(SWH) are becoming increasingly attractive in sustainable development. Hence the Efforts continuously made here is to reduce their costs to make them more affordable. Solar energy has experienced a remarkable development in recent years because of cost reduction due to technological development as well as renewable energy scheme supported by the government. The process of using sun’s energy to heat water is not a new technology. (SWH) technology has improved a lot during the past century. The primary method of energy transport in solar energy from sun is electromagnetic radiation .This type of radiation coming from the Sun also depends on temperature. The Sun generates electromagnetic radiation in extensive span of wavelengths. However, most of the radiation is being sent out in the observable range due to its surface temperature. The amount of solar energy received in a particular region depends on the time of the day, the season of the year, the sky’s cloudiness, and how closeness of Earth’s equator. For modeling we utilized Genetic algorithm and for prediction we employed hybrid ABC and PSO techniques. Genetic algorithm is utilized in order to optimize the modeling technique by using the dataset collected.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A SOLAR STILL USING LAURIC ACID AS A ENERGY S...IAEME Publication
The solar still is a simple device used for obtaining fresh water for small scale demand. Due to intermittent nature of solar energy, solar still s are not continuous in nature. To make them operative for non-sunshine hours energy storage
mediums are used. In the present work an attempt has been made to utilize the energy storage capacity of Lauric acid to enhance the performance of solar still. Experiments were carried out on single basin double slope solar still in the premises of SHIATS, Allahabad in the month of February. It is observed that the nocturnal distillate output is increased by more than 17% when Lauricacid is used as energy storage medium.
Concentrating collectors absorbs solar energy and convert it into heat for generating hot water, steam at required temperature, which can be further used for solar thermal applications. The developing countries like India where solar energy is abundantly available; there is need to develop technology for harnessing solar energy for power production, but the main problem associated with concentrating solar power technology is the high cost of installation and low output efficiency.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A SOLAR STILL USING LAURIC ACID AS A ENERGY S...IAEME Publication
The solar still is a simple device used for obtaining fresh water for small scale demand. Due to intermittent nature of solar energy, solar still s are not continuous in nature. To make them operative for non-sunshine hours energy storage
mediums are used. In the present work an attempt has been made to utilize the energy storage capacity of Lauric acid to enhance the performance of solar still. Experiments were carried out on single basin double slope solar still in the premises of SHIATS, Allahabad in the month of February. It is observed that the nocturnal distillate output is increased by more than 17% when Lauricacid is used as energy storage medium.
Concentrating collectors absorbs solar energy and convert it into heat for generating hot water, steam at required temperature, which can be further used for solar thermal applications. The developing countries like India where solar energy is abundantly available; there is need to develop technology for harnessing solar energy for power production, but the main problem associated with concentrating solar power technology is the high cost of installation and low output efficiency.
Types of Renewable energy
Mix of Renewable Energy in the world
Solar Energy
Scope of Solar energy
Solar Technologies
Applications, Benefits and Drawbacks
Conclusion
Pilot Solar Thermal Power Plant Station in Southwest LouisianaIJAPEJOURNAL
Solar thermal plants are basically power plants that generate electricity from high-temperature heat. The difference between them and conventional power plants is that instead of deriving energy from gas, coal or oil, the sun provides the energy that drives the turbines. In this paper we will give a brief demonstration of solar thermal power and different system designs of solar thermal power plants. Then we will see the feasibility of implementing solar power plants in Louisiana which currently depends mostly on its conventional power plants which use traditional fuels such as gas, oil, and coal. This study was a part of a proposal that was funded by the US the Department of Energy to construct solar thermal plant near Lafayette, Louisiana. The power plant is currently under the construction and it will be completed by Summer of 2013
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The National Middle School Association (NMSA) sponsored this presentation for middle school science teachers. Topics include Earth’s energy budget and climate change; Albedo; Regional temperature and sea ice changes; NSES Standards and Misconceptions; Resources to Enhance Your Content Knowledge; and Science Lessons and Activities.
Studying the factors affecting solar power generation systems performance ( S...IJERA Editor
Solar energy is a huge, clean and renewable source of energy. It is also available everywhere on the earth. However, there are many technical and economic difficulties need to be solved so that solar energy becomes a strong competition against the traditional energy sources. Energy from the sun can be used successfully in electric power generation systems. Depending on the climate conditions and the use of a properly designed, installing and maintained system can meet a large demand in this request. Work plane for this research will include many steps, the first step will include an introduction to solar energy. The second step will be a short review of the solar energy availability, geometry, fields of applications and the largest commercial application of solar energy is the solar thermal power generation. In addition, the most common types of solar thermal power plants, the solar field, heat transfer fluid and the power conversion system types will be explained in detail. The third step, a simple analysis for the solar thermal power plant will be explained in order to predict the optimum conditions leading to maximum performance. Discussions of results will be the fourth step. The last step a conclusion and recommendation for future work will also be included.
Paul Norton of NREL spoke about the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, the Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative, and the challenges of renewable energy and conservation in Hawaii. Slides from the REIS seminar given at the University of Hawaii at Manoa on 2009-09-03.
Gc-Ms Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of Senecio Peduncu...IOSR Journals
The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of Senecio pedunculatus collected from the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand, was analyzed by GC-MS. The major constituent was found out to be caryophyllene oxide (23.28%). The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the oil was determined by disc diffusion method. Results showed that the oil exhibited mild antimicrobial activity.
Types of Renewable energy
Mix of Renewable Energy in the world
Solar Energy
Scope of Solar energy
Solar Technologies
Applications, Benefits and Drawbacks
Conclusion
Pilot Solar Thermal Power Plant Station in Southwest LouisianaIJAPEJOURNAL
Solar thermal plants are basically power plants that generate electricity from high-temperature heat. The difference between them and conventional power plants is that instead of deriving energy from gas, coal or oil, the sun provides the energy that drives the turbines. In this paper we will give a brief demonstration of solar thermal power and different system designs of solar thermal power plants. Then we will see the feasibility of implementing solar power plants in Louisiana which currently depends mostly on its conventional power plants which use traditional fuels such as gas, oil, and coal. This study was a part of a proposal that was funded by the US the Department of Energy to construct solar thermal plant near Lafayette, Louisiana. The power plant is currently under the construction and it will be completed by Summer of 2013
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The National Middle School Association (NMSA) sponsored this presentation for middle school science teachers. Topics include Earth’s energy budget and climate change; Albedo; Regional temperature and sea ice changes; NSES Standards and Misconceptions; Resources to Enhance Your Content Knowledge; and Science Lessons and Activities.
Studying the factors affecting solar power generation systems performance ( S...IJERA Editor
Solar energy is a huge, clean and renewable source of energy. It is also available everywhere on the earth. However, there are many technical and economic difficulties need to be solved so that solar energy becomes a strong competition against the traditional energy sources. Energy from the sun can be used successfully in electric power generation systems. Depending on the climate conditions and the use of a properly designed, installing and maintained system can meet a large demand in this request. Work plane for this research will include many steps, the first step will include an introduction to solar energy. The second step will be a short review of the solar energy availability, geometry, fields of applications and the largest commercial application of solar energy is the solar thermal power generation. In addition, the most common types of solar thermal power plants, the solar field, heat transfer fluid and the power conversion system types will be explained in detail. The third step, a simple analysis for the solar thermal power plant will be explained in order to predict the optimum conditions leading to maximum performance. Discussions of results will be the fourth step. The last step a conclusion and recommendation for future work will also be included.
Paul Norton of NREL spoke about the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, the Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative, and the challenges of renewable energy and conservation in Hawaii. Slides from the REIS seminar given at the University of Hawaii at Manoa on 2009-09-03.
Gc-Ms Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of Senecio Peduncu...IOSR Journals
The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of Senecio pedunculatus collected from the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand, was analyzed by GC-MS. The major constituent was found out to be caryophyllene oxide (23.28%). The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the oil was determined by disc diffusion method. Results showed that the oil exhibited mild antimicrobial activity.
Effect of Poling Field and Non-linearity in Quantum Breathers in FerroelectricsIOSR Journals
Abstract : Lithium tantalate is technologically one of the most important ferroelectric materials with a low poling field that has several applications in the field of photonics and memory switching devices. In a Hamiltonian system, such as dipolar system, the polarization behavior of such ferroelectrics can be well-modeled by Klein-Gordon (K-G) equation. To probe the quantum states related to discrete breathers, the same K-G lattice is quantized to give rise to quantum breathers (QBs) that are explained by a periodic boundary condition. The gap between the localized and delocalized phonon-band is a function of impurity content that is again related to the effect of pinning of domains due to antisite tantalum defects in the system, i.e. a point of easier switching within the limited amount of data on poling field.
Determination of baseline Widal titre among apparently healthy population in ...IOSR Journals
Present study was conducted to determine the baseline widal titer of healthy population of Dehradun city. A total of 300 serum samples were collected from healthy individual with no history of fever and who had not received any vaccination for enteric fever. Tube agglutination test was done with commercially available antigens which contained the Salmonella enterica serovar typhi O and H antigens, the Salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi AH antigen and paratyphi BH antigen. In the present study an agglutination titer for TO – 1:20 is 28%, for 1:40 is 24%, followed by 1:80 and 1: 160 which is 10%, 4% respectively. The highest sample with an anti-H titre found with 1:20 (22%) followed by 1:40(17%). Based upon the results of the study it has been recommended that a single Widal can be significant in an endemic region when higher titre (1:160) is obtained.
Public Expenditure on Education; A Measure for Promoting Economic DevelopmentIOSR Journals
The rational utilization and allocation of public expenditure would result into an economic development of the country. It has been observed that allocation and utilization of expenditure in Pakistan have been very little towards development. The allocation of current expenditure such as debt servicing and defense has increased by a greater percentage every year as compared to education. Money borrowed by the economy over the years, if had been put to the development of projects, the economy would have seen much higher development and growth. The objective of the research lies in evaluating the public expenditure and its role in economic development by considering education as an indicator to social development in Pakistan.
Meditation for stress reduction in Indian Army- An Experimental StudyIOSR Journals
1.1 Stress is defined as “the non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it.” Hans Sely (1956). Lazarous (1966) maintains that stress occurs when demands on the person which tax or exceed his judgment resources. McGrath JE (1990) explains that there is a potential for stress when an environmental situation is perceived as presenting a demand which threatens to exceed the person‟s capabilities and resources for meeting it under conditions where he has expected a substantial differential in the rewards and cost for meeting the demands verses not meeting it.Stress can be the result of external situations such as an abusive relationship or poor working conditions. Stress can also be the result of internal situations or stressors such as worrying or having pessimistic thoughts about future. Work being the central theme to the life and a social reality provides a status to the individual and his bond to the society by way of quality of work or position he attains. This ultimately leads to raise the standard of living or we can call it desire to grow, so that we can get recognition and social status in the society. In the ambition to grow we begin to work more than our capabilities and thus strain ourselves and thus lead to stress. (Prestonjee DM &Muncherji (1991)). Duration in stress is another variable which acts as a factor causing stronger stress response. This is in consistence with uncertainty theory of occupational stress by Beer TA and Bhagat RS (1985).Each individual needs a moderate amount of stress to be alert and capable of functioning effectively in an organization. Hence stress is inherent in the concept of creativity. [Pestonjee(1991) Pareek(1993)].
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Pyogenic Bacterial Isolates in Sputum.IOSR Journals
Drugs Have Been Used For The Treatment Of Infectious Diseases Since 17th Century , However
Chemotherapy As A Science Has Began With Paul Ehrlich In The First Decade Of 20th Century . Paul Ehrlich
(1854-1915) Was One Of The Earliest Pioneers In The Field Of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy .1Ehrlich
Formulated The Principles Of “Selective Toxicity” ,I.E; Selective Inhibition Of The Growth Of Microorganisms
Without Damage To The Host.2 Resistance Has Been Documented Not Only Against Antibiotics Of
Natural And Semi- Synthetic Origin , But Also Against Purely Synthetic Compounds (Flouroquinolone) Or
Those Which Do Not Even Enter The Cells (Vancomycin) .3 However , The Euphoria Over The Potential
Conquest Of Infectious Diseases Was Short-Lived .Almost As Soon As Antibacterial Drugs Were Deployed ,
Bacteria Responded By Manifesting Various Forms Of Resistance.4 Considered As “Wonder Drugs”
Antibiotics Are Often Prescribed Inappropriately And Inadequately And Have Thus Became One Of The
Highly Abused Agents.5
Study of Optical Property of Gel Grown Mercuric Iodate CrystalsIOSR Journals
Mercuric Iodate Crystals were grown by a simple gel technique using diffusion method. The optimum growth conditions were established for the growth of these crystals by changing various parameters such as pH of the gel solution, gel concentration, gel setting time, concentrations of reactants etc. The grown Mercuric Iodate crystals were spherical in shape. These crystals were opaque. The crystals were characterized using UV-VIS Specrophotometrry.
Ethnobotanical Euphorbian plants of North Maharashtra RegionIOSR Journals
Euphorbiaceae is among the large flowering plant families consisting of a wide variety of vegetative
forms. Some of which plants are of great importance, It is need to explore traditional medicinal knowledge of
plant materials belonging to various genera of Euphorbiaceae available in North Maharashtra State. Plants
have always been the source of food, medicine and other necessities of life since the origin of human being.
Plant containing ethnomedicinal properties have been known and used in some forms or other tribal
communities of Satpuda region. These tribal have their own system of Ethnomedicine for the treatment of
different ailments. In the course of survey useful Euphorbian plants of Satpuda, 34 medicinal plants belonging
to 18 genus is documented. This article reports their botanical identity, family name, local language name part
used preparations and doses, if any. It is observed that tribes of this region uses various Euphorbian plant in
the form of decoction, infusion, extract, paste, powder etc. Thus the knowledge area of this region with respect
to ethnomedicine would be useful for botanist, pharmacologist and phytochemist for further explorations. It is
concluded that the family is a good starting point for the search for plant-based medicines.
Simple Thinking Makes Chemistry Metabolic and Interesting - A Review ArticleIOSR Journals
First of all I give my love to all the students who reside in ‘Chemistry Phobia zone’. In this short article I shall try to share my simple thinking that I achieved during my last 16 years of journey in the route of Chemical Education. Before starting my journey it was a big encounter for me to change the conventional methods and makes chemistry easier and interesting to such student who belongs to Chemistry Paranoia Zone. I believe that students are just like flowers and it is our duty to nourish them properly as a gardener. In my infinitely small area of knowledge, I just try to innovate fourteen (14) teaching methodologies by including thirty four (34) completely new formulae in the chemistry world which were followed by different eminent writers in their books since last 90-95 years namely Sir G.Wilkinson, Prof. F. Albert Cotton, Prof. I.L.Finar, Prof. R.T. Morrison, Prof. R.N. Boyd, Prof. Solomons and Prof. Fryhle, Prof. J.G. Smith etc..
m - projective curvature tensor on a Lorentzian para – Sasakian manifoldsIOSR Journals
In this paper we studied m-projectively flat, m-projectively conservative, 𝜑-m-projectively flat LP-Sasakian manifold. It has also been proved that quasi m- projectively flat LP-Sasakian manifold is locally isometric to the unit sphere 𝑆𝑛(1) if and only if 𝑀𝑛 is m-projectively flat.
Survey of Fungal Diseases of Some Vegetables and Fruits in Aswan, EGYPTIOSR Journals
Fifteen species belonging to 9 terrestrial fungal genera were isolated from diseased fruits and vegetables on PDA media during this investigation. Aspergillus came in high incidence genera and represented by three species namely; A. flavus var colamnaris, A. niger and A. ochraceus. Another four fungal genera were came in the second position after Aspergillus and represented by two identified species these were; Acremonium, Alternaria, Fusarium and Penicillium. The remaining four fungal genera which isolated were representative by only one species were; Botryotrichum sp., Gilmaniela humicola, Mucor hiemalis and Torula sp. Solanum lycopersicum was yielded the highest number of genera and species (7 and 11, respectively). Psidium guava was yield the lowest number of fungal genera and species (1 and 1). All fungal which isolated in this investigation were screened for their ability to cellulose production on CMC agar plates within 3 days, among all tested isolates Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium proliferatum were the highest fungal isolates produced clear zone (3.65 mm) and (3.15 mm) respectively.
Influence of chimney effect on the radon effective dose of the lung simulated...IOSR Journals
One of the well-known radon prone areas of the world is Ramsar in Iran, which is surrounded by the
Alborz Mountain in its southern part and Caspian Sea on the north. The annual effective dose in the district of
Talesh-Mahalleh is higher than the annual dose limits for radiation workers. In this study, the indoor radon
level and effective dose of the lung were estimated using a Prassi portable radon gas survey meter in a model
house containing top soil samples from different parts of Ramsar. For the extremely hot samples, the effective
dose of the lung in winter season was 27.75±2.55mSv, when the windows and exhaust part of chimney were
closed. However, when the chimney was turned on and the exhaust part of chimney was open, the effective dose
of the lung was reduced to 1.27±0.23mSv. Also the seasonal radon effective doses of the lung with other samples
were reduced to low values. The results suggest by using chimney effect and chimney heaters a significant
lessening of the radon seasonal effective dose in dwellings of Ramsar can be achieved.
A optimized process for the synthesis of a key starting material for etodolac...IOSR Journals
Abstract An optimized process developed for the synthesis of 7-ethyltryptophol, a key starting material for etodolac, a non steroidal anti- inflammatory drug. Starting from commercially available 2-ethylphenylhydrazine. HCl and dihydro furan with con. H2SO4 as a catalyst in N, N- dimethyl acetamide ( DMAc). H2O (1:1) as a solvent in 75% yield . the method is easy, inexpensive , without purification getting pure solid. The process is very clean, high yielding & high quality and operationally simple.
Keywords: Etodolac, 7-ethyl tryptophol, 2-ethyl phenyl hydrazine hydrochloride, N,N-dimethyl acetamide.
Passive Cooling on the Performance of Photovoltaic Solar Panels Operating in ...ijmech
The peak power output of Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels is typically rated at 25°C, but in hot weather, their operating temperature rises significantly, reducing energy efficiency and power output. This study investigates a passive air convection cooling method to enhance PV panel performance. It examines the impact of adding fins for improved convective heat transfer on the efficiency and power production of PV polycrystalline solar panels in high-temperature environments. Numerical evaluations using one- dimensional thermal models were conducted to predict the panel's hourly average temperature, efficiency, and power output with and without fins. Without fins, the panel had a yearly average temperature of 35°C, efficiency of 15.0%, and total annual power output of 340 kWh/m². Simulations with rectangular pin fins resulted in a yearly average panel temperature of 28°C, efficiency of 16.1%, and total annual power output of 365 kWh/m², a 7.3% increase with an additional weight of 5.3 kg/m². Triangular pin fins yielded a yearly average panel temperature of 30°C, efficiency of 15.8%, and total annual power output of 358 kWh/m², a 5.2% increase with an additional weight of 1.8 kg/m². In conclusion, passive air cooling improves PV panel power output by 5 to 7% in extremely hot and dry climates, with additional fin material weighing 1.8 to 5.3 kg/m². One-dimensional heat transfer models effectively provide hourly simulation results for a full year.
STUDY OF SOLAR THERMAL CAVITY RECEIVER FOR PARABOLIC CONCENTRATING COLLECTOR ijiert bestjournal
Energy is one of the building blocks of the country . The growth of the country has been fueled by chea p,abundant energy resources. Solar energy is a form of renewable ener gy which is available abundantly and collected unre servedly. The parabolic concentrator reflects the direct incident solar rad iation onto a receiver mounted above the dish at it s focal point. The conversion of concentrated solar radiation to heat takes place in receiver. The heat transfer characteristics of the receiver changes during the rotation of the receiver which affects thermal performance. The working temperature may also influence the ther mal performance and overall efficiency of the system. Thermal as well as optica l losses affect the performance of a solar paraboli c dish-cavity receiver system. The thermal losses of a solar cavity receiver include c onvective and radiative losses to the air in the ca vity and conductive heat loss through the insulation used behind the helical tube surface. Convective and radiative heat losses form the major constituents of the thermal losses. The convection heat loss from cavit y receiver in parabolic dish solar thermal power sy stem can significantly reduce the efficiency and consequently the cost effectiveness of the system. It is important to assess this heat loss and subsequently improve the thermal performance of the receiver.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The aim of this research is to utilize the new control algorithm of the sun tracker and the developed computer capabilities to improve the efficiency of tracking. The new tracking method installed on new innovative approach of water distillation taking advantage of high possible concentration of parabolic trough collector to reach a new level of daily harvest per square meter. Water distillation yield is predicted to score high percentage output of distillate due to the high temperature average about 40 degrees as maximum and 30 degrees as minimum. Also the high sunny hours about 9-12 hours per day. Mechanical system will be designed and tested for high ability to withstand the extra loading also some imperfections are forecasted. The present study may found more reliable and trusting techniques in tracking and water distillation. Saline water distillation as predicted will score a noticeable level because of the use of parabolic collector and promoted the efficiency. Keeping good temperature difference between vapor and condensation surface will increase the output and reduce the capacity of temperature. The mechanical design must be convenient to Sultanate Oman climate conditions and have to running, smoothly and safe.
MASTERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE renewable energy systemsSamanth kumar
RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS,M.ARCH (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE) ANNA UNIVERSITY
UNIT I SOLAR ENERGY
➔ Solar radiation its measurements and prediction
➔ solar thermal flat plate collectors concentrating collectors –
applications - heating, cooling, desalination, power generation,drying, cooking etc
➔ principle of photovoltaic conversion of solar energy,
➔ types of solar cells and fabrication.
Photovoltaic applications:
➔ battery charger, domestic lighting, street lighting, and water pumping, power generation schemes.
UNIT II WIND ENERGY
➔ Atmospheric circulations and classification
➔ factors influencing wind , wind shear and turbulence
➔ wind speed monitoring
➔ Betz limit
➔ Aerodynamics of wind turbine rotor
➔ site selection
➔ Wind resource assessment
wind energy conversion devices
➔ classification,
➔ characteristics,
➔ applications.
➔ Hybrid systems - safety and environmental aspects.
UNIT III BIO-ENERGY
➔ Biomass resources and their classification
➔ chemical constituents
➔ physicochemical characteristics of biomass
➔ Biomass conversion processes
➔ Thermochemical conversion
➔ direct combustion,
➔ gasification,
➔ pyrolysis and liquefaction
➔ biochemical conversion
➔ Anaerobic digestion
➔ alcohol production from biomass
➔ chemical conversion process
➔ hydrolysis and hydrogenation
➔ Biogas - generation - types of biogas Plants- applications
UNIT IV HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELLS
➔ Thermodynamics and electrochemical principles
➔ asic design, types, and applications
➔ production methods
➔ Biophotolysis
➔ Hydrogen generation from algae biological pathways
➔ Storage gaseous
➔ cryogenic and metal hydride and transportation.
➔ Fuel cell
➔ principle of working
➔ various types
➔ construction and applications.
UNIT V OTHER TYPES OF ENERGY
➔ Ocean energy resources
➔ principles of ocean thermal energy conversion systems
➔ Ocean thermal power plants
➔ principles of ocean wave energy conversion
➔ tidal energy conversion
hydropower
➔ site selection, construction, environmental issues
Geothermal energy
➔ types of geothermal energy sites,
➔ site selection, and geothermal power plants.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Solar photovoltaic/thermal air collector with mirrors for optimal tiltsIJECEIAES
This work is the result of a study of a photovoltaic/thermal air collector that concentrates solar radiation using two mobile mirrors to enhance electrical and thermal energy. The study is made for the site of Tetouan (Morocco) (longitude=-5°, latitude=35.25°) for a daily variation during typical days in May, June, September, and December, days considered as clear sky. To prove the effectiveness of the mirrors on the production of both electrical and thermal energy by the collector, we compared their electrical and thermal efficiency in two cases, without and with mirrors at the optimal positions. We validate the obtained simulation results by comparing them to the results from experimental studies published in the literature, for which a strong agreement was obtained. The model estimates the solar energy received by the hybrid collector during the day, to optimize the performance of the fixed collector, we have searched for the values of the optimal daily tilt angles of the two mirrors which allowed us to enhance the quantity of incoming solar radiation on the collector. The tilt angles depend on the sun’s elevation angle, the azimuth angle for typical days of the year.
PREDICTING OF ENERGY PRODUCTION OF SOLAR TOWER BASED ON THE STUDY OF THE COSI...IAEME Publication
The concentrated solar energy is one of the most important forms of solar energy
exploitation, which will play a key role in the future energy in the world and especially in
Jordan. In this investigation, cosine efficiency is investigated to consider when planning
the field arrangement of the heliostats in a solar power tower plant. If the power plant
within the northern hemisphere, a heliostat to the south of the tower is less effective than
a heliostat to the north of the tower. This work illustrates this concept
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Modeling Of Flat Plate Collector by Using Hybrid Technique
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP)
e-ISSN: 2278-4861. Volume 4, Issue 5 (Sep. - Oct. 2013), PP 12-17
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 12 | Page
Modeling Of Flat Plate Collector by Using Hybrid Technique
ER Saad Salem Saad , Dr. Arvind Saran Darbari Associate Prof.,
Dr. D.P. Jayapandian.
Abstract: (SWH) are becoming increasingly attractive in sustainable development. Hence the Efforts
continuously made here is to reduce their costs to make them more affordable. Solar energy has experienced a
remarkable development in recent years because of cost reduction due to technological development as well as
renewable energy scheme supported by the government. The process of using sun’s energy to heat water is not a
new technology. (SWH) technology has improved a lot during the past century. The primary method of energy
transport in solar energy from sun is electromagnetic radiation .This type of radiation coming from the Sun also
depends on temperature. The Sun generates electromagnetic radiation in extensive span of wavelengths.
However, most of the radiation is being sent out in the observable range due to its surface temperature. The
amount of solar energy received in a particular region depends on the time of the day, the season of the year,
the sky’s cloudiness, and how closeness of Earth’s equator. For modeling we utilized Genetic algorithm and for
prediction we employed hybrid ABC and PSO techniques. Genetic algorithm is utilized in order to optimize the
modeling technique by using the dataset collected.
Kay words: (SWH) Solar Water Heating.
I. INTRODUCTIN
The fact is that the Sun is the source of life and energy to all living creatures on the earth for millions of
years. Energy is a vital need in all aspects and due to the increasing demand for energy coupled with its
inefficient consumption, the environment has been polluted either directly or indirectly. To prevent this from
becoming a global disaster, it is inevitable to strengthen efforts of energy generation and utilization using
sustainable means and progressively substituting the fossil fuels for renewable sources of energy. Conventional
fossil fuel reserve may last for few more centuries. The power generation technology based on fossil fuel, has
serious implication on global warming. Currently the soaring price of fossil fuel does allow to countries to
invest in non-polluting and inexhaustible solar technology. Moreover, the solar energy is also driving force
behind other renewable such as biomass, wind, and hydropower.
Solar energy has experienced a remarkable development in recent years because of cost reduction due
to technological development as well as renewable energy scheme supported by the government. The primary
method of energy transport in solar energy from sun is electromagnetic radiation .This type of radiation coming
from the Sun also depends on temperature. Renewable energy technologies, such as wind and solar power, are
being widely studied by researchers today as many countries are trying to reduce their dependence on
nonrenewable energy sources (i.e. fossil fuels). Massive use of conventional, non-renewable resources produces
greenhouse gases which contribute significantly to climate change. Renewable energy sources, such as solar and
wind energy, on the other hand, do not produce greenhouse gases. They are sustainable and free of cost. The
Sun generates electromagnetic radiation in extensive span of wavelengths. However, most of the radiation is
being sent out in the observable range due to its surface temperature. The amount of solar energy received in a
particular region depends on the time of the day, the season of the year, the sky’s cloudiness, and how closeness
of Earth’s equator. Reducing costs and increasing reliability of solar water heaters (SWH) includes the pumps,
controller, sensors, and electrical power needed for active systems, and, having insulated storage, perform better
than integral-collector-storage during winter in cold climates. .
II. LITERATURE REVIEW: RESEARCH ON FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR
In the solar-energy industry great emphasis has been placed on the development of "passive" solar
energy systems, which involve the integration of several subsystems: Flat Plate collectors, heat-storage
containers, fluid transport and distribution systems, and control systems. The major component unique to
passive systems is the Flat plate collector. This device absorbs the incoming solar radiation, converting it into
heat at the absorbing surface, and transfers this heat to a fluid (water) flowing through the Flat plate collector.
The warmed fluid carries the heat either directly to the hot water or to a storage subsystem from which can be
drawn for use at night and on cloudy days. The results show that the system could reach satisfactory levels of
efficiency. Furthermore it proved to be inexpensive and easier to manufacture which makes it a potential
technological solution to the domestic water heating problems in rural India.
2. Modeling Of Flat Plate Collector By Using Hybrid Technique
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Fawaz S. Abdullah et al. have developed to determine the performance of the solar collectors to develop thermal
energy conversion system. This research was to develop a tool for predicting the performance of a flat-plate
solar collector from knowledge the absorbed solar radiation quantity. Also, the factors that effects on absorbed
solar radiation value have been considered. These factors represented with collector tilt angle, the season
changes that represented with month of year that the global solar radiation on horizontal surface has been
measured, the location from the world represented with the latitude, time interval represented with hours of
daylight from sunrise to sunset. Another optical factors effect on intensity of absorbed solar radiation had been
considered. These factors correlated with absorptivity and transmissivity of the transparent glass cover which
represented. The result of each factor was analyzed for different collector tilt angle, latitude of place, and solar
hour angle.
Amir Hematian et al. have proposed a flat plate solar air collector. The absorber of solar collector made
by steel plate with an area of 2×1m2 and thickness of 0.5mm in the form of window shade has been developed
for increasing the air contact area. The surface of absorbent plate was covered by black paint. To insulate the
collector, the glass wool with the thickness of 5cm was used. The experiments on the efficiency were conducted
for a week during which the atmospheric conditions were almost uniform and data was collected from the
collector. The results of the collector efficiency in the natural and forced convection were evaluated and their
graphs were plotted. The results showed that the collector efficiency in forced convection was lower, but the low
temperature difference between inlet and outlet of the collector decreased its heat loss. In addition, the average
air speed in forced convection was about 21% higher than the natural convection.
Akachukwu Ben Eke et al. have presented a flat plate surface solar collector of dimension 0.5 m2,
hinged on a horizontal support for quick adjustment of inclination from 0 to 90 Measurement of the solar
radiation, varying degrees of inclination were taken between 12:00 noon and 2:30 pm for 4 days at clear sky
hours, within the week of n th day of the year. The measurements were made for each month of the year in
Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. At each degree of inclination, the solar radiation intensity was replicated three
times and the average value was taken. The flat plate was set truly facing south with an engineering prismatic
compass. The result showed that the optimum angle of inclination of a flat plate for maximum collection of solar
radiation intensities are 26.5, 24.5, 10.0, 19.5, 26.0, 30.0, 24.0, 21.0, 11.5, 19.5, 27.0 and 30.0 o, in the months
of January to December, respectively. This proposed work revealed that the average angle of inclination at
which a flat surface solar collector mounted at fixed position in Zaria is 22.5. The analysis indicated that when
a flat surface was located at the predicted optimum angle of inclination for each month of the year, an average
annual increment of 4.23 % solar radiation intensity was achieved, when compared with the yearly average solar
radiation intensity harnessed by the same flat plate collector on horizontal position, and under the same
condition. This percentage increase amounted to annual average solar energy gain of 370,670 MJ/m2, at no
extra-cost, other than positioning the solar collector at the identified optimum angle of inclination. Comparison
of the measured and calculated optimum values of angle of inclination of a flat plate surface for trapping
maximum solar radiation intensity for each month of the year indicated a high correlation with R2 of 0.97.
Adnan Ibrahim et al. have proposed Flat plate photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar collector produces
both thermal energy and electricity simultaneously. This proposed method, the state-of-the-art on flat plate PV/T
collector classification, design and performance evaluation of water, air and combination of water and/or air
based. This review also covers the future development of flat plate PV/T solar collector on building integrated
photovoltaic (BIPV) and building integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPVT) applications. Different designs
feature and performance of flat plate PV/T solar collectors have been compared and discussed. Future research
and development (R&D) works have been elaborated. The tube and sheet design is the simplest and easiest to be
manufactured, even though, the efficiency was 2% lower compared to other types of collectors such as, channel,
free flow and two-absorber. It is clear from the review that for both air and water based PV/T solar collectors,
the important key factors that influenced the efficiency of the system were the area where the collector covered,
the number of passes and the gap between the absorber collector and solar cells. From the literature review, it
was obvious that the flat plate PV/T solar collector was an alternative promising system for low-energy
applications in residential, industrial and commercial buildings. Other possible areas for the future works of
BIPVT ware also mentioned.
S. Farahat et al, an exergetic optimization of flat plate solar collectors is developed to determine the
optimal performance and design parameters of these solar to thermal energy conversion systems. A detailed
energy and energy analysis is carried out for evaluating the thermal and optical performance, energy flows and
losses as well as energetic efficiency for a typical flat plate solar collector under given operating conditions. In
this analysis, the following geometric and operating parameters are considered as variables: the absorber plate
area, dimensions of solar collector, pipes’ diameter, mass flow rate, fluid inlet, outlet temperature, the overall
loss coefficient, etc. A simulation program was developed for the thermal and energetic calculations. The results
of this computational program ware in agreement with the experimental measurements noted in the previous
literature. Finally, the exergetic optimization has been carried out under given design and operating conditions
3. Modeling Of Flat Plate Collector By Using Hybrid Technique
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and the optimum values of the mass flow rate, the absorber plate area and the maximum exergy efficiency have
been found. Thus, more accurate results and beneficial applications of the exergy method in the design of solar
collectors have been obtained.
M. Pradhapraj et al. have flat plat collectors are the best heat transferring devices. But the effectiveness
of these collectors is very low because of lack of technology. Solar assisted heated air is successfully used for
drying applications and space heating under controlled conditions. From the solar flat plate air heater the hot air
was transferred to a conventional dryer or to the combined heater and drying chamber directly. Hence, solar
assisted air heaters were cheaper and reliable. The air heater efficiency dependson the design of the system as
well as the construction materials and the assembly. The solar air heating systems has acceptable life span of 15
to 20 years. The addition of side mirror enclosures was to increase the amount of solar radiation absorption at
the collector plate so that the collector increases the yield and operate in a higher temperature range. Therefore
with the addition of side mirrors one could able to maximize the output of fixed flat plate collectors. A flat plate
air collector will be more efficient if it was made up of porous medium when comparing it with the non-porous
collectors according to the study. In this proposed method, the performances of porous and non-porous absorber
plates were discussed.
Balaram Kundu et al. have presented an analytical analysis of both Fourier and non-Fourier heat
conduction in the absorber plates of a flat-plate solar collector. Separation of variables was employed to develop
the model. For the analysis, a repetitive heat transfer module was used for the solution of parabolic and
hyperbolic equations. From the practical point of view, two types of boundary conditions were separately
chosen. A numerical technique based on the finite difference method was employed to determine the
temperature for validation purposes. A comparative investigation was carried out to understand the requirements
for use of the non-Fourier heat conduction model easily. A significant difference in the temperatures obtained
from the Fourier and non-Fourier models was observed for lower values of the Fourier number and higher
values of the Vernotte number. Finally, the effect of the boundary conditions on the Fourier and non-Fourier
heat transfer was demonstrated.
N. Ehrmann and R. Reineke-Koch have increased the efficiency of solar-thermal flat-plate collectors at
temperatures above 100 °C or with low solar irradiation, they implemented a double glazing with a low-emitting
(low-e) coating on the inner pane to improve the insulation of the transparent cover. Since commercially
available low-e glazing provides only insufficient solar transmittance for the application in thermal flat-plate
collectors they were developing a sputter-deposited low e-coating system based on transparent conductive
oxides which provides a high solar transmittance of 85% due to additional antireflective coatings and the use of
low-iron glass substrates. Durability tests of the developed coating system show that our low e-coating system
was well suitable even at high temperatures, humidity and condensation.
Khaled Zelzouli et al. the modeling of a solar collective heating system in order to predict the system
performances. Two systems were proposed: 1) the first, Solar Direct Hot Water, which was composed of flat
plate collectors and thermal storage tank, 2) the second, a Solar Indirect Hot Water in which we added an
external heat exchanger of constant effectiveness to the first system. The mass flow rate by a collector is fixed to
0.04 Kgs–1 and the total number of collectors was adjusted to 60. For the first system, the maximum average
water temperature within the tank in a typical day in summer and annual performances were calculated by
varying the number of collectors connected in series. For the second, this proposed method, shows the detailed
analysis of water temperature within the storage and annual performances by varying the mass flow rate on the
cold side of the heat exchanger and the number of collectors in series on the hot side. It was shown that the
stratification within the storage is strongly influenced by mass flow rate and the connections between collectors.
It was also demonstrated that the number of collectors that could be connected in series was limited. The
optimization of the mass flow rate on cold side of the heat exchanger was seen to be an important factor for the
energy saving.
III. ADVANTAGES AND RESTRICTIONS OF SOLR ENERGY
There are some advantages of solar energy. First of all, it is free. We do not pay for this energy. Secondly,
it is clean. It does not create pollution. It does not produce harmful waste products to the environment.
Third, it is renewable. The sun will keep making energy for millions of years.
As the prices of energy sources rise and become more volatile, renewable sources become more attractive.
Solar thermal water heating technology is becoming cheaper and is currently heavily incentivized in many
states in the U.S. and by the federal government. Water heating consumes one third of the energy used by
the lodging industry in the U.S. Solar thermal water heating systems can be used to supply 60% or more of
the required heat to hotels. However, in order to maximize a system’s performance, the hot water draw
profile for that particular hotel must be known.
Simplicity and low cost.
Better performance and quality of the product.
4. Modeling Of Flat Plate Collector By Using Hybrid Technique
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IV. MOTIVATION OF THE PAPER
To further improve the efficient modeling of Analysis and running cost estimation of (SWH) systems.
The weather parameters such as air temperature, atmospheric pressure, direct radiation, global radiation, net
radiation, relative humidity, sunshine duration, wind speed and solar water heater parameters such as inlet water
temperature, glass wool temperature, copper plate temperature, storage water temperature are used as input
dataset. These data’s were collected from Weather Monitoring Stations.
V. OPTIMIZATION MODEL FUNDAMENTALS
The process of creating summary or theoretical model and the use of objects in the creation of a
predictive model and the system is said to be modeling. Here genetic algorithm is used for optimization model
in solar water heater.
Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are a technique that employs some properties of meta-heuristic. GAs are also a part
of evolutionary computing by taking inspiration of evolutional theory that was expanded from Darwin’s
evolution thought to algorithm solution approach by Holland (1975) . Genetic algorithm is a kind of bionic
algorithm that simulates natural process of biological evolution developed problem-solving strategies and
approaches. A population of individuals is maintained within search space for a GA, each representing a
possible solution to a given problem. It has a variety of coding techniques to represent the complex structure,
and through a set of codes that a simple genetic operation and survival of the fittest in natural selection to guide
the study and determine the search direction. It is starting from an initial population, constantly repeat the
selection, crossover and mutation process, so that more and more closer to a target population evolution.
The general procedure of genetic algorithm as follows
Selection: a proportion of the current generation is selected for the new generation, usually on the basis of
fitness value.
Crossover: the remainder of the new generation is made up by probabilistically selecting pairs of
hypothesis and producing a new pair of hypothesis by applying the crossover operator.
Mutation: a small percentage of the new population is then changed by applying the mutation operator.
VI. PROCEDUR AND RESULTS
The modeling of weather analysis using genetic algorithm procedure is shown below. The data set is
formed on basis of features such as weather, humidity, temperature, global Solar Radiation, Air Temperature,
Relative humidity and wind speed from different weather forecasting stations. Therefore by using the genetic
algorithm procedure the modeling process will be carried out and the below equation is used to find the weight
(1)
Where,
i , jk
- the initial weights to be optimized
The blind regression model is optimized by selecting the
best
i and
best
N
bestbest
1,,,
10
values to make it fit
to the historical data. Genetic Algorithm is used to perform the optimization process in our modeling system
The steps below show the optimization model procedure of genetic algorithm. Hence the system first generates
population size and then follows with fitness function, crossover and mutation operation as follows,
Step1:
Initially, generate a population of size
1,,1,0; qm NmX
Where,
qN
- The population size, in which each chromosome is of length 1N .
The chromosome length 1N indicates the number of genes i.e. number of weights to be optimized are 1N ,
i and 110 ,,, N
. Each gene value of every chromosome is an arbitrary number to be generated within
the interval ]1,0[
1
0
1
0
2
1
0
1
0
2
1exp1
1exp
1exp1
1
2
RN
i
N
j
jk
N
j
jk
N
j
jk
i
mf
5. Modeling Of Flat Plate Collector By Using Hybrid Technique
www.iosrjournals.org 16 | Page
pM
Step 2:
Evaluate the fitness of the population size using the below mentioned formula
(2)
Where,
mf - Maximum fitness value
After the substitution of equation 1 in equation 2 we will get the following maximum fitness formula, hence mf
is given by
(3)
Step 3:
After finding the fitness value, Select chromosomes from the population size, which have
maximum fitness value and select that maximum fitness value?
Step 4:
Crossover and mutation are important genetic operators of the genetic algorithm. Among the different
types of crossover, the two-point crossover is employed here at a cross over rate. Two-point crossover operator
randomly selects two crossover points within a chromosome then interchanges the two parent chromosomes
between these points to produce two new off spring.
In the two-point crossover, two points are selected on the parent chromosomes. The genes in between the two
points are then interchanged between the parent chromosomes to obtain children chromosomes. Here it is
performed with single point crossover operation with crossover probability. The crossover operation
exchanges genes between two parent chromosomes and
produce
Children chromosomes
Step 5:
After the completion of crossover mutation takes place. Mutation is a genetic operator used to maintain genetic
diversity from one generation of a population of chromosome to the next. Perform mutation operation with a
mutation probability. In the mutation technique, a uniform random integer is generated and replaced in
random positions of
off
pX
and
new
pX
is produced.
Step 6:
maxiter
number of times, the best chromosome is selected from After the process is completed
the obtained chromosomes. Here the best chromosome is the one that has the greatest mean value.
Then, the best chromosome’s genes are sorted in the descending order and the gene that has the highest
values is selected as the best gene.
The resultant
new
pX
and the selected population size of chromosomes are placed in the population and the
process is repeated.
In our case, the termination criterion is set as reaching a maximum number of repetitions of process. Once
the maximum number of process repetition is happened, the process is terminated and the chromosome (can
be represented as
best
i
and
best
N
bestbest
1,,,
10
), which has maximum fitness, in the population size is
extracted.
1
0
2
1
0
1
0
2
1exp1
1exp
1exp1
1
N
j
jk
N
j
jk
N
j
jk
i
1
0
2
)(
2
RN
i
mf
2/pN
qC
qCN.
2/qN
2/qN 12/,,1,0; q
off
p NpX
pMN.
6. Modeling Of Flat Plate Collector By Using Hybrid Technique
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The obtained best weights are substituted in Eq. (1) to derive the final model as follows
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the paper, entitled Modeling of Flat Plate
Collector using Hybrid Technique in partial fulfillment is a record of my own record investigations carried
under the Guidance of Mr. ………. , Department of physics , Sam higginbottom institute of agriculture,
technology and science , Allahabad India.
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