis is a statistical technique for modeling and investigating the relationship between
two or more variables. Also many of the forecasting techniques use regression methods for parameter
estimations. It is a means of viewing the relationship that exist between two or more variables i.e. one dependent
and one or more independent variables.
IV. Data Analysis and Interpretation
Table 1: Descriptive Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation N
Inventory Control (IC) 4.3711E6 1.91796E6 30
Raw & Packaging Materials
(RPM)
1.8155E6 8.32840E5 30
Work in progress (WP) 133511.6614 73046.32381 30
Finished goods (FG) 1.1969E6 9.34866E5 30
Engineering spares (ES) 580579.0584 1.85016E5 30
Goods in transit (GT) 156390.8552 1.22051E5 30
Other stocks (OS) 1.9327E6 50503.94475 30
Table 1 shows the descriptive statistics of the data collected from financial report of Cadbury Nigeria Plc on
Inventory control (IC) and its components for thirty (30) years. The mean IC, in Naira, for the years under
reference is 4,371,100; RPM is 1,815,500; WP is 133,511.66; FG is 1,196,900; ES is 580,579.06; GT is
156,390.86; and OS is 1,932,700.
Table 2: Pearson Correlation Analysis
Inventory
Control
Raw &
Packaging
Materials
Work in
progress
Finished
goods
Engineering
spares
Goods
in
transit
Other
stocks
Inventory
Control
Pearson
Correlation
1 .926**
.925**
.338 .994**
.286 .984**
Raw &
Packaging
Materials
Pearson
Correlation
1 .808**
.344 .986**
.146 .967**
Work in
progress
Pearson
Correlation
1 .327 .942**
.477**
.943**
Finished
goods
Pearson
Correlation
1 .356 .714**
.273
Engineering
spares
Pearson
Correlation
1 .245 1.000**
Goods in
transit
Pearson
Correlation
1 .276
Other stocks Pearson
Correlation
1
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Multiple Correlation Coefficient (R) = 0.996 , R2
= 0.990
The correlation results in Table 2 indicated that there is significant direct correlation, at the 0.01 level (2-tailed),
between Inventory Control and each of the variables - Inventory Control, Raw & Packaging Materials, Work in
progress, Engineering spares and other stocks. While no significant direct correlation exists, at the 0.01 level (2-
tailed), between Inventory Control and Finished goods, and Goods in transit. This implies that when raw &
packaging materials, work in progress, engineering spares, other stocks, finished goods and Goods in transit are
increasing, the inventory control will be increasing but FG and GT are not significant.
5. Inventory Management System And Performance Of Food And Bravages Companies In Nigeria
www.iosrjournals.org 28 | Page
Further, the multiple correlations (R) = 0.996 (99.6%) is the overall correlation between IC and the variables,
which explained that there is a high direct correlation between IC and its components. The adjusted regression
coefficient of determination (R2
) = 0.990 (99.0%) is the amount of information being explained by RPM, WP,
ES, OS, FG and GT about IC.
Table 3: ANOVA
Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.
Regression 1.059E14 6 1.764E13 492.839 .000
Residual 8.234E11 23 3.580E10
Total 1.067E14 29
Dependent Variable: Inventory Control
From the ANOVA table, Since the P-value = 0.000 < 0.05, the model is adequate. However, the effect of each of
the variable on IC is investigated using the regression analysis in the following table.
Table 4: Regression Coefficients
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.B Std. Error Beta
(Constant) 8389869.819 6238968.519 1.345 .192
Raw & Packaging
Materials
-1.650 .291 -.717 -5.680 .000
Work in progress 2.871 2.415 .109 1.189 .247
Finished goods .010 .078 .005 .124 .903
Engineering spares 18.087 1.666 1.745 10.856 .000
Goods in transit -.442 .708 -.028 -.623 .539
Other stocks -6.131 3.404 -.161 -1.801 .085
Dependent Variable: Inventory Control
In Table 4, the P-values of each of the independent variables suggest that only RPM and ES have significant
effect on IC, since P-value 0.000 < 0.05, respectively. Hence, this further suggests that major part of inventory
control is determined by Raw & Packaging Materials and Engineering spares. And based on the standardized
coefficient, engineering parts (ES) has the strongest direct effect on inventory control (IC), while RPM has a
significant indirect effect on IC.
Model Specification
IC = 8389869.819 -1.650 RPM + 2.871 WP + 0.010 FG + 18.087 ES - 0.442 GT -6.131 OS
V. Conclusion
It has been shown that inventory management approaches from manufacturing organizations can be
improved. Their highest ranking requirement is customer satisfaction, and through an example of inventory
postponement, there are situations where inventory is not available and part delivery is delayed and orders
cannot be fulfilled on time. In order to meet these requirements, the high manufacturing organization needs to
have more accurate forecasting, and to strengthen its communication with its customers.
In order for the manufacturing industry to work out how to incorporate inventory postponement and
inventory speculation to incorporate consumer demand and to align this consumer demand with the
organization’s supply chain, the forecasting and planning processes needs to be improved (Langabeer &
Stoughton, 2001). This “can be achieved, and the supply chain performance metrics (and overall firm
performance) will be maximized if the demand forecasting processes are collaborative, sophisticated, oriented
towards the product life cycle, and developed using non-constrained consumer demand data.
The implication of inventory management approaches is that through inventory postponement,
customers are frequently waiting for stock to fulfill their requirements, and in turn puts added pressure on to the
third party logistics provider who faces these inventory management issues directly with the customers. The
implications of this can be negative feedback and negative customer relationships, as opposed to positive
customer relationships if the inventory management approach adopted a level of inventory speculation, where
forecasting would increase the inventory and would be more likely be available to fulfill the customer’s
requirements.
6. Inventory Management System And Performance Of Food And Bravages Companies In Nigeria
www.iosrjournals.org 29 | Page
References
[1]. Andel, Tom, and Daniel A. Kind. "Flow It, Don't Stow It." Transportation and Distribution May 1996.
[2]. Bergin, Sarah. "Make Your Warehouse Deliver: New Developments in Warehouse Management Systems Inspire New Productivity
in Needy Operations." Transportation and Distribution. February 1997.
[3]. Billington, C., Callioni, G., Crane, B., Ruark, J.D. (2004) “Accelerating the Profitability of Hewlett-Packard's Supply Chains”.
Interfaces. Linthicum: Jan/Feb 2004.
[4]. Breugelmans, E., Campob, K., Gijsbrechts (2006), “Opportunities for active stock-out management inonline stores: The impact of
the stock-out policy on online stock-out reactions 2006 NewYork University. Published by Elsevier Inc.
[5]. Bucklin, L.P. (1965), "Postponement, speculation, and the structure of distribution channels", Journalof Marketing Research, Vol. 2
No. 1, pp. 26-32 Byoungho, J., (2004) “Achieving an Optimal Global Versus Domestic Sourcing Balance under Demand
Uncertainty”. International. Journal of Operations and Production Management.Bradford. Vol.24, Iss 11/12, p.1292
[6]. Chan, L.M.A., Muriel, A., Shen, Z-J.M., Simchi-Levi, D. and Teo C-P.(2002) “Effectivezeroinventory-ordering policies for the
single-warehouse multiretailer problem with piecewise linear cost structures”.Management Science. Linthicum: Vol.48, Iss. 11; pg.
[7]. 1446, 15 pgs
[8]. Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. (1989), “Building Theories from Case Study Research,” Academy of Management Review. Vol. 14, No. 4,
pp. 532-550.
[9]. Ellram, Lisa M. (1996), “The Use of the Case Study Method in Logistics Research,” Journal of Business Logistics. Vol. 17, No. 2,
pp. 93-139.
[10]. Fleischmann, M., van Nunen, J.A.E.E., and Grave, B., (2003) “Integrating Closed-Loop Supply Chains and Spare-Parts
Management at IBM” Interfaces. Linthicum: Vol.33, Iss. 6; pg. 44
[11]. Graman, G.A. and Magazine, M.J., (2006) “Implementation issues influencing the decision to adopt postponement” International
Journal of Operations & Production Management;Volume: 26 Issue: 10; pg.
[12]. Handfield, R.B. (2002), "Reducing costs across the supply chain", Optimize, Dec., pp. 54-60.
[13]. Imai, M., “Will America's corporate theme song be "Just in Time"?” (1998). The Journal for Qualityand Participation. Cincinnati:
Vol.21, Iss. 2; pg. 26, 3 pgs
[14]. Kapuscinski, R., Zhang, R.Q., Carbonneau, P., Moore, R., and Reeves, B., (2004) “Inventory Decisions in Dell's Supply Chain”
Interfaces. Linthicum:Vol.34, Iss. 3; pg. 191, 15 pgs
[15]. Khan S., (2003) “Supplier choice criteria of executing agencies in developing countries.”The International Journal of Public Sector
Management; 16, 4/5; ABI/INFORM Global, pg. 261
[16]. Kuo, C-H, Dunn, K.D. and Randhawa, S.U. “A case study assessment of performance measurement in distribution centers.”
Industrial Management + Data Systems. Wembley:1999. Vol. 99, Iss.2; p. 54
[17]. Langabeer, J., Stoughton, T., (2001) “Demand planning and forecasting in the high technology industry. The Journal of Business
Forecasting Methods & Systems. Flushing: Vol.20, Iss. 1; pg. 7, 4 pgs
[18]. Monczka, R.M, Trent, RJ. andHandfield, R.B. (2002), Purchasing and Supply Chain Management,2nd éd., South-Western,
Cincinnati, OH.National Science Foundation Science Engineering Indicators -1998N
[19]. Ozer, O., (2003) “Replenishment strategies for distribution systems under advance demand information” Management Science.
Linthicum.Vol.49, Iss. 3; pg. 255, 18 Pagh, J.D. and Cooper, M.C. (1998), "Supply chain postponement and speculation strategies:
[20]. how to choose the right strategy", Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 13-33.
[21]. Patton, M.Q. (1990), 2nd edition, Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods, New Bury Park, CA.
[22]. Rossman, G.B. and Wilson, B.L. (1985), "Numbers and words: combining quantitative and qualitative methods in a single large-
scale evaluation study", Evaluation Review, Vol. 9 No. 5.
[23]. Svensson, G., (2003), “The bullwhip effect in intra-organisational echelons”International Journal of Physical Distribution &
Logistics Management. Bradford:2003.Vol.33, Iss. 1/2; pg. 103, 29 pgs
[24]. Tarn, J.M., Razi, M.A., Wen, H.J., Perez Jr, A.A. (2003) “E-fulfillment: the strategy and operational requirements”. Bradford:
.Vol.16, Iss. 5; pg. 350, 13 pgs Van Hoek, R.I. (1999), "Postponement and the reconfiguration challenge for food supply chains",
Supply Chain Management, Vol. 4 No.1, pp.18-34.
[25]. Van Hoek, R.I. (2000), “Role of third party logistic services in customization through postponement” International Journal of
Service Industry Management; Volume: 11 Issue:4; Wallin, C., Rungtusanatham, M.J., and Rabinovich, E., (2006) “What is the
"right" inventory management approach for a purchased item?” International Journal of Operations &Production Management.
Bradford: Vol. 26, Iss. 1/2; pg. 50, 19 pgs
[26]. Wallin, C., Rungtusanatham, M., Rabinovich, E., Hwang, Y., (2007) Inventory Ownership and Placement Decisions for an
Externally Sourced Item within a Buyer-Supplier Dyad
(http://marriottschool.byu.edu/emp/BMS/Documents/Cindy%20Wallin%20Paper.pdf) (accessed 20.5.11, 5.7.07)
[27]. Wanke, P. F., and Zinn, W., (2004) “Strategic Logistics Decision Making”.International Journal of Physical Distribution and
Logistics Management. 34, 6; ABI/INFORM Global, pg 466
[28]. Xu, K., Windle, RJ., Grimm, C.M. and Corsi, T.M. (1994), "Re-evaluating returns to scale in transport", Journal of Transport
Economics and Policy, Vol. 28 No. 3, pp. 275-86.
[29]. Yang, B.,Burns, N.D., Backhouse, C.J.(2004). “Postponement: a review and an integrated”. Internet J. of Operations & Production
Management 24(5) pp. 468-487
[30]. Yang, B., Burns, N.D. (2003), "Implications of postponement for the supply chain", International Journal of Production Research,
Vol. 41 No.9, pp.2075-90
[31]. Yin, R.K., (2003). Case Study Research Design and Methods. Third Edition.Sage Publications. California.
Inventory control of cadbury nigeria plc from 1982 to 2011
Year
IC RPM WIP FG ES GIT OS
1982 210465.29 8870.02 50222.29 2529534.87 172411.23 328212.53 1820311.48
1983 5127696.02 2144089.10 160677.79 1123337.50 659062.22 147709.57 1954955.24
1984 3542960.61 1455946.23 92708.47 53917.86 502223.32 5671.60 1911561.97
1985 6229448.64 2622505.38 207931.97 1941798.52 768101.03 254344.47 1985123.46