Structural performance of any mechanical component is measured basically in terms of its natural frequency, deformation, stiffness, maximum stress level, fatigue life etc. In case of vehicle suspension system; however tie rod is mainly under compressive and fluctuating forces encounter from steering and bumping of vehicle. When steering acts to turn the vehicle, tie rod comes under compressive load. And when vehicle running on rough road condition, fluctuating forces.
Material Optimization and Weight Reduction of Drive Shaft Using Composite Mat...IOSR Journals
The objective of the drive shaft is to connect with the transmission shaft with the help of universal joint whose axis intersects and the rotation of one shaft about its own axis results in rotation of other shaft about its axis. Shafts must be exceptionally tough and light to improve the overall performance of the vehicle. Automobile industries are exploring composite materials in order to obtain reduction of weight without significant decrease in vehicle quality and reliability. This is due to the fact that the reduction of weight of a vehicle directly impacts its fuel consumption. Particularly in city driving, the reduction of weight is almost directly proportional to fuel consumption of the vehicle. Also at the start of vehicle the most of the power get consumed in driving transmission system, if we able to reduce the weight of the propeller shaft that surplus available power can be used to propel the vehicle. Thus, in this paper, the aim is to replace a two-piece metallic drive shaft by a composite drive shaft. The following materials can be chosen Steel, Boron/Epoxy Composite, Kevlar/Epoxy Composite, Aluminum – Glass/Epoxy Hybrid, Carbon – Glass/Epoxy Hybrid. The analysis was carried out for three different ply orientations of the composites in order to suggest the most suitable ply orientation of the material that would give the maximum weight reduction while conforming to the stringent design parameters of passenger cars and light commercial vehicle.
Stress Analysis of Automotive Chassis with Various ThicknessesIOSR Journals
Abstract : This paper presents, stress analysis of a ladder type low loader truck chassis structure consisting of
C-beams design for application of 7.5 tonne was performed by using FEM. The commercial finite element
package CATIA version 5 was used for the solution of the problem. To reduce the expenses of the chassis of the
trucks, the chassis structure design should be changed or the thickness should be decreased. Also determination
of the stresses of a truck chassis before manufacturing is important due to the design improvement. In order to
achieve a reduction in the magnitude of stress at critical point of the chassis frame, side member thickness,
cross member thickness and position of cross member from rear end were varied. Numerical results showed that
if the thickness change is not possible, changing the position of cross member may be a good alternative.
Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation, where it is found that the maximum deflection
agrees well with theoretical approximation but varies on the magnitude aspect.
Keywords - Stress analysis, fatigue life prediction and finite element method etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Material Optimization and Weight Reduction of Drive Shaft Using Composite Mat...IOSR Journals
The objective of the drive shaft is to connect with the transmission shaft with the help of universal joint whose axis intersects and the rotation of one shaft about its own axis results in rotation of other shaft about its axis. Shafts must be exceptionally tough and light to improve the overall performance of the vehicle. Automobile industries are exploring composite materials in order to obtain reduction of weight without significant decrease in vehicle quality and reliability. This is due to the fact that the reduction of weight of a vehicle directly impacts its fuel consumption. Particularly in city driving, the reduction of weight is almost directly proportional to fuel consumption of the vehicle. Also at the start of vehicle the most of the power get consumed in driving transmission system, if we able to reduce the weight of the propeller shaft that surplus available power can be used to propel the vehicle. Thus, in this paper, the aim is to replace a two-piece metallic drive shaft by a composite drive shaft. The following materials can be chosen Steel, Boron/Epoxy Composite, Kevlar/Epoxy Composite, Aluminum – Glass/Epoxy Hybrid, Carbon – Glass/Epoxy Hybrid. The analysis was carried out for three different ply orientations of the composites in order to suggest the most suitable ply orientation of the material that would give the maximum weight reduction while conforming to the stringent design parameters of passenger cars and light commercial vehicle.
Stress Analysis of Automotive Chassis with Various ThicknessesIOSR Journals
Abstract : This paper presents, stress analysis of a ladder type low loader truck chassis structure consisting of
C-beams design for application of 7.5 tonne was performed by using FEM. The commercial finite element
package CATIA version 5 was used for the solution of the problem. To reduce the expenses of the chassis of the
trucks, the chassis structure design should be changed or the thickness should be decreased. Also determination
of the stresses of a truck chassis before manufacturing is important due to the design improvement. In order to
achieve a reduction in the magnitude of stress at critical point of the chassis frame, side member thickness,
cross member thickness and position of cross member from rear end were varied. Numerical results showed that
if the thickness change is not possible, changing the position of cross member may be a good alternative.
Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation, where it is found that the maximum deflection
agrees well with theoretical approximation but varies on the magnitude aspect.
Keywords - Stress analysis, fatigue life prediction and finite element method etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Finite Element Analysis of Anti-Roll Bar to Optimize the Stiffness of the An...IJMER
The objective of this paper is to analyze the main geometric parameters which affecting the
stiffness of anti-roll bar. Further these parameters are also affecting the body roll angle. By the
optimization of these geometric parameters we can able to increase the stiffness of bar and which will
help to reduce the body roll angle. To calculate the stiffness of anti-roll bar Finite Element software
ANSYS is used. The deflection for the change in internal angle, arm length, moment of inertia, distance
between bushes found by static analysis. To calculate the body roll angle equation used from the
literature survey, however they haven’t taken all the suspension characteristics in the calculation of
moment caused by the suspended and non-suspended masses. The equilibrium condition is considered
between the moments of the force acting on the suspended and non-suspended masses and moments of
reaction of the springs and anti-roll bar used in suspensions. The comparison of different anti-roll bar is
based on the basis of stiffness per weight. The anti-roll bar which having more ratio of stiffness per
weight can be used in the vehicle. As it will improve the stiffness of bar with small increase in weight,
which will result in the improving roll stability of the vehicle.
Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Crash Behavior of Welded Thin Wall R...IDES Editor
The crash behavior of Cold Rolled Mild Steel
(CRMS) closed form thin section produced by stitch welding
at periodic intervals of length was studied by conducting axial
compressive tests at loading velocities of 5 mm/min and 6000
mm/min. The deformation shape, peak forces and energy
absorption capacity of the sections estimated numerically
showed a good correlation with the experimental data.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Impact of Misalignments on Root Stresses of Hypoid Gear Setsijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Static stress analysis of Mahindra Alfa front mud-guard and its comparison wi...ijiert bestjournal
The Mud-guard of the vehicle is used to keep off mu d,pebbles,and other road debris from splashing on and scratching the coat of the vehicle and it is weakly designed. The present work focuses on experimental and finite element stress analysis of the Three-Wheeler (Mahindra Alfa) front mud-guard under repair and maintenance loading conditions. The objective of pr esent work is to carry out finite element stress an alysis of front mud-guard of three-wheeler and experimental v alidation of the stress and comparison with the manufactured Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) fender,The analysis will provide knowledge of stress distribution across the whole mud-guard due to load .
Analysis of Crack Severity on Power Density Increment of GearsIDES Editor
Helical gears are commonly used in industry as
they have advantages of higher power density, quieter
operation etc., compared to spur gears. Conventional gear
design is based on various design criteria, including durability
and bending strength load rating. In recent times, fracture
failure modes are gaining importance in addition to
conventional failure modes. Stresses due to operating fatigue
loads and internal residual stresses can cause fatigue fracture
failure on the surface, sub-surface of gear flanks or at tooth
root of gears. During gear design, various parameters are
optimized, and one such parameter is the helix angle that is
optimized for power density and gear noise. However, effect of
possible defects (voids and inclusions) in the gear tooth is not
usually considered in these calculations. This paper is a study
on severity of defects in a gear blank relative to power density
increment. Three different gear geometries (spur and helical
gears with two different helix angles) each with similar defects
are considered. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used to
analyze Tooth Interior Fracture (TIF), and study variation of
Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) with crack size and helix angle.
It is seen that power density increment of a common gear
blank through helix angle increment poses a higher risk of
crack severity, as the same gear blank is exposed to higher
operating loads.
THE ANALYTICAL STUDY OF MESHING OF DOUBLE HELICAL GEARIJARIIT
Gears are the most important components of a Power Transmission System. The recent advancement and trend in technology requires gears operating at high load capacities and speeds with reduced space requirement. A gear normally fails when the tooth stress exceeds the allowable limit. So, it is essential to keep the maximum stress in a gear tooth under a specified limit for a given loading conditions. Analysis of gears is carried out to find out the possible laudation of failure and taking a corrective measure for the same. A gear failure is expensive not in terms of the cost of replacement but due to the downtime and loss of production associated with the failure. Gear design should consider all the possible loads that it can experience during its life. Surface fatigue and fracture is one of the major problem in gear and gearbox design. In order to find out and analyze the exact location of failure and the stress value at which gear fails, stress analysis of the double helical gear has been done in ANSYS. Load conditions to be experience by the gear has been applied along with other constraints
Behavior Of Castellated Composite Beam Subjected To Cyclic Loadsirjes
The purpose of this study is to determine the behavior of beam-column sub-assemblages castella
due to cyclic loading. Knowing these behaviors can if be analyzed the effectiveness of the concrete filler to
reduce the damage and improve capacity of beam castella. Test beam consists of beam castella fabricated from
normal beam (CB), castella beams with concrete filler between the flange (CCB) and normal beam (NB) as a
comparison. Results showed castella beam (CB) has the advantage to increase the flexural capacity and energy
absorption respectively 100.5% and 74.3%. Besides advantages, castella beam has the disadvantage that
lowering partial ductility and full ductility respectively 12.6 % and 18.1%, decrease resistance ratio 29.5 %
and accelerate the degradation rate of stiffness ratio 31.4%. By the concrete filler between the beam flange to
improve the ability of castella beam, then the beam castella have the ability to increase the flexural capacity of
184.78 %, 217.1% increase energy absorption, increase ductility partial and full ductility respectively 27.9 %
and 26 %, increases resistance ratio 52.5 % and slow the rate of degradation of the stiffness ratio 55.1 %..
EShape Optimization Of A Suspension Bellcrank Using 3d Finite Element MethodsIJERA Editor
The paper represents an application of an optimization procedure for a mass and stress optimization of the bellcrank of a double wishbone suspension system of SRM University’s FormulaSAE vehicle. The used optimization procedure, so-called Fully Stressed Design, is based on an indirect approach utilizing optimum criteria. The aim of the optimization was to achieve the lowest possible mass of the construction taking into consideration the allowed resistance and also to investigate and analyze the structural stress distribution of bellcrank at the real time condition during damping process and the spring actuation.
Nonlinear static simulation of automotive bumper of a passenger car in low sp...eSAT Journals
Abstract Bumpers are important structural components of vehicles in terms of safety, static strength, and styling. This work describes various aspects of the nonlinear static FEA of vehicle front bumpers using the commercial software Ls-Dyna, and the correlation with physical tests. The basic concepts, procedures and techniques of nonlinear FEA are presented. The effects of various aspects of nonlinear simulations like numerical integration, contact parameters, non-conformance of the mesh and material law are studied. A nodally integrated element formulation for plates is proposed for analysis, and the formulation is implemented in Ls-Dyna using the UEL user subroutine. Numerical tests are carried out on the new element. Suggestions are proposed in simulation to improve the correlation of CAE results with physical test. Keywords: CATIA V5, HYPERMESH v11, EPS, Ls-Dyna, ASTM D880.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Finite Element Analysis of Anti-Roll Bar to Optimize the Stiffness of the An...IJMER
The objective of this paper is to analyze the main geometric parameters which affecting the
stiffness of anti-roll bar. Further these parameters are also affecting the body roll angle. By the
optimization of these geometric parameters we can able to increase the stiffness of bar and which will
help to reduce the body roll angle. To calculate the stiffness of anti-roll bar Finite Element software
ANSYS is used. The deflection for the change in internal angle, arm length, moment of inertia, distance
between bushes found by static analysis. To calculate the body roll angle equation used from the
literature survey, however they haven’t taken all the suspension characteristics in the calculation of
moment caused by the suspended and non-suspended masses. The equilibrium condition is considered
between the moments of the force acting on the suspended and non-suspended masses and moments of
reaction of the springs and anti-roll bar used in suspensions. The comparison of different anti-roll bar is
based on the basis of stiffness per weight. The anti-roll bar which having more ratio of stiffness per
weight can be used in the vehicle. As it will improve the stiffness of bar with small increase in weight,
which will result in the improving roll stability of the vehicle.
Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Crash Behavior of Welded Thin Wall R...IDES Editor
The crash behavior of Cold Rolled Mild Steel
(CRMS) closed form thin section produced by stitch welding
at periodic intervals of length was studied by conducting axial
compressive tests at loading velocities of 5 mm/min and 6000
mm/min. The deformation shape, peak forces and energy
absorption capacity of the sections estimated numerically
showed a good correlation with the experimental data.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Impact of Misalignments on Root Stresses of Hypoid Gear Setsijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Static stress analysis of Mahindra Alfa front mud-guard and its comparison wi...ijiert bestjournal
The Mud-guard of the vehicle is used to keep off mu d,pebbles,and other road debris from splashing on and scratching the coat of the vehicle and it is weakly designed. The present work focuses on experimental and finite element stress analysis of the Three-Wheeler (Mahindra Alfa) front mud-guard under repair and maintenance loading conditions. The objective of pr esent work is to carry out finite element stress an alysis of front mud-guard of three-wheeler and experimental v alidation of the stress and comparison with the manufactured Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) fender,The analysis will provide knowledge of stress distribution across the whole mud-guard due to load .
Analysis of Crack Severity on Power Density Increment of GearsIDES Editor
Helical gears are commonly used in industry as
they have advantages of higher power density, quieter
operation etc., compared to spur gears. Conventional gear
design is based on various design criteria, including durability
and bending strength load rating. In recent times, fracture
failure modes are gaining importance in addition to
conventional failure modes. Stresses due to operating fatigue
loads and internal residual stresses can cause fatigue fracture
failure on the surface, sub-surface of gear flanks or at tooth
root of gears. During gear design, various parameters are
optimized, and one such parameter is the helix angle that is
optimized for power density and gear noise. However, effect of
possible defects (voids and inclusions) in the gear tooth is not
usually considered in these calculations. This paper is a study
on severity of defects in a gear blank relative to power density
increment. Three different gear geometries (spur and helical
gears with two different helix angles) each with similar defects
are considered. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used to
analyze Tooth Interior Fracture (TIF), and study variation of
Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) with crack size and helix angle.
It is seen that power density increment of a common gear
blank through helix angle increment poses a higher risk of
crack severity, as the same gear blank is exposed to higher
operating loads.
THE ANALYTICAL STUDY OF MESHING OF DOUBLE HELICAL GEARIJARIIT
Gears are the most important components of a Power Transmission System. The recent advancement and trend in technology requires gears operating at high load capacities and speeds with reduced space requirement. A gear normally fails when the tooth stress exceeds the allowable limit. So, it is essential to keep the maximum stress in a gear tooth under a specified limit for a given loading conditions. Analysis of gears is carried out to find out the possible laudation of failure and taking a corrective measure for the same. A gear failure is expensive not in terms of the cost of replacement but due to the downtime and loss of production associated with the failure. Gear design should consider all the possible loads that it can experience during its life. Surface fatigue and fracture is one of the major problem in gear and gearbox design. In order to find out and analyze the exact location of failure and the stress value at which gear fails, stress analysis of the double helical gear has been done in ANSYS. Load conditions to be experience by the gear has been applied along with other constraints
Behavior Of Castellated Composite Beam Subjected To Cyclic Loadsirjes
The purpose of this study is to determine the behavior of beam-column sub-assemblages castella
due to cyclic loading. Knowing these behaviors can if be analyzed the effectiveness of the concrete filler to
reduce the damage and improve capacity of beam castella. Test beam consists of beam castella fabricated from
normal beam (CB), castella beams with concrete filler between the flange (CCB) and normal beam (NB) as a
comparison. Results showed castella beam (CB) has the advantage to increase the flexural capacity and energy
absorption respectively 100.5% and 74.3%. Besides advantages, castella beam has the disadvantage that
lowering partial ductility and full ductility respectively 12.6 % and 18.1%, decrease resistance ratio 29.5 %
and accelerate the degradation rate of stiffness ratio 31.4%. By the concrete filler between the beam flange to
improve the ability of castella beam, then the beam castella have the ability to increase the flexural capacity of
184.78 %, 217.1% increase energy absorption, increase ductility partial and full ductility respectively 27.9 %
and 26 %, increases resistance ratio 52.5 % and slow the rate of degradation of the stiffness ratio 55.1 %..
EShape Optimization Of A Suspension Bellcrank Using 3d Finite Element MethodsIJERA Editor
The paper represents an application of an optimization procedure for a mass and stress optimization of the bellcrank of a double wishbone suspension system of SRM University’s FormulaSAE vehicle. The used optimization procedure, so-called Fully Stressed Design, is based on an indirect approach utilizing optimum criteria. The aim of the optimization was to achieve the lowest possible mass of the construction taking into consideration the allowed resistance and also to investigate and analyze the structural stress distribution of bellcrank at the real time condition during damping process and the spring actuation.
Nonlinear static simulation of automotive bumper of a passenger car in low sp...eSAT Journals
Abstract Bumpers are important structural components of vehicles in terms of safety, static strength, and styling. This work describes various aspects of the nonlinear static FEA of vehicle front bumpers using the commercial software Ls-Dyna, and the correlation with physical tests. The basic concepts, procedures and techniques of nonlinear FEA are presented. The effects of various aspects of nonlinear simulations like numerical integration, contact parameters, non-conformance of the mesh and material law are studied. A nodally integrated element formulation for plates is proposed for analysis, and the formulation is implemented in Ls-Dyna using the UEL user subroutine. Numerical tests are carried out on the new element. Suggestions are proposed in simulation to improve the correlation of CAE results with physical test. Keywords: CATIA V5, HYPERMESH v11, EPS, Ls-Dyna, ASTM D880.
Topology Optimization of Gears from Two Wheeler Gear Set Using Parametric StudyIOSRJMCE
: Gears are used to transmit motion from on shaft to another and it has wide variety of applications. One of the applications of gear is in automobile gear box. Gears generally fail when the working stress exceeds the maximum permissible stress. These stresses are proportional to the amount of power transmitted by the gears. This project intends to identify the magnitude of the stresses for a given configuration of a two wheeler gears transmitting power while trying to find ways for reducing weight of the gear. The philosophy for driving this work is the lightness of the gear for a given purpose while keeping intact its functionality thus reducing the material cost of the gear. Ease of incorporating the new feature for weight reduction over the existing process of manufacturing and the magnitude of volume of weight reduced could be considered as the key parameters for assessment for this work.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design analysis of the roll cage for all terrain vehicleeSAT Journals
Abstract We have tried to design an all terrain vehicle that meets international standards and is also cost effective at the same time. We have focused on every point of roll cage to improve the performance of vehicle without failure of roll cage. We began the task of designing by conducting extensive research of ATV roll cage through finite element analysis. A roll cage is a skeleton of an ATV. The roll cage not only forms the structural base but also a 3-D shell surrounding the occupant which protects the occupant in case of impact and roll over incidents. The roll cage also adds to the aesthetics of a vehicle. The design and development comprises of material selection, chassis and frame design, cross section determination, determining strength requirements of roll cage, stress analysis and simulations to test the ATV against failure. Keywords: Roll cage, material, finite element analysis, strength
Design of Engine Mount Bracket for a FSAE Car Using Finite Element AnalysisIJERA Editor
Engine mounts have an important function of containing firmly the power-train components of a vehicle. Correct geometry and positioning of the mount brackets on the chassis ensures a good ride quality and performance. As an FSAE car intends to be a high performance vehicle, the brackets on the frame that support the engine undergo high static and dynamic stresses as well as huge amount of vibrations. Hence, dissipating the vibrational energy and keeping the stresses under a pre-determined level of safety should be achieved by careful designing and analysis of the mount brackets. Keeping this in mind the current paper discusses the modeling, Finite Element Analysis, Modal analysis and mass optimization of engine mount brackets for a FSAE car. As the brackets tend to undergo continuous vibrations and varying stresses, the fatigue strength and durability calculations also have been done to ensure engine safety.
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Stress Distribution Analysis of Rear Axle Housing by using Finite Elements A...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
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Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
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Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
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Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
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Performance Optimization of Tie rod using FEA
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 11, Issue 03 (March 2015), PP.27-33
27
Performance Optimization of Tie rod using FEA
Shripad Mungi1
, Prof. Ravindra Navthar2
M.E. Student, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, PDVVP College of Engineering, Ahmednagar, India
Savitribai Phule Pune University
Associate Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, PDVVP College of Engineering, Ahmednagar, India
Savitribai Phule Pune University
Abstract:- Structural performance of any mechanical component is measured basically in terms of its natural
frequency, deformation, stiffness, maximum stress level, fatigue life etc. In case of vehicle suspension system;
however tie rod is mainly under compressive and fluctuating forces encounter from steering and bumping of
vehicle. When steering acts to turn the vehicle, tie rod comes under compressive load. And when vehicle
running on rough road condition, fluctuating forces.
When we design the tie rod we need to know the design space available. The prime objective is minimize
weight and cost. In order to achieve these targets we have optimize the parameters that affects the structural
performance of Tie rod. This paper emphasizes on optimistic way of designing the tie rod that ultimately yields
the effective and efficient performance of Tie rod.
Keywords:- FEA, Modal FEA, Natural frequency, stiffness.
I. INTRODUCTION
A tie rod is an important member in vehicle suspension system. It performs an important task of
transferring the motion from steering system to suspension system. In a car‟s steering wheel is connected to the
steering gear steering wheel turn the wheels. The steering gear is connected to the wheels via the tie rod ends.
The job of the tie rod end is to ensure the wheels are aligned. It provides the adjustment for wheel alignment that
keeps the tires from wearing out on the inner and outer edges. If they wear out, the wheels will lose alignment
and you may find that the tires and steering wheels are shaking when you drive the car.
To evaluate the structural performance of tie rod, we need to consider the loads coming on tie rod.
From various studies and practical observations, it is found that tie rod is primarily encounter under compressive
loads and hence fails in buckling. Moreover due to suspension components fluctuating loads are also coming on
tie rod due to random loads coming on suspension of vehicle.
Figure1: Location of tie rod in suspension system
2. Performance Optimization of Tie Rod Using FEA
28
A. Role of tie rod in suspension system
Failure of tie rod may occurs in terms of plastic (permanent) deformation or a fatigue failure. And it
may cause the running vehicle in an unstable condition which may cause an accident. So it‟s important to
validate the tie rod in every aspect of structural loading. The load coming on tie rod is mostly compressive. The
efforts required where car is moving are comparatively less with stationary car. The working strength of the tie
rod is that of the product of the allowable working stress and the minimum cross-sectional area.
Figure2: Location of tie rod in suspension system
Rods are often made thicker at the ends and to keep its strength high at tie rod ends. It is advisable that
steering and suspension systems are checked regularly, at least once a year along with a complete wheel
alignment. A worn tie rod can cause loss of grip of vehicle, drifting, erratic steering and also major tire wear. If
a tie rod is replaced, then a wheel alignment will also be required. Because tie rod replacement will disturb the
alignment setting. As the ratio of its length to the radius of gyration of its cross section is normally quite large, it
would likely buckle under the action of compressive forces.
II. PROBLEM DEFINITION
Initially the theoretical study of Tie rod is done. The main task in this study is to find the critical
buckling load for the existing design. Observe the deformation and stresses induced in the Tie rod. Set up the
benchmark for the proposed design. Try to evaluate the possibility with different material combinations for
optimized design. Target is to minimize the weight keeping the critical buckling load constant. The stress targets
are also need to be achieved.
A. Aim and Objective
An objective of this project is to do the performance evaluation of an existing tie rod. This is done in
terms of displacement, stress, and strain analysis. Enlist the parameters affecting the performance of tie rod
under compressive loading. Evaluate the sensitivity of structure against different input parameters. Decide the
optimization scope for weight reduction. Construct the design of new optimized model.
B. Linear buckling analysis:
In linear static analysis, a structure is normally considered to be in a state of stable equilibrium. As the
applied load is removed, the structure is assumed to return to its original position. However, under certain
combinations of loadings, the structure may become unstable. When this loading is reached, the structure
continues to deflect without an increase in the magnitude of the loading. In this case, the structure has actually
buckled or has become unstable; hence, the term “instability” is often used interchangeably with the term
“buckling.”
C. Parameters affecting the critical buckling load of a structure.
We know that, critical buckling load is given by
Pcr= (π^2 EI)/ (4L^2)
Here, π is constant.
E, I and L are variables which can control the critical load value.
In order to get the higher Pcr value
„E‟ and „I‟ must be higher
„L‟ should lower
„L/D‟ ratio shall be minimum
3. Performance Optimization of Tie Rod Using FEA
29
Now, I = π [Do^4 - Di^4] / 64
So the value D value affects in quadratic.
Hence for design against the buckling loads, one should select the material having maximum E value,
keeping length as minimum as possible, select maximum outer diameter in order to maximize the inertia value
and lower the L/D ratio.
In case of tie rod we have carried out many such combinations / iterations that will give the maximum
value of critical load with lowest invest of mass (optimized solution).
D. Sensitivity analysis:
In order to study the buckling performance of structure, each parameter affecting the buckling
performance is studied. The inertia of structure is plotted for various diameters incrementally. The critical
buckling load is also calculated for these diameters. When both the graphs plotted together, it is interesting to
observe that, for small interesting to observe that, for small increase in inertia there is significant rise in the
critical load. This signifies that, inertia is very sensitive to the critical buckling load. Hence it can be concluded
that the structure should be selected such that it has maximum inertia value.
Further there can be other parameters also which are sensitive to the buckling performace of a strucutre.
For circular cross sections inertial is quadratically dependent on the outer diameter. Hence if we change the
outer diameter by small amount; there is significant change in the inertia value of structure.
Moreover the young‟s modulus of material is directly proportional to the critical load. Hence it is
recommended to prefer the material having high value of young‟s modulus.
Figure 3: Critical buckling load (Pcr) Vs Inertia (I)
III. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TIE ROD USING FEA
Nastran Linear Statics Analysis User‟s Guide give the fundamental of linear buckling analysis. Finite
element approach including the effect of the differential stiffness to the linear stiffness matrix. The differential
stiffness results from including the higher-order terms of the strain-displacement relationships. Eigenvalue
extraction method used in linear buckling are Inverse power, Enhanced inverse power, Lanczos method.
Assumptions and limitations of linear buckling analysis need to be consider before analysis.
A. Existing and Proposed Tie rod FE analysis.
Figure 4: FE Model of Tie rod - DS3855241
4. Performance Optimization of Tie Rod Using FEA
30
Table 1: Structural details of Tie rod
Sr. No. Quantity Unit Existing design Proposed design
1 Outer diameter mm 15.9 18.5
2 Inner diameter mm 10.6 15.5
3 Length mm 345 345
4 Thickness mm 2.65 1.5
5 Mass kg 0.503 0.422
6 Modulus of Elasticity N/mm2 210000 210000
B. Extraction of Natural frequency and mode shape:
Table 2: Results of Normal mode analysis
Natural
Frequency
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
Existing Proposed
1 626.95 736.03
2 627.96 737.20
3 1636.36 1819.41
4 1654.7 1820.05
Figure 5. Eigenvector plot - First mode shape – 626.37 Hz of Existing design
Figure 6. Eigenvector plot - First mode shape – 626.37 Hz of Existing design
5. Performance Optimization of Tie Rod Using FEA
31
C. Critical buckling load evaluation
Theoretical calculations (approximate) for critical buckling load
Linear buckling of Euler column.
For clamped-free boundary conditions the critical load is:
Pcr = (pi**2) EI/ (4(L**2))
Where,
E=10.5E6,
I=8.333-5,
L=320
Pcr = 13158.0
D. Calculating critical buckling load with SOL 105
From f06 file we receive the first eigenvalue as shown below.
Here the Eigenvalue = 1.608350E+02
Applied load = 100 N
Critical buckling load (Pcr) = Eigenvalue * Applied load = 16083.5 N
IV. RESULT SUMMARY AND INTERPRETATION
A. Summary of results
Result Table 5: - Buckling load – Theoretical (Approx.)
Sr. No. Quantity Unit Existing design Proposed design
1 Critical buckling load N 13158.27 14776.32
Result Table 6: - Linear buckling analysis – SOL 105
Sr. No. Quantity Unit Existing design Proposed design
1 Critical buckling load N 16083.01 17707.04
B. Result interpretation
We have carried out the theoretical calculations as well as the FEA linear buckling analysis for tie rod.
From the above result tables, we can observe that, the critical buckling load calculated from the theoretical
method is comparatively lower than the linear and non-linear buckling analysis. This is due to the fact that, in
theoretical calculations the tie rod is assumed thoroughly hollow and of uniform section. The variations in cross
sections cannot be accounted in theoretical procedure. This is the limitation of theoretical procedure and the
reason why we do the finite element analysis. As the FEA can take care of all these issues which analytical
method cannot consider.
From linear buckling analysis the critical buckling load value obtain is around 16kN for existing design
and around 17.7kN in proposed design. The rise in the critical buckling load is attributed to the rise in inertia
value of proposed design.
Looking at the displacement plot of the first natural frequency of both existing and proposed design;
we can observe that the location of maximum displacement is at the centre of tie rod.
0 SUBCASE 2
R E A L E I G E N V A L U E S
MODE EXTRACTION EIGENVALUE RADIANS CYCLES GENERALIZED GENERALIZED
NO. ORDER MASS STIFFNESS
1 1 1.608350E+02 1.268207E+01 2.018415E+00 3.986552E-01 6.411771E+01
2 2 1.611996E+02 1.269644E+01 2.020701E+00 3.992774E-01 6.436336E+01
3 3 1.286315E+03 3.586523E+01 5.708129E+00 1.181076E+00 1.519236E+03
6. Performance Optimization of Tie Rod Using FEA
32
V. CONCLUSIONS
A research starts with study of various types of sections proposed for design of tie rod. An objective of
this research is a weight optimization. Here we are proposing the optimized design of Tie rod that has a
minimum weight and maximum critical buckling load carrying capacity.
From results of normal mode analysis, it is seen that the natural frequency of existing design is 626 Hz
and proposed design is 736 Hz. So there is ~ 18% rise in natural frequency of proposed design. Further the
second and onwards the frequencies of proposed design are increased compared to existing design. So overall
the dynamic performance of tie rod is being improved.
The weight of existing tie rod is ~ 0.498 Kg and proposed design is ~ 0.421 Kg. So there is
approximately around 14% weight reduction is achieved. Apart from weight savings, it is interesting to note that
the critical buckling load of existing design is 16.08 kN against critical buckling load of 17.7 kN of proposed
design. Hence there is 10% rise in load carrying capacity of tie rod, which is quiet significant.
VI. FUTURE SCOPE
1. In this research the tie rod has been evaluated under critical buckling load conditions. A linear buckling
analysis have been carried out successfully. As we know the tie rod is a suspension component. Hence it
is continuously exposed to fatigue loading condition. Hence the fatigue life estimation under full vehicle
condition is recommended to be performed.
2. One can initially decide the expected fatigue life of tie rod component. Based on targeted life, an
optimization can be performed to minimize the weight keeping the performance unaltered. This can be
done with advanced tools line solver embedded fatigue.
3. Material having higher modulus of elasticity are suitable under buckling load conditions. Hence the
composites or high carbon alloy steels having higher E value can be implemented.
4. Circular cross sections are most suitable under fatigue loading conditions. But other shapes of cross
sections can also be tried e.g. elliptical shapes.
5. Completely hollow sections can be suitable for tie rod design. But for actual OEM, with the availability
of good set up and for large scale manufacturing, full hollow shaft can be manufactured. Which can
further reduce the weight.
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