Salivary gland infections
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This document discusses salivary gland infections, including different types (bacterial, viral), signs and symptoms, management, and prevention. It focuses on acute bacterial parotitis, noting that Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococci are common causes. Symptoms include swelling of the face and pain when eating. Management includes warm salt water rinses, antibiotics, and surgery to drain abscesses. Mumps virus is also discussed, describing its pathogenesis and clinical presentation, including potential complications like deafness, orchitis, and meningitis.
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Salivary gland disorders
The document discusses salivary gland disorders. It begins with definitions and classifications of salivary glands. It then discusses the anatomy, functions, and disorders of the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands. Diagnostic aids are outlined including clinical history, physical examination, imaging such as CT, MRI, ultrasound and sialography. Cystic conditions of the minor salivary glands such as mucoceles are also summarized. Disorders are classified and inflammatory, obstructive, neoplastic and other conditions are described.
Pleomorphic adenoma
Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign tumor of the parotid gland. It consists of both epithelial cells and spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells within an abundant mucoid matrix. On pathology, it displays well-differentiated epithelial cells and spindle/stellate cells in a pleomorphic stroma with mucoid material. The tumor presents as a slow-growing, painless swelling of the parotid gland and is diagnosed by FNAC. The treatment is complete surgical excision via superficial parotidectomy while preserving the facial nerve. Recurrence is possible if there are pseudopods left behind or inadequate margins. Malignant transformation may occur in long-standing tumors.
Ranula
Mucoceles are benign cysts caused by mucus extravasation or retention from minor salivary glands. When located in the floor of the mouth, they are called ranulas. Ranulas present as smooth, blue, dome-shaped swellings that can enlarge and elevate the tongue. Treatment involves complete surgical excision of the cyst wall and sublingual gland to prevent recurrence, while preserving nearby nerves like the lingual nerve. Plunging ranulas extend behind the mylohyoid muscle into the neck.
Sialolithiasis and its management in oral and maxillofacial surgery
Sialolithiasis refers to calcified structures that develop within the salivary glands or ductal system. The document discusses the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of sialolithiasis. It notes that 80-92% of sialoliths occur in the submandibular gland, which has an abundant calcium concentration and alkaline pH that promotes stone formation. Diagnosis involves imaging like sialography, ultrasound or CT scan to detect radiopaque stones. Treatment options include surgical removal of stones, sialoendoscopy or shockwave lithotripsy depending on the size and location of the sialolith.
Ludwig's angina
Submandibular space infection, also known as Ludwig's angina, is caused by dental infections in 80% of cases. The submandibular space lies between structures in the floor of the mouth and the superficial cervical fascia. Symptoms include difficulty swallowing, trismus, and swelling of the sublingual space or submaxillary space. Treatment involves systemic antibiotics and incision/drainage of abscesses either intraorally or externally depending on the location of the infection. Complications can include spread of infection to other spaces, airway obstruction, sepsis, or aspiration pneumonia.
Dentigerous cyst
Dentigerous cysts are odontogenic cysts that surround the crown of an impacted tooth. They are the most common type of developmental jaw cyst, making up 20% of all jaw cysts. Dentigerous cysts typically occur in males in the second and third decades of life, with the most common sites being the mandibular and maxillary third molars and maxillary cuspid areas. Radiographically, dentigerous cysts can appear as central, lateral, or circumferential expansions surrounding the crown of an unerupted tooth. Small cysts are usually treated with enucleation, while larger cysts involving bone loss require marsupialization.
Parotid tumors
The parotid gland is located below and in front of the ear. It has two lobes and is drained by Stenson's duct which opens into the mouth. The gland has a capsule and structures like arteries pass through it. It is supplied by parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. Common tumors include pleomorphic adenoma and Warthin's tumor. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma are malignant tumors that can occur. Surgical excision is the main treatment for tumors but radiotherapy may also be used for malignant ones. Complications after parotidectomy include facial nerve injury and salivary fistula.
Ankyloglossia a congenital oral anomaly
https://userupload.net/h9ig9byum706
Ankyloglossia, also known as tongue-tie, is a congenital oral anomaly that may decrease mobility of the tongue tip and is caused by an unusually short, thick lingual frenulum, a membrane connecting the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. Ankyloglossia or tongue-tie is the result of a short, tight, lingual frenulum causing difficulty in speech articulation due to limitation in tongue movement. Ankyloglossia is a congenital condition in which a neonate is born with an abnormally short, thickened, or tight lingual frenulum that restricts mobility of the tongue. Ankyloglossia may be associated with other craniofacial abnormalities, but is also often an isolated anomaly.
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Salivary gland disorders
The document discusses salivary gland disorders. It begins with definitions and classifications of salivary glands. It then discusses the anatomy, functions, and disorders of the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands. Diagnostic aids are outlined including clinical history, physical examination, imaging such as CT, MRI, ultrasound and sialography. Cystic conditions of the minor salivary glands such as mucoceles are also summarized. Disorders are classified and inflammatory, obstructive, neoplastic and other conditions are described.
Pleomorphic adenoma
Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign tumor of the parotid gland. It consists of both epithelial cells and spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells within an abundant mucoid matrix. On pathology, it displays well-differentiated epithelial cells and spindle/stellate cells in a pleomorphic stroma with mucoid material. The tumor presents as a slow-growing, painless swelling of the parotid gland and is diagnosed by FNAC. The treatment is complete surgical excision via superficial parotidectomy while preserving the facial nerve. Recurrence is possible if there are pseudopods left behind or inadequate margins. Malignant transformation may occur in long-standing tumors.
Ranula
Mucoceles are benign cysts caused by mucus extravasation or retention from minor salivary glands. When located in the floor of the mouth, they are called ranulas. Ranulas present as smooth, blue, dome-shaped swellings that can enlarge and elevate the tongue. Treatment involves complete surgical excision of the cyst wall and sublingual gland to prevent recurrence, while preserving nearby nerves like the lingual nerve. Plunging ranulas extend behind the mylohyoid muscle into the neck.
Sialolithiasis and its management in oral and maxillofacial surgery
Sialolithiasis refers to calcified structures that develop within the salivary glands or ductal system. The document discusses the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of sialolithiasis. It notes that 80-92% of sialoliths occur in the submandibular gland, which has an abundant calcium concentration and alkaline pH that promotes stone formation. Diagnosis involves imaging like sialography, ultrasound or CT scan to detect radiopaque stones. Treatment options include surgical removal of stones, sialoendoscopy or shockwave lithotripsy depending on the size and location of the sialolith.
Ludwig's angina
Submandibular space infection, also known as Ludwig's angina, is caused by dental infections in 80% of cases. The submandibular space lies between structures in the floor of the mouth and the superficial cervical fascia. Symptoms include difficulty swallowing, trismus, and swelling of the sublingual space or submaxillary space. Treatment involves systemic antibiotics and incision/drainage of abscesses either intraorally or externally depending on the location of the infection. Complications can include spread of infection to other spaces, airway obstruction, sepsis, or aspiration pneumonia.
Dentigerous cyst
Dentigerous cysts are odontogenic cysts that surround the crown of an impacted tooth. They are the most common type of developmental jaw cyst, making up 20% of all jaw cysts. Dentigerous cysts typically occur in males in the second and third decades of life, with the most common sites being the mandibular and maxillary third molars and maxillary cuspid areas. Radiographically, dentigerous cysts can appear as central, lateral, or circumferential expansions surrounding the crown of an unerupted tooth. Small cysts are usually treated with enucleation, while larger cysts involving bone loss require marsupialization.
Parotid tumors
The parotid gland is located below and in front of the ear. It has two lobes and is drained by Stenson's duct which opens into the mouth. The gland has a capsule and structures like arteries pass through it. It is supplied by parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. Common tumors include pleomorphic adenoma and Warthin's tumor. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma are malignant tumors that can occur. Surgical excision is the main treatment for tumors but radiotherapy may also be used for malignant ones. Complications after parotidectomy include facial nerve injury and salivary fistula.
Ankyloglossia a congenital oral anomaly
https://userupload.net/h9ig9byum706
Ankyloglossia, also known as tongue-tie, is a congenital oral anomaly that may decrease mobility of the tongue tip and is caused by an unusually short, thick lingual frenulum, a membrane connecting the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. Ankyloglossia or tongue-tie is the result of a short, tight, lingual frenulum causing difficulty in speech articulation due to limitation in tongue movement. Ankyloglossia is a congenital condition in which a neonate is born with an abnormally short, thickened, or tight lingual frenulum that restricts mobility of the tongue. Ankyloglossia may be associated with other craniofacial abnormalities, but is also often an isolated anomaly.
Causes of trismus
Trismus, also known as lockjaw, is spasms of the muscles of mastication that result in inability to open the mouth. It is often symptomatic of pericoronitis. The most common causes are impacted third molars, wisdom tooth removal, and tonsil removal. Other potential causes include radiation therapy to the face/neck, tetanus, tumors, trauma, and various diseases. Treatment focuses on heat therapy, analgesics, a soft diet, and possibly muscle relaxants.
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This document provides information on salivary gland diseases presented over multiple sessions. It begins with the objectives and overview of topics to be covered, including applied anatomy of the salivary glands, autonomic innervation and effects on function, inflammatory and obstructive disorders, neoplasms, and investigations. It then describes in detail the anatomy, physiology and investigations of the major salivary glands. Salivary gland diseases are classified as functional, obstructive, non-neoplastic and neoplastic. Specific conditions like sialadenitis, sialolithiasis, mucocele and ranula are explained. Imaging modalities like ultrasound, sialography, CT, MRI and sialendoscopy
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This document provides information on benign and malignant diseases of the salivary glands, including:
1. It discusses the embryology, surgical anatomy, non-neoplastic conditions, benign tumors, and malignant tumors of the major and minor salivary glands.
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The document discusses various salivary gland disorders including infections, inflammatory conditions, cysts, tumors and other pathologies. It provides details on:
- Acute and chronic bacterial sialadenitis, most commonly caused by retrograde infection from the mouth. Acute infections more often affect the parotid gland.
- Viral infections like mumps can cause acute non-suppurative sialadenitis. Mumps is spread through droplets and involves the parotid glands.
- Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune condition characterized by lymphocytic destruction of exocrine glands causing dry mouth and eyes. Diagnosis involves labial biopsy.
- Common benign sal
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This document discusses diseases of the salivary glands, including both non-neoplastic and neoplastic disorders. It describes the anatomy and locations of the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands. For non-neoplastic disorders, it covers mumps (viral parotitis), acute suppurative parotitis, chronic recurrent sialadenitis, sialectasis, granulomatous diseases, salivary calculi, and Sjogren's syndrome. It also discusses benign and malignant neoplasms that can occur in the salivary glands, such as pleomorphic adenoma, adenolymphoma, mucoepidermoid
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This document discusses dentigerous cysts. It defines a dentigerous cyst as a cyst that forms around the crown of an unerupted tooth due to fluid accumulation between the reduced enamel epithelium and enamel surface. Dentigerous cysts most commonly occur in males in the first three decades of life in the mandibular third molar and maxillary canine regions. Clinical features include swelling and expansion of bone that may cause facial asymmetry. Treatment options include enucleation, marsupialization, or a combination of the two to remove the cyst lining while preserving adjacent structures.
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Leukoplakia
Leukoplakia is a white patch or plaque that develops in the mouth and cannot be wiped away. It affects 1.5-12% of the population, usually those over age 40, and prevalence increases with age. Leukoplakia has various clinical forms and ranges in appearance from flat and uniform to raised or irregular patches. A biopsy is needed to examine the tissue for signs of dysplasia or oral cancer. While most leukoplakia is harmless, some may develop into cancer over time, so prevention focuses on lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and reducing alcohol.
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Approach to Parotid gland enlargement
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Sialolithiasis
Conclusion
Ranula and plunging ranula
A ranula is a cyst that forms in the floor of the mouth caused by a blocked salivary gland duct. It appears as a blue swelling under the tongue. A plunging ranula is a ranula that spreads deeper into the neck. Surgery to remove the cyst and affected salivary gland tissue is usually required to treat a ranula.
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This document provides information on tumors of the salivary glands. It discusses the anatomy and histology of salivary glands, classification of salivary gland tumors, and specifics on certain tumor types including pleomorphic adenoma and Warthin's tumor. Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign salivary gland tumor, characterized by epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation. Warthin's tumor commonly occurs bilaterally in the parotid glands of older smoking males. The document covers epidemiology, etiology, histogenesis, clinical features, investigation, pathology and treatment of various salivary gland tumors.
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Lichen planus is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the skin and mucous membranes. It is characterized by pruritic polygonal papules and plaques that are flat topped and violaceous. The disease commonly affects middle aged women more than men. Oral lichen planus presents as white lacy lesions inside the mouth, while skin lesions typically occur on the wrists and legs. Treatment focuses on reducing symptoms through topical corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. While usually self-limiting, oral lichen planus poses a small risk of malignant transformation over the long term.
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- Enteric fever is most prevalent in impoverished areas with poor sanitation. South/Southeast Asia and Africa have high rates.
- Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi cause the disease. Risk factors include consumption of contaminated food/water and poor hand hygiene.
- The bacteria invade the small intestine and spread systematically, potentially causing complications like bowel perforation if untreated.
- Classic symptoms include prolonged fever, abdominal pain, and rose colored rash. Untreated cases
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This document discusses diseases of the salivary glands, including sialadenitis (inflammation of the salivary glands), which can be caused by bacterial or viral infections. It also discusses Sjogren's syndrome, an autoimmune disease that causes dry mouth and dry eyes due to lymphocytic infiltration and destruction of the lacrimal and salivary glands. Obstructive diseases like salivary calculi (stones) are also covered. The document provides details on symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of various salivary gland diseases.
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Trismus, also known as lockjaw, is spasms of the muscles of mastication that result in inability to open the mouth. It is often symptomatic of pericoronitis. The most common causes are impacted third molars, wisdom tooth removal, and tonsil removal. Other potential causes include radiation therapy to the face/neck, tetanus, tumors, trauma, and various diseases. Treatment focuses on heat therapy, analgesics, a soft diet, and possibly muscle relaxants.
Salivary glands diseases
This document provides information on salivary gland diseases presented over multiple sessions. It begins with the objectives and overview of topics to be covered, including applied anatomy of the salivary glands, autonomic innervation and effects on function, inflammatory and obstructive disorders, neoplasms, and investigations. It then describes in detail the anatomy, physiology and investigations of the major salivary glands. Salivary gland diseases are classified as functional, obstructive, non-neoplastic and neoplastic. Specific conditions like sialadenitis, sialolithiasis, mucocele and ranula are explained. Imaging modalities like ultrasound, sialography, CT, MRI and sialendoscopy
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This document provides information about erythroplakia, including its definition, clinical features, pathogenesis, histopathology, diagnosis, management, and malignant potential. Erythroplakia is defined as a solitary red lesion that cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other condition. It has a high risk of malignant transformation, ranging from 14-50%. Diagnosis involves clinical examination and biopsy. Management includes removing causative factors, chemoprevention with antioxidants, and surgical excision with long-term follow-up due to the high recurrence risk.
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This document provides information on benign and malignant diseases of the salivary glands, including:
1. It discusses the embryology, surgical anatomy, non-neoplastic conditions, benign tumors, and malignant tumors of the major and minor salivary glands.
2. It describes common benign tumors like pleomorphic adenoma and Warthin's tumor, as well as malignant tumors such as mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
3. It provides details on the classification, clinical features, histology, treatment and prognosis of various salivary gland neoplasms.
Salivary glands disorders ii
The document discusses various salivary gland disorders including infections, inflammatory conditions, cysts, tumors and other pathologies. It provides details on:
- Acute and chronic bacterial sialadenitis, most commonly caused by retrograde infection from the mouth. Acute infections more often affect the parotid gland.
- Viral infections like mumps can cause acute non-suppurative sialadenitis. Mumps is spread through droplets and involves the parotid glands.
- Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune condition characterized by lymphocytic destruction of exocrine glands causing dry mouth and eyes. Diagnosis involves labial biopsy.
- Common benign sal
Diseases of salivary gland
This document discusses diseases of the salivary glands, including both non-neoplastic and neoplastic disorders. It describes the anatomy and locations of the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands. For non-neoplastic disorders, it covers mumps (viral parotitis), acute suppurative parotitis, chronic recurrent sialadenitis, sialectasis, granulomatous diseases, salivary calculi, and Sjogren's syndrome. It also discusses benign and malignant neoplasms that can occur in the salivary glands, such as pleomorphic adenoma, adenolymphoma, mucoepidermoid
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This document discusses oral ulceration, providing a differential diagnosis of primary and secondary ulcers. It notes that oral ulcers can be an initial presentation of systemic conditions and discusses various potential causes including infections, malignancies, drugs, trauma and dermatological conditions. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is one of the most common causes and presents as painful ulcers that typically heal spontaneously within two weeks. Persistent or painless ulcers should be further evaluated, as they could indicate oral cancer.
Dentigerous cyst
This document discusses dentigerous cysts. It defines a dentigerous cyst as a cyst that forms around the crown of an unerupted tooth due to fluid accumulation between the reduced enamel epithelium and enamel surface. Dentigerous cysts most commonly occur in males in the first three decades of life in the mandibular third molar and maxillary canine regions. Clinical features include swelling and expansion of bone that may cause facial asymmetry. Treatment options include enucleation, marsupialization, or a combination of the two to remove the cyst lining while preserving adjacent structures.
Thyroglossal duct cyst
A thyroglossal duct cyst is a neck mass that develops from leftover tissue from when the thyroid gland forms during embryonic development. It is most common in preschool-aged children and adolescents. Diagnostic tests include physical examination, ultrasound, and fine needle aspiration to evaluate the mass and rule out thyroid abnormalities. Treatment involves antibiotics if infected or surgical removal (Sistrunk procedure) of the entire cyst and tract to prevent recurrence, which is performed under general anesthesia as an outpatient procedure. Complications can include infection or rare chance of malignancy.
Leukoplakia
Leukoplakia is a white patch or plaque that develops in the mouth and cannot be wiped away. It affects 1.5-12% of the population, usually those over age 40, and prevalence increases with age. Leukoplakia has various clinical forms and ranges in appearance from flat and uniform to raised or irregular patches. A biopsy is needed to examine the tissue for signs of dysplasia or oral cancer. While most leukoplakia is harmless, some may develop into cancer over time, so prevention focuses on lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and reducing alcohol.
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Introduction
Approach to Parotid gland enlargement
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Sjögren’s Syndrome
Warthin’s Tumor
Pleomorphic adenoma
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Sialadenitis
Sialolithiasis
Conclusion
Ranula and plunging ranula
A ranula is a cyst that forms in the floor of the mouth caused by a blocked salivary gland duct. It appears as a blue swelling under the tongue. A plunging ranula is a ranula that spreads deeper into the neck. Surgery to remove the cyst and affected salivary gland tissue is usually required to treat a ranula.
Branchial cyst and thyroglossal cyst
This document discusses second branchial cleft anomalies, which present as a sinus, cyst, or fistula in the neck anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Symptoms include a skin pit or palpable cord that can express milky discharge. Treatment involves complete surgical excision to avoid infection. Remnants of the thyroglossal duct are also discussed, presenting as midline neck swellings that move with swallowing and can become infected. Ultrasound and nuclear scans help differentiate these from other neck masses. Surgical excision is treatment.
Noma
This document discusses Noma (bacterial infection of oral cavity). Noma is a rapidly progressive, polymicrobial infection caused by components of the normal oral flora that become pathogenic during periods of compromised immune status. It most commonly affects malnourished or immunocompromised children between 1-10 years of age or immunocompromised adults. Clinically, it begins as a small ulcer that rapidly spreads and causes gangrenous necrosis of the surrounding tissues of the jaw, lips, and cheeks. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin and metronidazole along with surgical excision of necrotic tissues. Even with treatment, mortality rates are high, around 75% prior to availability of antibiotics.
Salivary gland tumors
This document provides information on tumors of the salivary glands. It discusses the anatomy and histology of salivary glands, classification of salivary gland tumors, and specifics on certain tumor types including pleomorphic adenoma and Warthin's tumor. Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign salivary gland tumor, characterized by epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation. Warthin's tumor commonly occurs bilaterally in the parotid glands of older smoking males. The document covers epidemiology, etiology, histogenesis, clinical features, investigation, pathology and treatment of various salivary gland tumors.
Lichen planus
Lichen planus is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the skin and mucous membranes. It is characterized by pruritic polygonal papules and plaques that are flat topped and violaceous. The disease commonly affects middle aged women more than men. Oral lichen planus presents as white lacy lesions inside the mouth, while skin lesions typically occur on the wrists and legs. Treatment focuses on reducing symptoms through topical corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. While usually self-limiting, oral lichen planus poses a small risk of malignant transformation over the long term.
Multi nodular goitre (MNG)
seminar presentation on multinodular goitre
Ref: Bailey and love's short practice of surgery
SRB Manual of surgery
Salivary gland diseases
This document discusses salivary gland diseases. It begins by describing the normal anatomy and function of the major and minor salivary glands. It then discusses various diseases affecting the salivary glands including inflammatory conditions like sialadenitis, infections, salivary stones, cysts, tumors, and dysfunction. Specific conditions covered in more detail include mumps, sialolithiasis, Sjogren's syndrome, mucocele, necrotizing sialometaplasia, pleomorphic adenoma, Warthin's tumor, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and adenoid cystic carcinoma. The document provides information on clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment for each condition.
Plummer Vinson Syndrome
Plummer-Vinson syndrome is characterized by a triad of postcricoid dysphagia, upper esophageal webs, and iron deficiency anemia. It occurs more commonly in older white women and is associated with an increased risk of esophageal cancer. Diagnosis involves identification of anemia, esophageal webs on endoscopy or imaging, and ruling out other causes of dysphagia. Treatment focuses on iron replacement therapy and dilation of esophageal webs. Long-term follow-up is important due to cancer risks.
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Leptospirosis
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Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria and spreads through contaminated food or water. It is characterized by sustained fever and bacteria invasion of organs like the liver and spleen. It remains an important cause of fever in developing countries with poor sanitation. The disease progresses from an initial bacteraemia phase with non-specific symptoms, to a septicemic phase with rose spots and hepatosplenomegaly. Treatment involves antibiotics and surgery if complications like intestinal perforation occur. Prevention relies on public health measures to ensure safe drinking water and proper sanitation.
leptospirosis
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Management salivary gland disease .pptx
1. The document discusses various inflammatory diseases of the parotid gland including risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions like parotid infections, Sjogren's syndrome, mumps, and sarcoidosis.
2. Key risk factors for parotid infection include reduced saliva flow, drugs, irradiation, and abnormalities in gland structure. Acute parotid infections usually cause swelling and tenderness that can be relieved by milking the gland.
3. Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease that causes dry mouth and eyes and increases risk of lymphoma. Mumps causes painful swelling of the parotid glands due to viral parotitis.
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Urinary Tract Infection in Children
1. Urinary tract infections are caused by bacterial infections anywhere along the urinary tract. Boys under 1 year and girls under 4 years have the highest risk. Risk factors include lack of circumcision in boys, vesicoureteral reflux, constipation, and bladder/bowel dysfunction.
2. Symptoms vary by age but can include fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, and poor feeding. Diagnosis involves urinalysis, urine culture, and imaging tests like ultrasound and voiding cystourethrogram. Treatment is with oral or intravenous antibiotics depending on severity. Recurrent infections may require long-term antibiotic prophylaxis. Complications can include renal scarring and chronic kidney disease if left
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This document discusses odontogenic tumors, specifically ameloblastoma. It provides details on the classification, clinical features, histologic features, treatment and prognosis of ameloblastoma. Key points include:
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Clinical features of gingivitis include:
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2. Interdental papillae become blunted and bulbous as they bulge out between teeth.
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This document discusses different classes of antibiotics including tetracyclines, quinolones, chloramphenicol, and others. It describes the antibiotics in each class, their mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, therapeutic uses, and common side effects. Tetracyclines work by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis and can cause tooth discoloration. Quinolones inhibit DNA gyrase in bacteria and are effective against many gram-negative organisms. Chloramphenicol is broadly effective but restricted due to toxicity risks like bone marrow depression and gray baby syndrome.
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Adrenergic-blocking agents bind to adrenergic receptors but inhibit stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. They are classified by the type of receptor blocked: alpha1, alpha2, beta1-selective, or non-specific beta1 and beta2 blockers. Alpha1 blockers like prazosin and doxazocin are used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Beta blockers can be non-specific or beta1-selective. They are used to treat hypertension, angina, heart attacks, arrhythmias, migraines, and other conditions but have contraindications for congestive heart failure, heart block, and bronchial asthma. Common side effects include hypotension
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Salivary gland infections
- 1. Salivary gland infections • • • • • • • • Introduction Different Types of infections – Bacterial, Viral Pathogenesis – etiology Microbiology(bacteria) Signs and Symptoms Management Complications Prevention
- 2. Salivary Glands • There are 3 paired salivary glands in humans 1. Parotid - largest of the major salivary glands Two Lobes divided by facial nerve 2. Submandibular deep to mylohyoid, superficial to hyoglossus 3. Sublingual - Smallest of the salivary glands • Common surgical disease; infection/calculi
- 4. Salivary gland infections • Viral - Mumps (commonest) • Bacterial - Acute parotitits - Chronic parotitis - Recurrent parotitis of childhood - Submandibular sialadenitis - Tuberculosis - Actinomycosis
- 5. Factors in salivary gland infections Oral microorganisms Reduced salivary flow Drugs - opiates, irradiation Sjogren’s syndromme Dehydrtion Abnormal gland architecture Sialoths(stones) Strictures Sialectasis Salivary gland infection
- 6. Acute bacterial parotitis • Pathogenesis - Retrograde infection in reduced salivary flow - Local abnormalities in gland architecture • Microbiology - Staph aureus, - Streptococci (alpha hemolytic) - Haemophylus species are the common ones isolated. • Exact causative organism is difficult to isolate as sample collection is difficult.
- 7. Symptoms • Redness (erythma) over the side of the face or the upper neck • Swelling in pre and post auricular areas extending to angle of mandible • Breathing or swallowing difficulty (these may be emergency symptoms). • Extreme mouth or facial pain especially when eating
- 8. Symptoms • • • • • Thick purulent discharge (pus) on milking. Dry mouth, Fever with chills,. Abnormal tastes, foul tastes Decreased ability to open the mouth Swelling of the face (particularly in front of the ears, below the jaw, or on the floor of the mouth)
- 9. Investigations • WBC COUNT - Leucocytosis • Milk the exact pus from gland and do culture and sensitivity, Gram stain. • X- ray or CT scan or ultrasound may be done if there is an abscess.
- 10. Management • Warm salt water rinses (1/2 teaspoon of salt in 1 cup of water) may be soothing and keep the mouth moist. • Massaging the gland with heat may help. • Hydration- Drink lot of water and use sugar-free lemon drops to increase the flow of saliva and reduce swelling. • If there is an abscess, surgery to drain it or aspiration may be done.
- 11. Management • Appropriate antibiotic therapy (Flucloxacillin, Erythromycin) • Severe cases - Antibiotics +surgical intervention • Treat the cause – Sialography (imaging) stones or strictures, any abnormalities. • Sialography is contraindicated in acute infection.
- 12. Possible Complications • Abscess of salivary gland • Infection returns • Spread of infection (cellulitis, Ludwig's angina)
- 13. Chronic bacterial parotitis • • • • Recurrent episodes of parotitis Persistent infection Damaged glands (Sjogren’s syndrome) Clinical course - intermittent exacerbations and remissions • Destroys the gland • Parotidectomy for long term infection and good results
- 14. Recurrent parotitis of childhood • Repeated acute episodes of painful enlargement of one or both parotid glands. • Etiology - Unclear, • Suggested congenital abnormalities of ductal system( mumps, foreign bodies, trauma from orthodontics) • Most will resolve by puberty, Remove identified predisposing factor, Antibiotics.
- 15. Prevention • Good oral hygiene may prevent some cases of bacterial infection. • Drink plenty of water, keep mouth wet.
- 16. Uncommon infections • Tuberculosis secondary to pulmonary infection. • M. tuberculosis and Atypical mycobacteria • Rarely seen • Parotids are commonly affected • C/F - Firm non tender swelling, rarely facial paralysis. • Management – Skin tests, ATT.
- 17. Uncommon infections • ACTINOMYCOSIS • A.israeli is implicated. • Salivary glands may be infected in upto 10% of cervicofacial actinomycosis • MANAGEMENT – diagnose and treat.
- 18. Mumps virus • Family-paramyxoviridae , genus - Rubulavirus • Mumps is acute contagious non suppurative inflammation on one or both salivary glands • Mild childhood disease with serious complications in adults • Humans are only the natural hosts • 1/3 of infections are asymptomatic
- 19. Pathogenesis • Acquired via repiratory route by saliva and respiratory secretions • Replicate in respiratory epithelium • Viremia spread virus to salivary gland • Virus is present in saliva 2 days before and 9 days after salivary gland swelling • Infect kidney, viruria may persist 2 wks
- 20. Clinical presentation IP= 2-4wks 1/3 are asymptomatic Prodromal period Malaise, nausea Painful swelling of parotid glands (50% of cases) unior bilateral Aseptic meningitis (15%) Meningoencephalitis (0.3%)
- 21. Clinical presentation • Unilateral deafness (5/100,000) • Orchitis (20-50%) of males affected – Painful swelling – Rarely sterility • Oophoritis (5%) of females affected • Pancreatitis (4%)
- 22. Diagnosis • Virus isolation – Saliva, CSF, urine within few days of illness – Monkey kidney cells – Shell vials, 2-3 day IF • Serology – 4x rise in Ab in paired serum – IgM detection ELISA