The document provides an overview of the BrahMos cruise missile jointly developed by India and Russia. It discusses the missile's history, components, specifications, variants for different launch platforms (land, air, sea), and production and deployment in India and Russia. The document also outlines future plans to extend the missile's range to 600km, develop a hypersonic variant called BrahMos-II with Mach 7 speed, and a smaller next generation variant called BrahMos-NG.

1. BRAHMOS CRUISE MISSILE
A SEMINAR REPORT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD
OF
THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(Mechanical Engineering)
KRISHNA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, GHAZIABAD
UTTAR PRADESH
SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
OM PRAKESH NEEL SHAH
(ASST. PROFESSOR) 1316140079

2. CONTENT
Abstract
History
Introduction
Missile Components
Specifications
Variants
Production and Deployment
Future Development
Bibliography

3. Abstract
This study examines how the proliferation of technologies has remedied the historical shortcomings
of cruise missiles to produce a weapon that has significant military capabilities. The argument in
this study is that cruise missiles are more cost-effective weapons than manned aircraft and ballistic
missiles. It argues, furthermore, that the proliferation of cruise missile systems and technologies
will transform cruise missiles into important and perhaps decisive weapons in the twenty-first
century.
The second theme of this study is that the India must develop the fastest ability to defend itself
against an attack enemy country. This represents the nature of the asymmetric attacks that the India
will confront in the twenty first century.

4. History
In 1983 India launched its ambitious Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. As part
of that program, Indian rocket scientists and engineers developed the Prithvi and Agni ballistic
missiles, which now constitute the country’s nuclear-missile shield. For a rapidly rising naval
power such as India, achieving technological and military superiority in the Indian Ocean was
a crucially important goal. .
Any attempt by India to develop an indigenous supersonic anti-ship missile would have faced
numerous technological challenges that would have taken many years to overcome. That is why
the Indian leadership chose to seek technological partnership from Russia.
In February 1998 the Russian and Indian governments signed an agreement to set up the BrahMos
Private Limited joint venture. The name BrahMos is a combination of the first syllables
in the names of two great rivers: the Brahmaputra in India, and the Moskva in Russia. On behalf
of India the agreement was signed by Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam.
On 12th June 2001, BrahMos performed the first test launch from a stationary launcher at a firing
range on the Chandipur coast. In August 2001 the BrahMos missile was displayed for the first time
at the MAKS 2001 international air show in Moscow. The first test-launch of the missile from
a ship was conducted in the year 2003 in the Bay of Bengal. In 2008, for the first time, BRAHMOS
missile was successfully launched from INS Ranvir in vertical configuration.
In 2008 efforts began to integrate the BRAHMOS into the weapons systems of the Indian Air
Force’s Su-30MKI multirole fighters. Two aircraft were modified at HAL Nasik to undergo
the necessary fitment. Several important changes were made, including a redistribution of the load
on the load-bearing parts of the airframe. In February 2015, during the Aero India-2015 expo
in Bangalore, the first Su-30MKI fighter fully modified and capable of being armed with the air-
launched version of the BRAHMOS-A supersonic cruise missile was delivered to the Indian Air
Force. In 2014 he was succeeded by Dr. Sudhir Kumar Mishra as the head of BrahMos Aerospace
Ltd. Dr. Mishra has a huge wealth of experience in the rocket industry. A hypersonic version
of the BRAHMOS will take the capability of the Indian and Russian armed forces to a whole new
level, providing additional security guarantees for the Eurasian continent in the 21st century.

6. Introduction
The BrahMos is a short-range ramjet supersonic cruise missile that can be launched from
submarine, ships, aircraft, or land. It is a joint venture between the Russian Federation's NPO
Mashinostroeyenia and India's Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) who
have together formed BrahMos Aerospace. It is based on the Russian P-800 Oniks cruise missile
and other similar sea-skimming Russian cruise missile technology. The name BrahMos is
a portmanteau formed from the names of two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of
Russia.
It is the world's fastest anti-ship cruise missile in operation. The missile travels at speeds of Mach
2.8 to 3.0. The land-launched and ship-launched versions are already in service, with the air and
submarine-launched versions currently in the testing phase. An air-launched variant of BrahMos
is planned which came out in 2012. A hypersonic version of the missile, BrahMos-II, is also
presently under development with speed of Mach 7-8 to boost aerial fast strike capability. It is
expected to be ready for testing by end of 2017.
Though India had wanted the BrahMos to be based on The BrahMos is a short
range ramjet supersonic cruise missile that can be launched from submarine, a mid-range cruise
missile like P-700 Granit. Its propulsion is based on the Russian missile, and missile guidance has
been developed by BrahMos Aerospace.
In 2016, as India became a member of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), India
and Russia are now planning to jointly develop a new generation of BrahMos missiles with
600 km-plus range and an ability to hit protected targets with pinpoint accuracy.

7. Missile Components
Guided missiles are made up of a series of subassemblies. The major sections are carefully joined
and connected to each other. They form the complete missile assembly.
The major components of a missile are:
 Warhead
 Fusing
 Guidance System
 Propulsion System
 Fins
Warhead:
A warhead is an explosive device used in military conflicts, used to destroy enemy vehicles or
buildings. Typically, a warhead is delivered by a missile, rocket or torpedo. It consists of the
explosive material, and a detonator.
Types of Warhead:
Explosive: An explosive charge is used to disintegrate the target, and damage surrounding areas
with a shockwave.
Chemical: A toxic chemical, such as nerve gas is dispersed, which is designed to injure or kill
human beings.
Biological: An infectious agent, such as anthrax is dispersed, which is designed to sicken and kill
humans.
Nuclear: A runaway nuclear fission or fusion reaction causes immense energy release.

8. Fusing:
It includes those devices and arrangements that cause the missile's payload to function in proper
relation to the target. There are two general types of fuses used in guided missiles proximity fuses
and contact fuses.
Some common methods of fusing are:
 Radio frequency sensing
 Optical sensing
 Magnetic sensing
 Acoustic sensing
 Pressure wave sensing
Guidance system
Missiles may be targeted in a number of ways. The most common method is to use some form of
radiation, such as infrared, lasers or radio waves, to guide the missile onto its target.
There are two types of guidance system:
 Fire-and-forget
 Another method is to use a TV camera—using either visible light or infra-red—in order to
see the target.
Some methods of target detection are:-
 Inertial navigation system
 Terrain contour matching (TERCOM)
 DSMAC (Digital Scene-Mapping Area Correlator)
 Satellite navigation
Inertial Navigation System: An inertial navigation system includes a computer and a platform
containing accelerometers, gyroscopes, or other motion-sensing devices. Accelerometers measure

9. the vertical, lateral, and longitudinal accelerations of the controlled missile and Gyroscopes
measure the angular velocity of the system.
TERCOM: It uses a pre-recorded contour map of the terrain that is compared to measurements
made during flight by an on-board radar altimeter. The missile's radar altimeter feeds
measurements into a smaller buffer, and averages them out to produce a single measurement. The
series of such numbers a strip of measurements similar to those held in the maps. The two are
compared to overlay the strip on the known map, and the positioning of the strip within the map
produces a location and direction.
Propulsion System:
Guided missiles use some form of jet power for propulsion. The basis for the working of missile
propulsion systems are the well-known Newton's laws of motion.
Fins:
A major important item in the aerodynamic missile configuration is the wing or the main lifting
surface. A great variety of wing planforms or configurations are used. The linearized theory is
used in supersonic flow over wings. This theory is derived from the exact differential equation of
steady compressible flow. There are also a few equations of first order and linear equations called
'Ackeret Theory'.
The basic assumptions made are:
 the air foil is thin
 the flow is two dimensional

10. Specification
BrahMos claims it has the capability of attacking surface targets by flying as low as 5 meters in
altitude and the maximum altitude it can fly is 14000 meters. It has a diameter of 70 cm and a wing
span of 1.7 m. It can gain a speed of Mach 2.8, and has a maximum range of 290 km. The ship-
launched and land-based missiles can carry a 200 kg warhead, whereas the aircraft-launched
variant (BrahMos A) can carry a 300 kg warhead. It has a two-stage propulsion system, with a
solid-propellant rocket for initial acceleration and a liquid-fuelled ramjet responsible for sustained
supersonic cruise. Air-breathing ramjet propulsion is much more fuel-efficient than rocket
propulsion, giving the BrahMos a longer range than a pure rocket-powered missile would achieve.
The high speed of the BrahMos likely gives it better target-penetration characteristics than lighter
subsonic cruise-missiles such as the Tomahawk. Being twice as heavy and almost four times faster
than the Tomahawk, the BrahMos has more than 32 times the on-cruise kinetic energy of a
Tomahawk missile, although it carries only 3/5 the payload and a fraction of the range despite
weighing twice as much, which suggests that the missile was designed with a different tactical
role. Its 2.8 mach speed means that it cannot be intercepted by some existing missile defence
system and its precision makes it lethal to water targets.
Although BrahMos was primarily an anti-ship missile, the BrahMos Block III can also engage land
based targets. It can be launched either in a vertical or inclined position and is capable of covering
targets over a 360-degree horizon. The BrahMos missile has an identical configuration for land,
sea, and sub-sea platforms. The air-launched version has a smaller booster and additional tail fins
for added stability during launch. The BrahMos is currently being configured for aerial deployment
with the Su-30MKI as its carrier. On 5 September 2010 BrahMos created a record for the first
supersonic steep dive.

11. Weight 3000kg, 2500kg(air launched)
Length 8.4m
Diameter 0.6m
Warhead 300kg
Operational range 300km-450km
Speed Mach 2.8-Mach 3(3400-3700km/hr)
Accuracy 1m
Launch platform Ship, Submarine, Aircraft and land based mobile launcher

12. Variants
Surface-launched, Block I
 Ship-launched, anti-ship variant (operational)
 Ship-launched, land-attack variant (operational)
 Land-launched, land-attack variant (operational)
 Land-launched, anti-ship variant (In induction, tested on 10 December 2010)
Surface-launched, upgraded variants
 BrahMos Block II land-attack variant (Operational)
 BrahMos Block III land-variant (being inducted)
 Anti-aircraft carrier variant (tested in March 2012) – the missile gained the capability to
attack aircraft carriers using the supersonic vertical dive variant of the missile that could
travel up to 290 km.
Air-launched
 Air-launched, anti-ship variant (under development, completion in 2012)
 Air-launched, land-attack variant (under development, completion in 2012)
 Air-launched, miniaturised variant (under development)
Submarine-launched
 Submarine-launched, anti-ship variant – Tested successfully for the first time from a
submerged pontoon on 20 March 2013.
 Submarine-launched, land-attack variant (under development, expected completion in 2011)

14. Production and Deployment
India and Russia intend to make 2,000 BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles over the next ten years
through their joint venture company, and nearly 50% of them are expected to be exported to
friendly countries.
India
Indian Navy
By April 2013, Brahmos has been inducted in eight warships of the Indian Navy. The following
ship classes of the navy are equipped with BrahMos:
 Rajput-class destroyers – INS Rajput has four Brahmos missiles in 2 twin inclined launchers
with in 2003. INS Ranvir and INS Ranvijay were armed with one 8-cell Brahmos VLS
launcher.
 Talwar-class frigate – The three later ships, INS Teg, INS Tarkash, INS Trikand were armed
with one 8-cell Brahmos VLS launcher.
 Shivalik-class frigate – the three frigates in this class are armed with one 8-cell Brahmos VLS
launcher.
 Kolkata-class destroyer (three active– armed with two 8-cell Brahmos VLS launchers.
 Visakhapatnam-class destroyer (building)-armed with two 8-cell Brahmos land attack and
anti-ship VLS launchers.
Indian Army
The Brahmos Block I was inducted into the army on 21 June 2007.[34] The Brahmos has been
inducted in three regiments of the Indian Army. The army has raised one regiment (numbered 861)
of the Mark I and two missile regiments of the BrahMos Mark II, numbered 862 and 863. The first
regiment with five mobile launcher cost $83 million to set up. Each of the two new regiments
would have between four and six batteries of three to four Mobile Autonomous Launchers (72
missiles per regiment) that can be connected to a mobile command post. All these regiments will
be part of the army's existing 40th and 41st Artillery Divisions.

15. Russia
Russian Navy
According to unspecified sources the BrahMos could be fitted to the updated Gorshkov class of
frigates which will be entering the Russian Navy soon. The defence ministry reported that due to
the size and hull specifications of the BrahMos, few if any of its new ships will be able to
accommodate it.
Russian Air Force
In September 2016, it was revealed that the Russian Defence Ministry is interested in purchasing
the air-launched BrahMos to arm their Su-30SM fighters.
Export
Several countries including the Philippines, Vietnam, South Africa, Egypt, Oman, and Brunei have
expressed interest in the missile. In February 2010, a senior executive said that BrahMos was in
negotiations with Chile, Brazil, South Africa and Indonesia regarding the purchase of the
missile. Malaysia is also reported to be considering the purchase of the missile for use on its Kedah
class warships and fighter jets. Informal negotiations are ongoing between India and Vietnam for
the sale of BrahMos missiles.

16. Future Development
Extended range
In 2016, as India became a member of the MTCR, India and Russia are now planning to jointly
develop a new generation of Brahmos missiles with 600 km-plus range and an ability to hit
protected targets with pinpoint accuracy. The upgrade will be applied to all existing BrahMos
missiles too.
India conducted the maiden test firing of the extended-range variant of the BrahMos missile on 11
March 2017. The missile was successfully fired from launch complex– III of the Integrated Test
Range (ITR) in Chandipur at about 11.30 am.
BrahMos-II
BrahMos-II is a hypersonic cruise missile currently under development and is estimated to have a
range of 290 km. Like the BrahMos, the range of BrahMos II has also been limited to 290 km to
comply with the MTCR. With a speed of Mach 7, it will have double the speed of the current
BrahMos missile, and it will be the fastest hypersonic missile in the world. Development could
take 7–8 years to complete.
BrahMos-NG
Size comparison between BrahMos and the planned BrahMos-M/Brahmos-NG. BrahMos-NG
(Next Generation) is a mini version based on the existing BrahMos, will have same 290 km range
and mach 3.5 speed but it will weigh around 1.5 tons, 5 meters in length and 50 cm in diameter,
making BrahMos-NG 50 percent lighter and three meters shorter than its predecessor. The system
is expected to be inducted in the year 2017. BrahMos-NG will have lesser RCS (radar cross
section) compared to its predecessor, making it harder for air defence systems to locate and engage
the target. BrahMos-NG will have Land, Air, ship-borne and Submarine tube-launched variants.
First test flight is expected to take place in 2017–18. Initially Brahmos-NG was called as Brahmos-
M.
The missile will arm the Sukhoi Su-30MKI, Mikoyan MiG-29K, HAL Tejas. And future
inductions such as the Dassault Rafale, Sukhoi PAK FA, HAL FGFA and possibly the Mikoyan
MiG-35. Submarine launched variant will be capable of being fired from the new P75I class of
submarines. A model of the new variant was showcased on 20 February 2013, at the 15th

17. anniversary celebrations of BrahMos Corporations. The Sukhoi SU-30MKI would carry three
missiles while other combat aircraft would carry one each.
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam asked BrahMos Aerospace to develop an advanced version of the BrahMos
cruise missile to maintain India's lead in the field. He said that a hypersonic version of BrahMos
which can be reused is needed, which will be able to deliver its payload and return to base.

18. Bibliography
 www.brahMos.com
 www.drdo.gov.in
 Russian Embassy Article
 Article of Times of India