Water, which occurs below the water table, is referred to as groundwater. Ground water is usually cool, colourless and free from turbidity. Ground water is used for agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities all over the world. In the last few decades, there has been tremendous increase in the demand for fresh water due to rapid growth of population and accelerated pace of industrialization (Devi and Premkumar, 2012) which has resulted in the deterioration of quality of groundwater. Since the quality of public health depends to a greater extent on the quality of drinking water, it is incumbent that detailed information about the quality of water be systematically collected and monitored regularly through research and scientific way for sustainable development. Determination of physico-chemical parameters of water is essential for assessing the suitability of groundwater for various purposes like drinking, domestic, industrial and irrigation. The ground water quality may also vary with seasonal changes and is primarily governed by the extent and composition of dissolved solids. In view of the above aspects, the ground water pollution studies of Arsikere town and its surrounding areas is more important. In addition to the anthropogenic activities, the availability of potable water resources is being deteriorated by agricultural activities and over exploitation. Hence, it needs the study on the status of ground water quality in Arsikere.
Perspective Study on Ground Water in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradeshiosrjce
This article is a deal with the study of East Godavari District There is a need for study the ground
water in the district. The information helps the planners, hydrologists, Geologists, Geographers and researchers
for better planning and management of underground water data whenever it is required. So for this a study is
made on the basis of secondary data form internet and water board survey reports from three decades, This
helps in decision making based on the information of ground water as a resource in East Godavari District. A
series of information has been considered and highlighted for the uses.
Water is an essential component for the existence of life on the planet earth. It is a
tasteless, odourless, and nearly colorless liquid. In some way or the other, it also full
fills the need of minerals in our body up to a certain limit. But the anthropogenic
activities leads to the imbalance of these minerals in water resulting in degradation of
its quality. Today, it is a known fact that the groundwater quality is degrading day by
day which is a serious matter of concern, as poor quality water pose threats to health
and hygiene of living beings. Good quality of water is of utmost importance for
survival of man and animals. The present study aimed at assessing the status of the
groundwater in Sikandra Rao and its adjoining villages. In the light of aforesaid
facts, it becomes necessary to assess the current groundwater quality in study area
on the ground of various parameters such as temperature, pH (6.5-8.5), Turbidity
(0.85 NTU-3.00 NTU), Electrical Conductivity (206 μS/m -931 μS/m ), Chloride (12
mg/l-52 mg/l), Total Hardness (102 mg/l -314 mg/l), Total Alkalinity (84 mg/l-370
Growth and yield of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane crops as influenced by...Premier Publishers
The effect of wastewater irrigation on plant growth and yield of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane crops was compared with that of ground water irrigation. Treatments included untreated wastewater (UWW) treated wastewater (TWW) and ground water (GW) as control. The results obtained, plant height, number of fruits/plant, dry biomass g/plant and number of branches/plant of tomato (78.46 cm, 45.88, 15.49 and 11.41) and (75.13 cm, 41.48, 14.42 and 10.28) were significantly higher in the UWW and TWW compared to GW. The UWW and TWW irrigated Napier grass gave the highest growth and yield, compared to that of GW irrigation. Plant height, number of leaves/plant, leaf length, leaf width and number of tiller were 188.46 cm, 83.62, 93.62 cm, 2.52 and 13.2 in UWW and 182.68 cm, 69.75, 88.67cm, 2.29 and 10.39 in TWW and these are significantly higher as compared to that of GW irrigation. Wastewater irrigation of sugarcane increased cane length, number of nodes/cane, number of leaves, cane diameter and cane weight significantly as compared to control GW are 191.86 cm, 22.48, 39.3 and 2.30 cm in UWW and 149.4 cm, 20.54, 27.53 and 2.22 cm in TWW and compared to that of GW irrigation.
Enhancing Productivity and Livelihoods among Smallholders Irrigations through...Jenkins Macedo
This field research was presented at the 2015 3rd Global Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture in Montpelier, France on March 18, 2015.
Climate change and climate variability pose significant risks to smallholders in the rainfed lowlands of Lao PDR. Increased surface temperatures, declining rainfall, persistent drought and depletion of soil nutrients all serve to impact agricultural productivity and livelihoods. This study investigates the impact of five treatments on soil nutrients, moisture, plant growth, and yield of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). The treatments tested were rice husk biochar only, biochar inoculated with manure, manure tea, inorganic fertilizer and the control. The costs and benefits of the treatments were also assessed. The randomized complete block design was used to assign five treatments and eight replications to the experimental units. Biochar was produced through slow pyrolysis. Soil physical properties were assessed with the visual soil assessment method and 15-randomized soil samples were collected for chemical analyses. Sprinklers were used for irrigation and a weather station installed to monitor the climate. Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Costs-benefits evaluation of the treatments was conducted to determine the net benefits relative to the initial costs ratio. The analysis of variance of mean yield indicates that the difference in yield among the treatments was highly significant. The computed F value (8.28) was higher than the F critical (2.64) at the 5% level of significance. The calculated coefficient of variance of mean yield was 17.33%. The net benefits to initial costs ratio of treatments suggest that the control (4.11), biochar inoculated with manure plus NPK (1.64), and biochar plus manure tea (1.01) are preferred. The net benefits and initial costs evaluation of treatments is important to assess whether utilizing these treatments would impact smallholders’ livelihoods. The results of this study contribute to the evidence that biochar could play an essential role to mitigate climate change risks by enhancing soil quality and increase agricultural productivity.
Monitoring Of Water Logged Areas in Krishana Canal Command Using Gis TechniquesIJERA Editor
Degradation of land due to waterlogging in sugarcane track of western Maharashtra is a serious problem. Here researchers had understood the problem of the waterlogged areas by preparing an inventory using GIS and GPS techniques. Krishna Canal Command area is lies in Satara and Sangli districts. Total length of canal is 86 km, out of which 21 km length is comes under study area. The command area is divided in 4 segments, out of which, the present study deals with Segment IV. Water table map was prepared using water depth data at 231 well locations. The entire analysis was carried out in ArcGIS software. GIS – Spatial Analysis tool, point data was rasterised, and surfaces for water table were generated. Risk zonation maps were prepared using the critical limits given by IRD, Pune. Water table surface was intersected with village boundary layers. Risk zonation map of water table suggests that the two villages namely Nagral and Burli situated close to canal are most vulnerable due to high water table. Almost 36 % of the total study area of land covering partially the villages Nagral, Burli, Shirasgaon, Amnapur, Palus, and Yelavi were found under critical water table condition. In segment IV total area of 792 ha in villages Nagral, Burli, Amnapur, Yelavi, and Bhilawadi fall under the P1 category affected most badly by the waterlogging condition. Prioritization of villages based on AWI suggests that out of the total eight villages, five villages namely Amnapur, Burli, Bhilawadi, Nagral and Yelavi are falling under P1 priority category, need immediate attention for remedial measures
Perspective Study on Ground Water in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradeshiosrjce
This article is a deal with the study of East Godavari District There is a need for study the ground
water in the district. The information helps the planners, hydrologists, Geologists, Geographers and researchers
for better planning and management of underground water data whenever it is required. So for this a study is
made on the basis of secondary data form internet and water board survey reports from three decades, This
helps in decision making based on the information of ground water as a resource in East Godavari District. A
series of information has been considered and highlighted for the uses.
Water is an essential component for the existence of life on the planet earth. It is a
tasteless, odourless, and nearly colorless liquid. In some way or the other, it also full
fills the need of minerals in our body up to a certain limit. But the anthropogenic
activities leads to the imbalance of these minerals in water resulting in degradation of
its quality. Today, it is a known fact that the groundwater quality is degrading day by
day which is a serious matter of concern, as poor quality water pose threats to health
and hygiene of living beings. Good quality of water is of utmost importance for
survival of man and animals. The present study aimed at assessing the status of the
groundwater in Sikandra Rao and its adjoining villages. In the light of aforesaid
facts, it becomes necessary to assess the current groundwater quality in study area
on the ground of various parameters such as temperature, pH (6.5-8.5), Turbidity
(0.85 NTU-3.00 NTU), Electrical Conductivity (206 μS/m -931 μS/m ), Chloride (12
mg/l-52 mg/l), Total Hardness (102 mg/l -314 mg/l), Total Alkalinity (84 mg/l-370
Growth and yield of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane crops as influenced by...Premier Publishers
The effect of wastewater irrigation on plant growth and yield of tomato, Napier grass and sugarcane crops was compared with that of ground water irrigation. Treatments included untreated wastewater (UWW) treated wastewater (TWW) and ground water (GW) as control. The results obtained, plant height, number of fruits/plant, dry biomass g/plant and number of branches/plant of tomato (78.46 cm, 45.88, 15.49 and 11.41) and (75.13 cm, 41.48, 14.42 and 10.28) were significantly higher in the UWW and TWW compared to GW. The UWW and TWW irrigated Napier grass gave the highest growth and yield, compared to that of GW irrigation. Plant height, number of leaves/plant, leaf length, leaf width and number of tiller were 188.46 cm, 83.62, 93.62 cm, 2.52 and 13.2 in UWW and 182.68 cm, 69.75, 88.67cm, 2.29 and 10.39 in TWW and these are significantly higher as compared to that of GW irrigation. Wastewater irrigation of sugarcane increased cane length, number of nodes/cane, number of leaves, cane diameter and cane weight significantly as compared to control GW are 191.86 cm, 22.48, 39.3 and 2.30 cm in UWW and 149.4 cm, 20.54, 27.53 and 2.22 cm in TWW and compared to that of GW irrigation.
Enhancing Productivity and Livelihoods among Smallholders Irrigations through...Jenkins Macedo
This field research was presented at the 2015 3rd Global Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture in Montpelier, France on March 18, 2015.
Climate change and climate variability pose significant risks to smallholders in the rainfed lowlands of Lao PDR. Increased surface temperatures, declining rainfall, persistent drought and depletion of soil nutrients all serve to impact agricultural productivity and livelihoods. This study investigates the impact of five treatments on soil nutrients, moisture, plant growth, and yield of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). The treatments tested were rice husk biochar only, biochar inoculated with manure, manure tea, inorganic fertilizer and the control. The costs and benefits of the treatments were also assessed. The randomized complete block design was used to assign five treatments and eight replications to the experimental units. Biochar was produced through slow pyrolysis. Soil physical properties were assessed with the visual soil assessment method and 15-randomized soil samples were collected for chemical analyses. Sprinklers were used for irrigation and a weather station installed to monitor the climate. Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Costs-benefits evaluation of the treatments was conducted to determine the net benefits relative to the initial costs ratio. The analysis of variance of mean yield indicates that the difference in yield among the treatments was highly significant. The computed F value (8.28) was higher than the F critical (2.64) at the 5% level of significance. The calculated coefficient of variance of mean yield was 17.33%. The net benefits to initial costs ratio of treatments suggest that the control (4.11), biochar inoculated with manure plus NPK (1.64), and biochar plus manure tea (1.01) are preferred. The net benefits and initial costs evaluation of treatments is important to assess whether utilizing these treatments would impact smallholders’ livelihoods. The results of this study contribute to the evidence that biochar could play an essential role to mitigate climate change risks by enhancing soil quality and increase agricultural productivity.
Monitoring Of Water Logged Areas in Krishana Canal Command Using Gis TechniquesIJERA Editor
Degradation of land due to waterlogging in sugarcane track of western Maharashtra is a serious problem. Here researchers had understood the problem of the waterlogged areas by preparing an inventory using GIS and GPS techniques. Krishna Canal Command area is lies in Satara and Sangli districts. Total length of canal is 86 km, out of which 21 km length is comes under study area. The command area is divided in 4 segments, out of which, the present study deals with Segment IV. Water table map was prepared using water depth data at 231 well locations. The entire analysis was carried out in ArcGIS software. GIS – Spatial Analysis tool, point data was rasterised, and surfaces for water table were generated. Risk zonation maps were prepared using the critical limits given by IRD, Pune. Water table surface was intersected with village boundary layers. Risk zonation map of water table suggests that the two villages namely Nagral and Burli situated close to canal are most vulnerable due to high water table. Almost 36 % of the total study area of land covering partially the villages Nagral, Burli, Shirasgaon, Amnapur, Palus, and Yelavi were found under critical water table condition. In segment IV total area of 792 ha in villages Nagral, Burli, Amnapur, Yelavi, and Bhilawadi fall under the P1 category affected most badly by the waterlogging condition. Prioritization of villages based on AWI suggests that out of the total eight villages, five villages namely Amnapur, Burli, Bhilawadi, Nagral and Yelavi are falling under P1 priority category, need immediate attention for remedial measures
Groundwater Quality Assessment in hard rock terrain of Rasipuram Taluk, Namak...IJERA Editor
Groundwater is of most important to rural development in many countries of the world. Over exploitation of
groundwater has become a major challenge not only to the present civilization and also for the future
generations. The main focus of this study is to assess the suitability of groundwater quality for drinking and
irrigation purposes in vicinity of Rasipuram block in Tamil Nadu. Groundwater samples from 15 locations were
collected from different wells during January 2015 and analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters. The
usefulness of these parameters in predicting groundwater quality characteristics were discussed. The quality of
groundwater in the study area is fresh to brackish water, moderately hard to very hard in nature. The piper plot
shows that the most of the groundwater samples fall in the field of Na+-Cl- and mixed Ca++-Na+-Cl- type. Water
quality index rating was carried out to quantify overall groundwater quality status of the area. The WQI for these
samples ranges from 37.34 to 650. Hence majority of the water samples are poor to very poor in water quality.
The area in general is characterized by hard water, hence is not suitable for drinking purpose. The samples
plotted in the piper and USSL diagram were used to understand the chemical characteristic of groundwater for
irrigation purposes. However, the values of SAR, Na% and RSC indicate that groundwater is suitable for
irrigation purposes. Overall water quality of the study area was found satisfactory for drinking purpose except in
few locations and suitable for irrigation purpose. Hence the local government needs to initiate remedial
measures.
Drip Fertigation in Sweet Pepper: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Sweet Pepper is one of the most important vegetable crops grown in India. Water has been identified as one of the scarcest inputs, which can severely restrict its growth unless it is carefully conserved and managed. Adoption of modern irrigation technique like drip irrigations is needed to be emphasized to increase water use efficiency and covering more area under irrigation. Drip fertigation is the most effective way to supply water and nutrients to the plants which not only saves water but also increases yield of fruits and vegetable crops. As reported by different research workers of the world, adoption of drip fertigation in sweet pepper results in saving of fertilizer up to 25 per cent, water saving up to 40 percent significant increase in yield, significant increase in water use efficiency and better quality produce.
Irrigation Groundwater Quality for Agricultural Usability in Biochar and Fert...Jenkins Macedo
1J. Macedo, 2M. Souvanhnachit, 3S. Rattanavong, 4B. Maokhamphiou, 4T. Sotoukee, 4P. Pavelic, 1M. Sarkis, 1T. Downs
1 Department of International Development, Community, and Environment, Clark University, Worcester, MA. U.S.A.
2 Department of Water Resources Engineering, National University of Laos, Vientiane, Lao PDR
3Independent Consultant, Washington DC, U.S.A.
4 International Water Management Institute Vientiane, Lao PDR.
Climate change risks pose significant challenge to smallholder irrigators who rely on rainfed agriculture for their livelihoods. Increased mean surface temperatures, varying rainfall, increasing evaporation and declining soil moistures all serve to impact productivity. Groundwater irrigation poses promising potential for agricultural productivity and the livelihoods of smallholders. Groundwater irrigation for agriculture use requires constant water quality monitoring. This excerpt is part of a field research, which assessed the impacts of biochar and fertilizer treatments on soil nutrients status, soil moisture, irrigation groundwater quality for agricultural use on the growth and yield of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Groundwater quality was monitored to determine the levels of electric conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) determinants of salinity and sodium, calcium, and magnesium to calculate the sodium absorption ratio (SAR) to estimate sodicity. The methods involved daily field tests to measure EC, TDS, pH, temperature, and detailed chemical analysis. The results indicate that the mean EC (0.021 dS/m; SD = 0.010) is significantly less than the salinity tolerance threshold for water spinach (< 1.3 dS/m) and the mean TDS (12 ppm; SD = 4.5) with soil pH of 6.6. The results suggest that the irrigation groundwater quality was suitable for agriculture and the chance of salinity was significantly low. The computed SAR 0.174 was significantly lower than the normal level (<10) above which soil water permeability could result from sodic soil condition. The results demonstrate that groundwater use for agriculture could assist smallholders adapt to climate change risks, but judicious use requires constant monitoring of groundwater quality and resources to increase crop yield and improve soil health.
Key Words: Salinity, Sodicity, Groundwater Quality, Electric Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Sodium Absorption Ratio
This PowerPoint only focuses on assessing irrigation groundwater quality in objective 4 and not the water use efficiency aspect/soil water savings. Here, we are only interested in the ability for biochar to reduce soil water salinity and sodicity.
Water and soil quality aspects of nelligudde reservoir catchment and command ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.): Land use/land cover changes and...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Water hyacinth was officially reported in Ethiopia in 1956 at Koka Dam and Awash River and it is considered as a constraint to the development of the country. Thus, this study was undertaken to determine Water hyacinth and associated land cover/use changes, and capture perceptions regarding community-based management to enhance its proper control/eradication in Lume and Boa districts, east Shoa zone, Ethiopia using integrated approach. The method of study included Water hyacinth and associated land use/cover change analyses, focus group discussions, discussions with experts at the district, zone and region levels and undertaking consultative workshop. The land use/land cover change analyses revealed increased area coverage by Water hyacinth from about 145.53 ha in 1986 to 2319.48 ha in 2015 with decline in the area of water bodies and wetlands. The annual rate of increase in the area of the weed was about 51.51% while water bodies and wetlands declined by about 0.49% and 1.16%, respectively. Of the 10 group discussions undertaken in the study districts with the communities, 9 of them reported water hyacinth to increase in terms of area coverage since its appearance in their areas which concurs the results obtained from satellite image analyses and they reported the weed to be very harmful to their livelihood. Furthermore, the nine group discussants disclosed water hyacinth to be of no use to them. Recommendations included developing comprehensive management strategies and action plans, analysis and defining roles of each stakeholder, awareness creation, training, institutional linkages, co-management and reduction of nutrient load in water bodies.
Effects of drip irrigation frequency and depth on soil hydro-physical propert...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
An Example of Constructed Wetland Planning for a Rural Settlement in TurkeyPremier Publishers
Artificial wetlands are one of the methods that are used to recover the water specifically for domestic use or for agricultural activities without damaging the environment. These are the combination of biological, chemical and physical treatment systems, including microorganisms, plants, animals and aquatic ecology. These systems are economical because they do not require energy, special equipment, and trained personnel to operate them. This study focuses on the planning of constructed wetlands in the existing rural settlements or in future rural settlements that need to be re-planned as a result of various factors in Turkey conditions. In this study, an artificial wetland plan sample was prepared for domestic wastewater treatment in Demirgecit Village, which has cold climatic conditions, a projection population of 350 and a height of approximately 1750 m above sea level. As a result of the planning, the wetland area consisting of two chambers of 0.7m depth, 20m width, and 40m length was determined. The BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) value of the effluent water and holding time in the chamber were found to be 20.17 mg / L and 5.6 days respectively.
This study shows the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and water use of Capsicum annuum L. (Bell pepper) grown in a hydraulic weighing lysimeter. A hydraulic weighing lysimeter made from PVC drum was designed, constructed and installed to study the crop water use of Bell pepper. Analyses were carried out to determine the physico-chemical properties of soil and crop water use of Bell pepper in humid savanna zone of Omu-Aran, Nigeria. The soil in the study area is a slightly alkaline and the soil micro and macro porosity at depth 0-15cm to be 0.194, 0.536, and 0.73 respectively with that of depth 15-30 cm to be 0.115, 0.425, and 0.54 respectively. Also, bulk density for the 0-15 cm depth was 0.714 g/cm3 while that of 15-30cm was 1.261g/cm3 indicating that sample for 15-30cm is more compacted. The results also revealed that the ETc of the bell pepper crop increases during the development and mid stages hence the crop water use is highest during the crop growth mid stage.
Presented by IWMI's Meredith Giordano at a technical session on ‘Agricultural Water Productivity and Water Conservation: Are They Two Sides of the Same Coin’, at the World Bank Water Week 2017, March 15, 2017.
OPERATIONAL DRAINAGE WATER REUSE GUIDELINES, By Shaden Abdel Gawad, Professor and Former President National Water Research Center (NWRC), Egypt, Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
Study of the Quality of Irrigation Water in South-East El-Kantara Canal, Nort...Medhat Elzahar
The study examines the irrigation water quality
for North Sinai Development Project (NSDP). The water
resources investigated are agriculture wastewater mixed with
Nile freshwater in a ratio of 1:1. This study focuses on the
quality of irrigation water used in the reclamation and
cultivation of 75,000 acres of the South-East EL-Kantra Canal
lies in the NSDP. Six monitoring locations along the canal path
were chosen for examination. Water samples were collected
every month during the period from Dec. 2007 to Nov. 2014.
The water parameters were set using the Egyptian irrigation
water standards, based on the local Decree 92/2013 for the
Executive Regulation of Law 48/1982, concerning the protection
of the Nile River and its waterways from pollution, as well as
the United States Environmental Agency, USEPA 2012
Guidelines for reclaimed water quality for irrigation. The
results of the study clearly demonstrate restrictions to irrigate
the uncooked vegetables and uncooked crops for human. The
need for increasing the mixed Nile freshwater portion or
pretreatment of the agriculture wastewater prior to mixing
with the Nile freshwater to satisfy Egyptian irrigation water
standards and USEPA 2012 as several water quality results,
such as BOD, DO, and fecal coliform, are unacceptable. As a
suggestion, we recommend using aerated lagoons, stabilization
ponds or wetlands to treat polluted agriculture wastewater
before adding to the Nile river water to satisfy Egyptian
irrigation water criteria.
Operational Drainage Water Reuse Guidelines, by Shaden Abdel-Gawad, Professor and Former President National Water Research Center, Cairo, Egypt , Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
Performance assessment of water filtration plants in pakistan - JBESInnspub Net
A study was carried out to evaluate the water quality of filtration plants installed at six different places of Cantonment Board Sialkot, Pakistan to suggest and recommend guidelines for their improvement. Water samples from six Treatment plants and their respective twelve connections (two from each treatment plants) were collected before and after treatment. In this way, total samples were collected and tested. Values of these samples before and after treatment were used for comparison with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water standards. Thirty three parameters including physical, chemical and bacteriological were determined for each sample. The results were satisfactory both chemically and bacteriologically according to WHO guidelines for water quality of treatment plants. The results showed that the samples of water were fit, both before and after treatment plant except for water sample of treatment plant No. IV & V (Before treatment). Total and faecal coliform were found in these samples. Various causes of faecal contamination before treatment may be due to leakage of pipelines, operation at tubewells, layout of freshwater pipes parallel or beneath the sewerage pipes or channels. Disinfection of water at source is recommended to deal with the faecal contamination; otherwise there is no need of filtration plant.
A NOVEL WEB IMAGE RE-RANKING APPROACH BASED ON QUERY SPECIFIC SEMANTIC SIGNAT...Journal For Research
Image re-ranking, is an effective way to improve the results of web-based image search. Given a query keyword, a pool of images are initailly retrieved primarily based on textual data, the remaining images are re-ranked based on their visual similarities with the query image corresponding to the user input. A major challenge is that the similarities of visual features don't well correlate with images’ semantic meanings that interpret users’ search intention. Recently people proposed to match pictures in a semantic space that used attributes or reference categories closely associated with the semantic meanings of images as basis. Even though, learning a universal visual semantic space to characterize extremely diverse images from the internet is troublesome and inefficient. In this thesis, we propose a completely distinctive image re-ranking framework that learns completely different semantic spaces for numerous query keywords automatically at the on-line stage. The visual features of images are projected into their corresponding semantic spaces to induce semantic signatures. At the online stage, images are re-ranked by scrutiny their semantic signatures obtained from the semantic spaces such that by the query keyword. The proposed query-specific semantic signatures considerably improve both the accuracy and efficiency of image re-ranking.
IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY USING BLOCK LEVEL ENTROPY THRESHOLDING TECHNIQUEJournal For Research
Our modern civilization is based on Internet and sometimes it is required to keep the communication secret. It becomes possible by using two techniques: Cryptography and Steganography. The key concept behind both of two approaches is to hide information in anyway. There is little difference of these two approaches. Cryptography conceals the content of the secret message whereas Steganography is more advanced concept of the former. It embeds the secret message within a cover medium. Steganography is art and science in which the secret message is embedded into a cover medium so that no one else than the sender and the recipient can suspect it. So the third parties except the sender and receiver are imperceptible and unaware of the existence of the secret message. There are so many efficient Steganographic techniques like that text, image, audio, video and so on. This paper proposes only Image Steganographic method using Block Level Entropy Thresholding Technique.
GRAY SCALE IMAGE SEGMENTATION USING OTSU THRESHOLDING OPTIMAL APPROACHJournal For Research
Image segmentation is often used to distinguish the foreground from the background. Image segmentation is one of the difficult research problems in the machine vision industry and pattern recognition. Thresholding is a simple but effective method to separate objects from the background. A commonly used method, the Otsu method, improves the image segmentation effect obviously. It can be implemented by two different approaches: Iteration approach and Custom approach. In this paper both approaches has been implemented on MATLAB and give the comparison of them and show that both has given almost the same threshold value for segmenting image but the custom approach requires less computations. So if this method will be implemented on hardware in an optimized way then custom approach is the best option.
Groundwater Quality Assessment in hard rock terrain of Rasipuram Taluk, Namak...IJERA Editor
Groundwater is of most important to rural development in many countries of the world. Over exploitation of
groundwater has become a major challenge not only to the present civilization and also for the future
generations. The main focus of this study is to assess the suitability of groundwater quality for drinking and
irrigation purposes in vicinity of Rasipuram block in Tamil Nadu. Groundwater samples from 15 locations were
collected from different wells during January 2015 and analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters. The
usefulness of these parameters in predicting groundwater quality characteristics were discussed. The quality of
groundwater in the study area is fresh to brackish water, moderately hard to very hard in nature. The piper plot
shows that the most of the groundwater samples fall in the field of Na+-Cl- and mixed Ca++-Na+-Cl- type. Water
quality index rating was carried out to quantify overall groundwater quality status of the area. The WQI for these
samples ranges from 37.34 to 650. Hence majority of the water samples are poor to very poor in water quality.
The area in general is characterized by hard water, hence is not suitable for drinking purpose. The samples
plotted in the piper and USSL diagram were used to understand the chemical characteristic of groundwater for
irrigation purposes. However, the values of SAR, Na% and RSC indicate that groundwater is suitable for
irrigation purposes. Overall water quality of the study area was found satisfactory for drinking purpose except in
few locations and suitable for irrigation purpose. Hence the local government needs to initiate remedial
measures.
Drip Fertigation in Sweet Pepper: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Sweet Pepper is one of the most important vegetable crops grown in India. Water has been identified as one of the scarcest inputs, which can severely restrict its growth unless it is carefully conserved and managed. Adoption of modern irrigation technique like drip irrigations is needed to be emphasized to increase water use efficiency and covering more area under irrigation. Drip fertigation is the most effective way to supply water and nutrients to the plants which not only saves water but also increases yield of fruits and vegetable crops. As reported by different research workers of the world, adoption of drip fertigation in sweet pepper results in saving of fertilizer up to 25 per cent, water saving up to 40 percent significant increase in yield, significant increase in water use efficiency and better quality produce.
Irrigation Groundwater Quality for Agricultural Usability in Biochar and Fert...Jenkins Macedo
1J. Macedo, 2M. Souvanhnachit, 3S. Rattanavong, 4B. Maokhamphiou, 4T. Sotoukee, 4P. Pavelic, 1M. Sarkis, 1T. Downs
1 Department of International Development, Community, and Environment, Clark University, Worcester, MA. U.S.A.
2 Department of Water Resources Engineering, National University of Laos, Vientiane, Lao PDR
3Independent Consultant, Washington DC, U.S.A.
4 International Water Management Institute Vientiane, Lao PDR.
Climate change risks pose significant challenge to smallholder irrigators who rely on rainfed agriculture for their livelihoods. Increased mean surface temperatures, varying rainfall, increasing evaporation and declining soil moistures all serve to impact productivity. Groundwater irrigation poses promising potential for agricultural productivity and the livelihoods of smallholders. Groundwater irrigation for agriculture use requires constant water quality monitoring. This excerpt is part of a field research, which assessed the impacts of biochar and fertilizer treatments on soil nutrients status, soil moisture, irrigation groundwater quality for agricultural use on the growth and yield of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Groundwater quality was monitored to determine the levels of electric conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) determinants of salinity and sodium, calcium, and magnesium to calculate the sodium absorption ratio (SAR) to estimate sodicity. The methods involved daily field tests to measure EC, TDS, pH, temperature, and detailed chemical analysis. The results indicate that the mean EC (0.021 dS/m; SD = 0.010) is significantly less than the salinity tolerance threshold for water spinach (< 1.3 dS/m) and the mean TDS (12 ppm; SD = 4.5) with soil pH of 6.6. The results suggest that the irrigation groundwater quality was suitable for agriculture and the chance of salinity was significantly low. The computed SAR 0.174 was significantly lower than the normal level (<10) above which soil water permeability could result from sodic soil condition. The results demonstrate that groundwater use for agriculture could assist smallholders adapt to climate change risks, but judicious use requires constant monitoring of groundwater quality and resources to increase crop yield and improve soil health.
Key Words: Salinity, Sodicity, Groundwater Quality, Electric Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Sodium Absorption Ratio
This PowerPoint only focuses on assessing irrigation groundwater quality in objective 4 and not the water use efficiency aspect/soil water savings. Here, we are only interested in the ability for biochar to reduce soil water salinity and sodicity.
Water and soil quality aspects of nelligudde reservoir catchment and command ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.): Land use/land cover changes and...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Water hyacinth was officially reported in Ethiopia in 1956 at Koka Dam and Awash River and it is considered as a constraint to the development of the country. Thus, this study was undertaken to determine Water hyacinth and associated land cover/use changes, and capture perceptions regarding community-based management to enhance its proper control/eradication in Lume and Boa districts, east Shoa zone, Ethiopia using integrated approach. The method of study included Water hyacinth and associated land use/cover change analyses, focus group discussions, discussions with experts at the district, zone and region levels and undertaking consultative workshop. The land use/land cover change analyses revealed increased area coverage by Water hyacinth from about 145.53 ha in 1986 to 2319.48 ha in 2015 with decline in the area of water bodies and wetlands. The annual rate of increase in the area of the weed was about 51.51% while water bodies and wetlands declined by about 0.49% and 1.16%, respectively. Of the 10 group discussions undertaken in the study districts with the communities, 9 of them reported water hyacinth to increase in terms of area coverage since its appearance in their areas which concurs the results obtained from satellite image analyses and they reported the weed to be very harmful to their livelihood. Furthermore, the nine group discussants disclosed water hyacinth to be of no use to them. Recommendations included developing comprehensive management strategies and action plans, analysis and defining roles of each stakeholder, awareness creation, training, institutional linkages, co-management and reduction of nutrient load in water bodies.
Effects of drip irrigation frequency and depth on soil hydro-physical propert...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
An Example of Constructed Wetland Planning for a Rural Settlement in TurkeyPremier Publishers
Artificial wetlands are one of the methods that are used to recover the water specifically for domestic use or for agricultural activities without damaging the environment. These are the combination of biological, chemical and physical treatment systems, including microorganisms, plants, animals and aquatic ecology. These systems are economical because they do not require energy, special equipment, and trained personnel to operate them. This study focuses on the planning of constructed wetlands in the existing rural settlements or in future rural settlements that need to be re-planned as a result of various factors in Turkey conditions. In this study, an artificial wetland plan sample was prepared for domestic wastewater treatment in Demirgecit Village, which has cold climatic conditions, a projection population of 350 and a height of approximately 1750 m above sea level. As a result of the planning, the wetland area consisting of two chambers of 0.7m depth, 20m width, and 40m length was determined. The BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) value of the effluent water and holding time in the chamber were found to be 20.17 mg / L and 5.6 days respectively.
This study shows the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and water use of Capsicum annuum L. (Bell pepper) grown in a hydraulic weighing lysimeter. A hydraulic weighing lysimeter made from PVC drum was designed, constructed and installed to study the crop water use of Bell pepper. Analyses were carried out to determine the physico-chemical properties of soil and crop water use of Bell pepper in humid savanna zone of Omu-Aran, Nigeria. The soil in the study area is a slightly alkaline and the soil micro and macro porosity at depth 0-15cm to be 0.194, 0.536, and 0.73 respectively with that of depth 15-30 cm to be 0.115, 0.425, and 0.54 respectively. Also, bulk density for the 0-15 cm depth was 0.714 g/cm3 while that of 15-30cm was 1.261g/cm3 indicating that sample for 15-30cm is more compacted. The results also revealed that the ETc of the bell pepper crop increases during the development and mid stages hence the crop water use is highest during the crop growth mid stage.
Presented by IWMI's Meredith Giordano at a technical session on ‘Agricultural Water Productivity and Water Conservation: Are They Two Sides of the Same Coin’, at the World Bank Water Week 2017, March 15, 2017.
OPERATIONAL DRAINAGE WATER REUSE GUIDELINES, By Shaden Abdel Gawad, Professor and Former President National Water Research Center (NWRC), Egypt, Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
Study of the Quality of Irrigation Water in South-East El-Kantara Canal, Nort...Medhat Elzahar
The study examines the irrigation water quality
for North Sinai Development Project (NSDP). The water
resources investigated are agriculture wastewater mixed with
Nile freshwater in a ratio of 1:1. This study focuses on the
quality of irrigation water used in the reclamation and
cultivation of 75,000 acres of the South-East EL-Kantra Canal
lies in the NSDP. Six monitoring locations along the canal path
were chosen for examination. Water samples were collected
every month during the period from Dec. 2007 to Nov. 2014.
The water parameters were set using the Egyptian irrigation
water standards, based on the local Decree 92/2013 for the
Executive Regulation of Law 48/1982, concerning the protection
of the Nile River and its waterways from pollution, as well as
the United States Environmental Agency, USEPA 2012
Guidelines for reclaimed water quality for irrigation. The
results of the study clearly demonstrate restrictions to irrigate
the uncooked vegetables and uncooked crops for human. The
need for increasing the mixed Nile freshwater portion or
pretreatment of the agriculture wastewater prior to mixing
with the Nile freshwater to satisfy Egyptian irrigation water
standards and USEPA 2012 as several water quality results,
such as BOD, DO, and fecal coliform, are unacceptable. As a
suggestion, we recommend using aerated lagoons, stabilization
ponds or wetlands to treat polluted agriculture wastewater
before adding to the Nile river water to satisfy Egyptian
irrigation water criteria.
Operational Drainage Water Reuse Guidelines, by Shaden Abdel-Gawad, Professor and Former President National Water Research Center, Cairo, Egypt , Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
Performance assessment of water filtration plants in pakistan - JBESInnspub Net
A study was carried out to evaluate the water quality of filtration plants installed at six different places of Cantonment Board Sialkot, Pakistan to suggest and recommend guidelines for their improvement. Water samples from six Treatment plants and their respective twelve connections (two from each treatment plants) were collected before and after treatment. In this way, total samples were collected and tested. Values of these samples before and after treatment were used for comparison with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water standards. Thirty three parameters including physical, chemical and bacteriological were determined for each sample. The results were satisfactory both chemically and bacteriologically according to WHO guidelines for water quality of treatment plants. The results showed that the samples of water were fit, both before and after treatment plant except for water sample of treatment plant No. IV & V (Before treatment). Total and faecal coliform were found in these samples. Various causes of faecal contamination before treatment may be due to leakage of pipelines, operation at tubewells, layout of freshwater pipes parallel or beneath the sewerage pipes or channels. Disinfection of water at source is recommended to deal with the faecal contamination; otherwise there is no need of filtration plant.
A NOVEL WEB IMAGE RE-RANKING APPROACH BASED ON QUERY SPECIFIC SEMANTIC SIGNAT...Journal For Research
Image re-ranking, is an effective way to improve the results of web-based image search. Given a query keyword, a pool of images are initailly retrieved primarily based on textual data, the remaining images are re-ranked based on their visual similarities with the query image corresponding to the user input. A major challenge is that the similarities of visual features don't well correlate with images’ semantic meanings that interpret users’ search intention. Recently people proposed to match pictures in a semantic space that used attributes or reference categories closely associated with the semantic meanings of images as basis. Even though, learning a universal visual semantic space to characterize extremely diverse images from the internet is troublesome and inefficient. In this thesis, we propose a completely distinctive image re-ranking framework that learns completely different semantic spaces for numerous query keywords automatically at the on-line stage. The visual features of images are projected into their corresponding semantic spaces to induce semantic signatures. At the online stage, images are re-ranked by scrutiny their semantic signatures obtained from the semantic spaces such that by the query keyword. The proposed query-specific semantic signatures considerably improve both the accuracy and efficiency of image re-ranking.
IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY USING BLOCK LEVEL ENTROPY THRESHOLDING TECHNIQUEJournal For Research
Our modern civilization is based on Internet and sometimes it is required to keep the communication secret. It becomes possible by using two techniques: Cryptography and Steganography. The key concept behind both of two approaches is to hide information in anyway. There is little difference of these two approaches. Cryptography conceals the content of the secret message whereas Steganography is more advanced concept of the former. It embeds the secret message within a cover medium. Steganography is art and science in which the secret message is embedded into a cover medium so that no one else than the sender and the recipient can suspect it. So the third parties except the sender and receiver are imperceptible and unaware of the existence of the secret message. There are so many efficient Steganographic techniques like that text, image, audio, video and so on. This paper proposes only Image Steganographic method using Block Level Entropy Thresholding Technique.
GRAY SCALE IMAGE SEGMENTATION USING OTSU THRESHOLDING OPTIMAL APPROACHJournal For Research
Image segmentation is often used to distinguish the foreground from the background. Image segmentation is one of the difficult research problems in the machine vision industry and pattern recognition. Thresholding is a simple but effective method to separate objects from the background. A commonly used method, the Otsu method, improves the image segmentation effect obviously. It can be implemented by two different approaches: Iteration approach and Custom approach. In this paper both approaches has been implemented on MATLAB and give the comparison of them and show that both has given almost the same threshold value for segmenting image but the custom approach requires less computations. So if this method will be implemented on hardware in an optimized way then custom approach is the best option.
The new techniques which are being innovated by the scientists in the field of agriculture if used wisely can improve the otherwise poor economic status of farmers. The land for cultivation is slowly depleting as the land is being acquired by Government for infra-structure build up, or is being sold by the owners due to poor financial state. The area of land which is available for farming has to be used judiciously and recent tools and techniques needs to be employed, then only high yield could be obtained and the economic condition of agriculturists could improve. The polyhouse technology of crop cultivation is proving beneficial for the farmers. The success stories of polyhouse cultivation are many and still the number is counting.
AUTOMATED BUG TRIAGE USING ADVANCED DATA REDUCTION TECHNIQUESJournal For Research
Bug triage is an important step in the process of bug fixing. The goal of bug triage is to correctly assign a developer to a newly reported bug in the system. To perform the automated bug triage, text classification techniques are applied. This will helps to reduce the time cost in manual work. To reduce the scale and improve the quality of bug data, the proposed system addresses the data reduction techniques, instance selection and feature selection for bug triage. The instance selection technique used here is to identify the relevant bugs that can match the newly reported bug. The feature selection technique is used to select the relevant data from each bug in the training set. A predictive model is proposed to identify the order in which the data reduction techniques are applied for each newly reported bug. This step will improve the performance of the classification process. An experimental study using Eclipse and Firefox bug data is undergone in which the proposed system shows an accuracy of 73%.
CLOUD ANALYTICS: AN INSIGHT ON DATA AND STORAGE SERVICES IN MICROSOFT AZUREJournal For Research
The growing demand of cloud adoption in the organizations has made IT business to refine their existing strategy. It is important to leverage the existing infrastructure and move the data to cloud which has a competitive edge in terms of operational cost. The adaptability to change is the key and with the agility through cloud, highly scalable and data availability with minimal downtime at enterprise is established. Microsoft Azure is one of the leading cloud vendors in the market and their capabilities in Analytics, Data and Storage services helps the organizations to move their data to cloud with ease. They provide hybrid cloud model with related services which enable flexibility to meet any specific business needs with instant scalability and flexible architectural patterns. There are catalog of services offered by Microsoft Azure to have the data on cloud and build an integrated solution. In this paper, Azure cloud data and storage services are discussed along with other essential capabilities providing value to business.
The wi-fi energy transfer (WPT) is an emerging era with increasingly more ability packages to transfer energy from a transmitter to a cellular receiver over a noticeably huge air gap. but, its extensive utility is hampered due to the relatively low performance of modern wireless power switch (WPT) structures. This study gives an idea to maximize the performance in addition to to increase the quantity of extractable electricity of a WPT system operating in resonant operation. The proposed method is primarily based on actively modifying the equal secondary-side load impedance by controlling the section-shift of the active rectifier and its output voltage degree. The offered hardware prototype represents an entire wireless charging machine, consisting of a dc–dc converter that is used to price a battery at the output of the system. Experimental results are shown for the proposed concept in comparison to a traditional synchronous rectification approach. The supplied optimization technique sincerely outperforms trendy solutions in phrases of efficiency and extractable power.
POTENTIAL IN INDIA FOR USE OF SOLAR PV IN CHARGING OF ELECTRIC 2 & 3-WHEELERSJournal For Research
Changeover from fossil fuels to Solar PV is a need in today’s world to limit emissions & protect the environment. India is blessed with good potential for Solar PV. The target of 100GW of Solar Power by 2022 has been set by Govt. of India. Transportation sector in India is a major consumer of imported petroleum products leading to emissions & a drain in foreign exchange. Electric vehicles are one of the ways to overcome this. As numerically 2 & 3-wheelers make up around 84% of all vehicles in India, impact of changeover to e-vehicles in this segment is significant. This paper attempts to analyse the potential of Solar PV for charging the electric 2 & 3-wheelers in India. It also studies the impact, advantages & challenges related to the concept.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CAMERA-BASED INTERACTIVE TOUCH SCREENJournal For Research
Camera-based Interactive Touch Screen is a touch detection technique that uses a camera to provide a large display with very high spatial and temporal resolutions. The conventional touch screen technology and presentation methods face a range of restrictions. However, the camera-based touch detection can overcome all these restrictions and turn projection screens into interactive touch displays, creating a through-window experience. It uses a coated sheet of glass as the projection surface to form a two-dimensional display. The camera captures images of the projection surface continuously, which are processed by the Atmega16 microcontroller. A UART module connected to the microcontroller, provides asynchronous serial communication with external devices, synchronisation of the serial data stream and recovery of data characters. This technology has several advantages over other touch detection technologies, such as its low cost, simple design and scalable structure. The applications of this technology include advertising, presentations and outdoor displays.
CHARACTERIZATION & DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF ULTRAFINE FLY ASH BASED GEOPOLYME...Journal For Research
Huge scale generation of cement is creating environmental issue on one hand and depletion of natural resources on the other hand. This danger to nature has prompted research being made of industrial byproducts as supplementary cementetious materials in making concrete for more green and durable. Fly ash and silica fume both are pozzolanic materials which have been broadly utilized for improving the properties like strength and durability in concrete. Silica fume demonstrates the greater pozzolanic activity then fly ash because of its finer particle size distribution, the pozzolanic activity of fly ash also can be enhanced by decreasing the particle size distribution. Geopolymer is a class of aluminosilicate binding materials integrated by thermal action of solid aluminosilicate based materials such as metakoaline, GGBFS, fly ash. Geopolymer get activated with the alkaline solution and heat. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate were utilized as an alkaline solution with a steady ratio of 2.5 and the mix is designed for molarity 10 for the work carried out. In the present study, an attempt has been made to explore the geopolymer concrete by utilizing ultrafine fly ash (UFFA) produced by air classification and processed GGBFS with varied proportions. Discusses on the properties of geopolymer concrete has also been mentioned. Compressive strength and durability tests like Permeability, Abrasion, Sorptivity, Acid and sulphate attack, Drying shrinkage were conducted. In this work geopolymer concrete was prepared with varying proportions of GGBS and UFFA in the ratio of 92.5:7.5 and 88:12 and 80:20. The maximum strength was achieved for the ratio 92.5:7.5. The obtained compressive strength is in the range of 36.5MPa to 91.6MPa from 1st day to 28th day of hot curing.
The Automatic Sorting Machine is used to sort different types of products or commodities based on the barcode provided on them. This gives a provision to reduce the manual effort and hence human error by replacing the conventional methods of sorting in areas involving hectic sorting. The system comes into play in airports and other industrial distribution centres where the products or commodities have to be sorted into batches in order to take them to their respective destination. The products are put on a conveyer system where they are scanned for the particular barcode provided on them. Depending on the barcode, they are placed on the respective carriers automatically where these carriers dispatch them to the corresponding destinations.
Low birth weight is one of the major problems for the new born baby throughout its life. It is the single most important factor determining the survival chances of the child. Many of them die during their first year. The weight of the baby is the best indicator to evaluate the newborn as well as the maternal health and the nutritional status of the mother. Most of the extreme low birth weight baby dies in the early months or year. And those who survive will have various health problem in their future life like muscle weakness, low IQ, heart problem, diabetes etc. Low birth weight can be prevented by providing proper nutrition and avoiding various unwanted things like smoking, alcohol consumption, medication without prescription & over exertion of the body which will lead to tiredness & weakness. Various research studies were also done to find the causes, prevention & treatment of Low birth weight.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY PROPERTIES ON GEOPOL...Journal For Research
The usage of practical advancement in structural building society has prompted the utilization of new materials with low environmental effects. One of the most commonly used construction material in the world is concrete, which is normally produced by OPC. However, the production of OPC has prompted ecological worries over the creation of CO2. Almost to create 1 ton of OPC 1 ton of CO2 is discharged to the atmosphere. With a specific end goal to diminish the utilization of OPC and CO2, the new concrete has been created, that is GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE. Latest research has demonstrated that it is conceivable to utilize fly ash or slag as a binder in concrete by activating them with alkali components through a polymerization procedure. This paper reports the point of interest of the test work that has been embraced to examine the strength and durability properties of ultra-fine slag and processed fly ash mortar mixes. At first specimens were casted for normal GGBS and fly ash in the ratio of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and later for the best ratio (75:25), GGBS is replaced by ultra-fine GGBS by 7.5, 12 and 20%. Samples were compared with cured at ambient temperature and oven curing. The results showed that mix proportion of 20% replacement of ultra-fine GGBS gave the maximum strength for both oven and ambient curing (76.2 and 91.1 MPa). Even all the durability properties are within the permissible limits.
SECURITY IMPLEMENTATION IN MEDIA STREAMING APPLICATIONS USING OPEN NETWORK AD...Journal For Research
Media has been a very important medium for entertainment and communications and the captured media was transmitted in analog form. Media providers do not want their end users to store and duplicate the streamed media because the end user can freely distribute the streamed media without any control from the source. Hence while dealing with media streaming, replay protection and integrity protection are the most important factors. The main aim of this paper is to implement the concept of WebRTC to stream the media between the participating end points which is a powerful tool used to incorporate RTC capabilities into browsers and mobile applications. The aim is to develop a secure media stream from an end point that flows through the Open Network Adapter to the Avaya Media Server (AMS) and is hosted by an application on the Engagement Development Platform. The Open Network Adapter with Avaya Fabric Attach is capable of securing the required flow.
The efficiency and quality of a feature descriptor are critical to the user experience of many computer vision applications. However, the existing descriptors are either too computationally expensive to achieve real-time performance, or not sufficiently distinctive to identify correct matches from a large database with various transformations. In this paper, we propose a highly efficient and distinctive binary descriptor, called local difference binary (LDB). LDB directly computes a binary string for an image patch using simple intensity and gradient difference tests on pair wise grid cells within the patch. A multiple-gridding strategy and a salient bit-selection method are applied to capture the distinct patterns of the patch at different spatial granularities. Experimental results demonstrate that compared to the existing state-of-the-art binary descriptors, primarily designed for speed, LDB has similar construction efficiency, while achieving a greater accuracy and faster speed for mobile object recognition and tracking tasks.
PAPER ON WELDABILITY OF H30 ALUMINIUM WITH BS970 MILD STEEL USING FRICTION WE...Journal For Research
Friction welding method is one of the most simple, economical and highly productive method in joining dissimilar materials. It is widely used in the automotive, medical and aerospace industrial applications. The purpose of this present work was to assess the development of solid state juncture of dissimilar materials of H30 aluminum and BS970 mild steel. The joints were obtained by Friction Welding (FW) process, which combines the heat generated from friction between two surfaces. The results were analyzed by means of tensile, Rockwell hardness test and metallographic tests. Solid state welding processes are characterized by the absence of melting and the formation of narrow heat affected zone (HAZ). The metallurgical properties are usually excellent and most of the processes can be mechanized or automated to be used as high production rate processes. The FW proves to be a great method for obtaining junctures between dissimilar materials which is not possible by fusion welding process.
IMPLEMENTATION OF LEAN MANUFACTURING TOOLS FOR IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY: A CASE...Journal For Research
Present research focuses on the quality improvement at Himachal Pradesh based manufacturing unit a precision machining company for two and three wheeler components. The objective of present research focuses on current Quality Management System (QMS) implemented and to identify the current quality problems that the company faces and to study. Present research is divided into two parts Ethnographic and Qualitative research design. Recommendations and solutions to the problem faced will be suggested to the heads and supervisors, to improve the current quality system, as well as increase efficiency and reduce non conformities. This research only focuses on problem faced in the production section of the company. In the ethnographic part study is focused on plunging of workers and qualitative part research is focused on various causes of rejection. Lean manufacturing tools is considered as the pilot project to solve the problem. Various tools were used such as Multiple activity charts, Pareto chart, PDCA cycles, cause and effect diagram and control chart. With the help of lean tools, plunging of workers come to zero, better working environment is provided to workers, rejection has reduced o 12000ppm from 29000ppm and reduced the loss of organization from 4.02% to 2.79%. Retention of worker saves the training cost. Tool life also increased.
AN ACTIVE PFC WITH FLYBACK DESIGN FOR INTELLIGENCE IN STREET LIGHT APPLICATIONJournal For Research
As the requirement of energy demand is increasing due to rapid industrial development, it is necessary to meet the growing demand of energy. This can be achieved in two ways: find alternate resource to supply power or energy; or reduce the energy consumption of present resources available. The proposed work is basically the design and implementation of an intelligent street light of 50 W power output from the offline converter by using power LED. As power LED draws huge non sinusoidal current due to the presence of AC-DC converter, a Boost PFC and a fly back converter is used for better power factor and for dc voltage regulation. Along with this a PIR sensor and LDR sensors are also used. A PIC microcontroller is used for PWM dimming. This makes to reduce the power consumption in street light especially in urban cities in which most of the power is wasted in lighting streets during late night.
AN APPROACH TO DETECT STUBBLE BURNED AREAS IN PUNJAB BY DIGITALLY ANALYZING S...Journal For Research
One of the major problems faced by our environment is crop residue burning, also known as stubble burning. Due to wide availability of modern tools and technologies for harvesting, a vast amount of residue is generated in the fields. The common practice to get the fields free from such residue is stubble burning. Such practices pose a wide variety of environmental problems. Residue burning emits carbon sinks in air causing pollution which is harmful for human-beings as well as flora and fauna. This problem of stubble burning is not restricted to a single state or country but has been spread all around our world. So, there is an immediate need to monitor such stubble burns so that effective measures could be taken to protect our environment from such a global menace. Manual detection is not enough to monitor such widely spread problem. In this paper, an efficient approach to detect stubble burned areas in various parts of Punjab using remotely sensed images is presented which could be utilized to prevent the large scale environmental degradation. The paper is divided into three parts; first part containing introduction of problem of stubble burning, digital processing of remote images, second part contains the literature survey of previous work done in this context, third part contains the present work done and the results obtained.
STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENTIAL CONTROLLED CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE DRIVEJournal For Research
Now a day's development trends in car industry and mobile machines are driven by universal concerns on energy limitations and greenhouse gases reduction, more energy efficient and environmentally friendly vehicles will be needed. As the increasing concerns in the impact of vehicle emissions of carbon dioxides and Nitrogen oxides on the biosphere combined with today's shortage fuel, hence need to find alternate fuel solutions or develop the transmission system in such a way that lower consumption and lower emission should takes place. Continuously variable drive is the type of automatic transmission that allows selection of infinite number of transmission ratios within the finite range i.e. between minimum and maximum value. Continuously variable drive is 34.91% more efficient than that of manual transmission. In order to achieve emission reduction and fuel economy needs to improve fuel efficiency. Continuously variable drive can be improved by coupling differential gear assembly to one of variable speed drives; we can increase the speed variation range at the expense of the horse power range. Numerous combinations of the variables are possible.
Groundwater Quality Assessment in hard rock terrain of Rasipuram Taluk, Namak...IJERA Editor
Groundwater is of most important to rural development in many countries of the world. Over exploitation of
groundwater has become a major challenge not only to the present civilization and also for the future
generations. The main focus of this study is to assess the suitability of groundwater quality for drinking and
irrigation purposes in vicinity of Rasipuram block in Tamil Nadu. Groundwater samples from 15 locations were
collected from different wells during January 2015 and analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters. The
usefulness of these parameters in predicting groundwater quality characteristics were discussed. The quality of
groundwater in the study area is fresh to brackish water, moderately hard to very hard in nature. The piper plot
shows that the most of the groundwater samples fall in the field of Na+
-Cland
mixed Ca++
-Na+
-Cltype.
Water
quality index rating was carried out to quantify overall groundwater quality status of the area. The WQI for these
samples ranges from 37.34 to 650. Hence majority of the water samples are poor to very poor in water quality.
The area in general is characterized by hard water, hence is not suitable for drinking purpose. The samples
plotted in the piper and USSL diagram were used to understand the chemical characteristic of groundwater for
irrigation purposes. However, the values of SAR, Na% and RSC indicate that groundwater is suitable for
irrigation purposes. Overall water quality of the study area was found satisfactory for drinking purpose except in
few locations and suitable for irrigation purpose. Hence the local government needs to initiate remedial
measures.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Hydrochemical studies for sustainable water resources of semi arid climatic ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Seasonal Variation of Groundwater Quality in Parts of Y.S.R and Anantapur Dis...IJERA Editor
Groundwater is used for domestic, industrial water supply and for irrigation all over the world. The groundwater
quality is a function of natural processes as well as anthropogenic activities. The safe potable water is
enormously essential for living and groundwater is one of the sources for human consumption in both urban as
well as rural areas. The area is located in the survey of India toposheet Number 57 J/3 lying between east
780
00’
0
’’ to 780
15’
0
” longitudes and 140
15’ 0
’’ to 140
30’
0
’’ North latitudes covering an area of 720 sq. kms.
Geologically, it is underlain mainly by Peninsular gneisses of Archean age followed by Gulcheru and Vemapalli
formations comprising quartzites, conglomerates, dolomites and shales. Major geomorphic units are
denudational hills, residual hills, pediments, pediplains, structural hills and valleys. The study area experiences a
semiarid climate. Physicochemical parameters viz., pH, total hardness, calcium, chloride, total dissolved solids,
fluoride were analyzed. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon.
Further, a moderation in water quality was observed after the monsoon season, which can be attributed to a
possible dilution due to groundwater recharge People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard.
Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas
Assessment of Water Quality Indices for Irrigation of Dharta Watershed, Udaip...ijtsrd
Validate the suitability of water for agriculture on the basis of the quality indices is the key objective of this study. The quality of water was evaluated by analyzing parameters such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, alkalinity and bicarbonates. The quality indices were evaluated and ranged as Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.54 to 5.80 ppm, Soluble Sodium percentage 10.47 to 59.17 ppm, Residual Sodium Carbonate 26.25 to 1.24 ppm, Permeability Index 25.16 to 79.78 and Kelly’s Ratio 0.12 to 1.45 ppm. The outcomes were compared to the WHO and BIS standards. According to salinity hazard in which based on EC, 18.33 samples are unsuitable for irrigation, while 26.67 samples are utilize by suitable water treatment, On the basis of TDS 5 of water samples are belongs to moderately saline category which is reduce by some irrigation practices. On the other side based on Sodium hazard all the samples are found within the range of excellent category, which means water is suitable for irrigation purpose. The calculated indices were fit in agreement by means of WHO and BIS. The documentation contains information about the impact of the irrigation water quality on the agriculture. Katara P. | Mittal H. K. | Maheshwari B. L. | Singh P. K. | Dashora Y. "Assessment of Water Quality Indices for Irrigation of Dharta Watershed, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30429.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/30429/assessment-of-water-quality-indices-for-irrigation-of-dharta-watershed-udaipur-rajasthan-india/katara-p
Determination of pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Sulphate, Phosphate and Total Hardness...Hanieh Farzaneh
Sampling of the Physico-chemical factors from two stations on the surface water of Kukkarahalli Lake in Mysore City-India was carried out biweekly over a period of 3 months of 2014. The aims were to determine some Physico chemical parameters of water pollution. Temperature was measured using mercury in glass thermometer. Dissolved oxygen was determined by modified Winkler azide method while Phosphate was determined by Vendo Molybdate Method, Estimation of Sulphate as Sulphur in sample by Nephelometric Method, measurements of total hardness by Complexometric Method. The result revealed that the major causes of water quality deterioration were related to excess usage of fertilizers and chemicals for increasing yield of the crop or releasing the sewage into the lake, due to cumulative effect of human activities where in sewage disposal oxygen is used in decomposing these organic water, eutrophication which causes algal bloom and therefore inability of oxygen to adequately dissolved in the water or the lentic nature of the site where was no serious upturns. As this Lake also used to be a source of water supply to the city of Mysore, and today is a house of different variety of birds, animals, plants and fishes it is very essential to stop sewage disposal and illegal excessive land encroachments to eliminate the eutropohication of the lake, which this results of the Physico-chemical examination of this lake could be helpful in the management of the lake for its water quality and fisheries.
Determination of pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Sulphate, Phosphate and Total Hardness...Hanieh Farzaneh
Sampling of the Physico-chemical factors from two stations on the surface water of Kukkarahalli Lake in Mysore City-India was carried out biweekly over a period of 3 months of 2014. The aims were to determine some Physico chemical parameters of water pollution. Temperature was measured using mercury in glass thermometer. Dissolved oxygen was determined by modified Winkler azide method while Phosphate was determined by Vendo Molybdate Method, Estimation of Sulphate as Sulphur in sample by Nephelometric Method, measurements of total hardness by Complexometric Method. The result revealed that the major causes of water quality deterioration were related to excess usage of fertilizers and chemicals for increasing yield of the crop or releasing the sewage into the lake, due to cumulative effect of human activities where in sewage disposal oxygen is used in decomposing these organic water, eutrophication which causes algal bloom and therefore inability of oxygen to adequately dissolved in the water or the lentic nature of the site where was no serious upturns. As this Lake also used to be a source of water supply to the city of Mysore, and today is a house of different variety of birds, animals, plants and fishes it is very essential to stop sewage disposal and illegal excessive land encroachments to eliminate the eutropohication of the lake, which this results of the Physico-chemical examination of this lake could be helpful in the management of the lake for its water quality and fisheries.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Design and Analysis of Hydraulic Actuator in a Typical Aerospace vehicle | J4...Journal For Research
An Aerospace Vehicle is capable of flight both within and outside the sensible atmosphere. An Actuation System is one of the most important Systems of an Aerospace vehicle. This paper study involves detailed study of various controls Actuation System and Design of a typical Hydraulic Actuation Systems. An actuator control system concerned with electrical, electronic or electro mechanical. Actuator control systems may take the form of extremely simple, manually-operated start-and-stop stations, or sophisticated, programmable computer systems. Hydraulic Actuation System contains Electro Hydraulic Actuators, Servo Valves, Feedback Sensing elements, Pump Motor package, Hydraulic Reservoir, Accumulator, various safety valves, Filters etc. The main objective of this study involves design of Hydraulic Actuator and selection of various other components for the Actuation Systems of an Aerospace Vehicle. Design of the system includes design of Hydraulic actuator and also the Modeling and Analysis of actuator using sophisticated Software.
Experimental Verification and Validation of Stress Distribution of Composite ...Journal For Research
Now a day in all sector weight reduction is most important criteria for lowering the cost & high performance. For weight reduction composite material is good option to solve weight related problems. In this paper we describe analysis of composite glass fibre material with mild steel material comparison. For analysis purpose we can use FEA software. The objective of this paper is compare things like different loading conditions stress distribution etc.
Image Binarization for the uses of Preprocessing to Detect Brain Abnormality ...Journal For Research
Computerized MR of brain image binarization for the uses of preprocessing of features extraction and brain abnormality identification of brain has been described. Binarization is used as intermediate steps of many MR of brain normal and abnormal tissues detection. One of the main problems of MRI binarization is that many pixels of brain part cannot be correctly binarized due to the extensive black background or the large variation in contrast between background and foreground of MRI. Proposed binarization determines a threshold value using mean, variance, standard deviation and entropy followed by a non-gamut enhancement that can overcome the binarization problem. The proposed binarization technique is extensively tested with a variety of MRI and generates good binarization with improved accuracy and reduced error.
A Research Paper on BFO and PSO Based Movie Recommendation System | J4RV4I1016Journal For Research
The objective of this work is to assess the utility of personalized recommendation system (PRS) in the field of movie recommendation using a new model based on neural network classification and hybrid optimization algorithm. We have used advantages of both the evolutionary optimization algorithms which are Particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Bacteria foraging optimization (BFO). In its implementation a NN classification model is used to obtain a movie recommendation which predict ratings of movie. Parameters or attributes on which movie ratings are dependent are supplied by user's demographic details and movie content information. The efficiency and accuracy of proposed method is verified by multiple experiments based on the Movie Lens benchmark dataset. Hybrid optimization algorithm selects best attributes from total supplied attributes of recommendation system and gives more accurate rating with less time taken. In present scenario movie database is becoming larger so we need an optimized recommendation system for better performance in terms of time and accuracy.
IoT based Digital Agriculture Monitoring System and Their Impact on Optimal U...Journal For Research
Although precision agriculture has been adopted in few countries, the greenhouse based modern agriculture industry in India still needs to be modernized with the involvement of technology for better production and cost control. In this paper we proposed a multifunction model for smart agriculture based on IoT. Due to variable atmospheric circumstances these conditions sometimes may vary from place to place in large farmhouse, which makes very difficult to maintain the uniform condition at all the places in the farmhouse manually. Soil and environment properties are sensed and periodically sent to cloud network through IoT. Analysis on cloud data is done for water requirement, total production and maintaining uniform environment conditions throughout greenhouse farm. Proposed model is beneficial for increase in agricultural production and for cost control and real time monitoring of farm.
A REVIEW PAPER ON BFO AND PSO BASED MOVIE RECOMMENDATION SYSTEM | J4RV4I1015Journal For Research
Recommendation system plays important role in Internet world and used in many applications. It has created the collection of many application, created global village and growth for numerous information. This paper represents the overview of Approaches and techniques generated in recommendation system. Recommendation system is categorized in three classes: Collaborative Filtering, Content based and hybrid based Approach. This paper classifies collaborative filtering in two types: Memory based and Model based Recommendation .The paper elaborates these approaches and their techniques with their limitations. The result of our system provides much better recommendations to users because it enables the users to understand the relation between their emotional states and the recommended movies.
HCI BASED APPLICATION FOR PLAYING COMPUTER GAMES | J4RV4I1014Journal For Research
This paper describes a command interface for games based on hand gestures and voice command defined by postures, movement and location. The system uses computer vision requiring no sensors or markers by the user. In voice command the speech recognizer, recognize the input from the user. It stores and passes command to the game, action takes place. We propose a simple architecture for performing real time colour detection and motion tracking using a webcam. The next step is to track the motion of the specified colours and the resulting actions are given as input commands to the system. We specify blue colour for motion tracking and green colour for mouse pointer. The speech recognition is the process of automatically recognizing a certain word spoken by a particular speaker based on individual information included in speech waves. This application will help in reduction in hardware requirement and can be implemented in other electronic devices also.
A REVIEW ON DESIGN OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN CHANDRAPUR CITY | J4RV4...Journal For Research
As we know the population of Chandrapur City has increased so far in this years and with that has increased the vehicles causing high traffic volume & rise in pollution. But the transportation system in Chandrapur City is still the same. To reduce the traffic volume & pollution, we have to study & design the new transportation system in Chandrapur City. The system would be as similar to Nagpur City with the implementation of Star City Buses. In this Study we would first compare the speed of various vehicles. Collection of population details of Chandrapur City, approximate number of vehicles running on road, collection of data with respect to Ticket fares in Nagpur City- whether it is according to Kilometers or places to be reached, calculation of Ticket Fares for Chandrapur City on the basis data collected. By all these, the best mode of transport in City can be studied. On the basis of above data collected from various respected fields, we will then proceed for the Design part of urban transport system in Chandrapur City. For Design purpose, firstly we have to mark the centre of the City, when the centre is decided; we will then select the Bus Terminus. From centre of the city, we would prefer to select the routes of the Buses. One route will be for the city side like Jatpura Gate, Pathanpura Gate. One route will be for Ballarpur going road. The other one for Mul going road, then next for Nagpur road. We could decide as many routes once we get the clear idea about all data. By getting all this details, the next step is to design the destination points of Buses. Then we have to design about the Bus bays, to reduce congestion in the particular intersections or Stops of bus. After the design also can suggest for Bus lanes. Implementation of Bus Rapid Transit System (BRT system) is the main aim behind to develop transportation mode of City. The design of the Transport System can be designed with the help of various software’s like AutoCAD and Revit.
A REVIEW ON LIFTING AND ASSEMBLY OF ROTARY KILN TYRE WITH SHELL BY FLEXIBLE G...Journal For Research
Heavy kiln tyre Lifting, rigging and assembly with kiln shell is done manually by use of heavy crane and labour. This traditional technique is not safe. The challenge is find out solution for ease the process and cost effective because of limitations of the rigging system, erection area, can be managed safely by the kiln tyre suspender equipped by jaws and suspender beam. This review paper deals with the study and analysis of different papers which are deals with different lifting, gripping and installation techniques and other aspects analysis with software, experimentation and optimization etc.
LABORATORY STUDY OF STRONG, MODERATE AND WEAK SANDSTONES | J4RV4I1012Journal For Research
Sandstones from seven different hydroelectric projects have been assessed to compare their water-related properties and engineering parameters and the comprehensive analysis has been presented. The study has been done by categorizing the sandstones in to three categories i.e. weak, moderate & strong sandstones. The study leads to four broad inferences: (1), there could be very large variation between two sandstones; e.g., here, sandstone S2, S4 & S5, vis-à-vis other two strong sandstones, is superior in all respects. (2), the four weak sandstones differ in respect of some – not all – properties and parameters. (3), none of the four weak sandstones is better than the other two in respect of all properties and parameters. (4), moderate sandstone shows higher values of shear strength parameters in comparison to all the sandstones (including stronger sandstones also) except S3 strong sandstone. In respect of individual properties, the grain density of all sandstones is similar, though their bulk densities, apparent porosity and water content show great variation. The weak, moderate and strong sandstones show qualitative difference in their uniaxial compressive strength and wave velocity (compression and shear, both); and the two are directly proportional. The study clearly demonstrates that there is no one-to-one correspondence between any two properties and parameters, but there is a diffused and/ or qualitative relationship between different sandstones, or certain properties and parameters of a particular variant.
DESIGN ANALYSIS AND FABRICATION OF MANUAL RICE TRANSPLANTING MACHINE | J4RV4I...Journal For Research
Need of rice transplanting machine is growing nowadays because of unique feature seeding in well sequence and well manners. This will save too much efforts of human being. Class of people who uses this kind of machine is farmers and they are having poor economic background. To feed growing population is a huge challenge. Importation of rice will lead to drain out the economy of the country. Mechanization of paddy sector will lead to higher productivity with releasing of work force to other sectors. The objective of this project is to design a paddy transplanting mechanism to transplant paddy seedling by small scale farmers in the country. Hence, this is considered as an activity that needed mechanization. For mechanization the modeling and simulation evaluated for hand operated rice seeding machine, which is help the farmers to planting more and more amount of rice in good quality with low energy consumption and less harm to the environment. India is predominately an agricultural country with rice as one of its main food crop. It Produce about 80 million tons rice annually which is about 22% of the world rice production. Culturally transplanting of young seeding is preferred over direct seeding for better yield and better crop management practice. But this operation requires large amount of manpower (about 400 Man-Hour/ha) and task is very laborious involving working in stopping posture and moving in muddy field.
AN OVERVIEW: DAKNET TECHNOLOGY - BROADBAND AD-HOC CONNECTIVITY | J4RV4I1009Journal For Research
DakNet, is an ad hoc network and an internet service planted on the applied science, which uses wireless technology to provide an asynchronous digital connectivity, it is the intermediate of wireless and asynchronous service that is the beginning of a technical way to universal broadband connectivity. The major process is it provides the broadband connectivity as wider. This paper broadly describes about the technology, architecture behind and its working principles.
Line following is one of the most important aspects of Robotics. A Line Follower Robot is an autonomous robot which is able to follow either a black or white line that is drawn on the surface consisting of a contrasting color. It is designed to move automatically and follow the made plot line. The path can be visible like a black line on a white surface or it can be invisible like a magnetic field. It will move in a particular direction Specified by the user and avoids the obstacle which is coming in the path. Autonomous Intelligent Robots are robot that can perform desired tasks in unstructured environments without continuous human guidance. It is an integrated design from the knowledge of Mechanical, Electrical, and Computer Engineering. LDR sensors based line follower robot design and Fabrication procedure which always direct along the black mark on the white surface. The robot uses several sensors to identify the line thus assisting the bot to stay on the track. The robot is driven by DC motors to control the movements of the wheels.
The project is to ask college related queries and get the responses through a chatbot an Artificial Conversational Entity. This System is a web application which provides answer to the query of the student. Students just have to query through the bot which is used for chatting. Students can chat using any format there is no specific format the user has to follow. This system helps the student to be updated about the college activities.
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO REDUCE INTRA CITY TRAFFIC AT COIMBATORE | J4RV4I1002Journal For Research
Coimbatore (11.0168°N,76.9558°E) is a fast developing cosmopolitan city with large number of industries and educational institutions. The development has lead to a large number of vehicles causing heavy traffic. The traffic congestion at Coimbatore has been a major problem which causes traffic jams and accidents. The major reason for traffic has been the mofussil buses that operate in the city. Around 1300 mofussil buses enter into the city, these buses play an important role in traffic congestion. The best solution is to construct a centralized bus stand at the outskirts of the city. This would reduce the traffic, accidents and also leads to development of the outskirts of the city. A suitable location near the city with sufficient road access to connecting cities has been chosen and the bus terminus has been designed, modeled with all facilities and features.
A REVIEW STUDY ON GAS-SOLID CYCLONE SEPARATOR USING LAPPLE MODEL | J4RV4I1001Journal For Research
Cyclone is the most commonly used device to separate dust particles from gas and dust flow. The performance of cyclone separator can be measured in terms of collection efficiency and pressure drop. Parameters like Inlet Flow velocity, the particle size distribution in feed, dimensions of inlet and outlet ducts and cyclone affects the performance of cyclone significantly. Various Mathematical models used for calculation of cut off diameter of separator, flow rate, target efficiency and no. of vortex inside the cyclone to design and study to check the performance of existing cyclone separator. Also new dimensions can be design with help of models. Here, in this study the efficiency achieved with Lapple model cumulatively 86.47%.
During past few years, brain tumor segmentation in CT has become an emergent research area in the field of medical imaging system. Brain tumor detection helps in finding the exact size and location of tumor. An efficient algorithm is proposed in this project for tumor detection based on segmentation and morphological operators. Firstly quality of scanned image is enhanced and then morphological operators are applied to detect the tumor in the scanned image. The problem with biopsy is that the patient has to be hospitalized and also the results (around 15%) give false negative. Scan images are read by radiologist but it's a subjective analysis which requires more experience. In the proposed work we segment the renal region and then classify the tumors as benign or malignant by using ANFIS, which is a non-invasive automated process. This approach reduces the waiting time of the patient.
USE OF GALVANIZED STEELS FOR AUTOMOTIVE BODY- CAR SURVEY RESULTS AT COASTAL A...Journal For Research
An extensive study of automotive body corrosion was conducted in Mumbai area to track corrosion performance of currently used materials of construction for automotive, especially cars with low end cost. The study consisted of a wide range of areas, starting from a closed car parking to several coastal and other humid regions such as Juhu Beach, Varsova beach and other adjoining areas. Data such as visible perforations, paint blisters, and surface rust were seen especially at vulnerable areas such as doors, mudguards, bonnet areas etc. Also, a comparison was done with low cost cars built with normal steel with those built using galvanized steels.
The main objective of our work is to deliver the goods at proper time by an unmanned drone. An Autonomous drone for delivering the goods such as bombs, medical kids, and foods mainly for military uses. This drone was used for dispatching the bombs and armed guns in battle field. And it is also used for delivering the medicines and foods for soldiers in our country borders.
SURVEY ON A MODERN MEDICARE SYSTEM USING INTERNET OF THINGS | J4RV3I12024Journal For Research
Since the population of the world is aging rapidly, how to provide appropriate health care to the elderly and unwell people becomes an important issue and draws high attention from medical, academic and industrial fields of the society. The Internet of Things (IoT) drives the evolution of the Internet and is regarded as a great potential to improve quality of life for the surging number of elderly people, significantly. As Android operating system gains immense popularity nowadays, it is a trend to make use of it for the wider access of IoT utility. This project presents a health monitoring system prototype based on IoT, with the increasing use of sensors by medical devices, remote and continuous monitoring of a patient’s health. This network of sensors and other mobile communication devices referred to as the Internet of Things for Medical Devices (IoT-MD), is poised to revolutionize the functioning of the healthcare industry. Untimed medicine administration can always show adverse effects on the health of the patients. The proposed system is designed to help these patients to take the required medicine in the right proportion at the right time. The basic ideology is integrating the principle of IoT with weight-based slot sensing on a normal pillbox. To make it more state-of-the-art, it is inbuilt with a Wi-Fi module for alerting the patient and also the chemist at the needed instant using IoT.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
STUDY OF GROUND WATER QUALITY OF ARSIKERE TOWN AND SURROUNDING AREAS, HASSAN, KARNATAKA, INDIA
1. Journal for Research | Volume 02 | Issue 04 | June 2016
ISSN: 2395-7549
All rights reserved by www.journalforresearch.org 58
Study of Ground Water Quality of Arsikere Town
and Surrounding Areas, Hassan, Karnataka,
India
Yogananda Dr. S.Prashanth
Assistant Professor Professor & Head of Dept.
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
AIT, Chikmagalur G.E.C, Hassan
Dr. B. M. Kiran Shruthi C.G
Associate Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
AIT, Chikmagalur AIT, Chikmagalur
Jeevitha P
Assistant Professor
Department of Environmental Engineering
AIT, Chikmagalur
Abstract
Water, which occurs below the water table, is referred to as groundwater. Ground water is usually cool, colourless and free from
turbidity. Ground water is used for agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities all over the
world. In the last few decades, there has been tremendous increase in the demand for fresh water due to rapid growth of
population and accelerated pace of industrialization (Devi and Premkumar, 2012) which has resulted in the deterioration of
quality of groundwater. Since the quality of public health depends to a greater extent on the quality of drinking water, it is
incumbent that detailed information about the quality of water be systematically collected and monitored regularly through
research and scientific way for sustainable development. Determination of physico-chemical parameters of water is essential for
assessing the suitability of groundwater for various purposes like drinking, domestic, industrial and irrigation. The ground water
quality may also vary with seasonal changes and is primarily governed by the extent and composition of dissolved solids. In
view of the above aspects, the ground water pollution studies of Arsikere town and its surrounding areas is more important. In
addition to the anthropogenic activities, the availability of potable water resources is being deteriorated by agricultural activities
and over exploitation. Hence, it needs the study on the status of ground water quality in Arsikere.
Keywords: Ground water, Physico-chemical parameters, Arsikere
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
I. INTRODUCTION
Water is a precious natural resource needed for existence of life on the earth. It is necessary for all living organisms for their
survival and has a great role in the life of every biotic component in this world. For sustainable development, a safe source of
water is an essential pre-requirement. Hence, there is a relation between water quality and human health. Use of poor quality
drinking water may lead to several life threatening diseases. Earth is called as water planet with 70.8% of its surface covered by
water. Its reserve is finite and the same water is being used in time and recycled and only one percent of earth's water passes the
cyclic path and is referred to as hydrological cycle (Gupta et al., 2000). Around 97% of water on the earth is saltwater and about
3% is distributed over the continents as fresh water and as polar ice caps of which about 20% constitutes groundwater .
Significance of Ground water in India:
About 45% of the country's irrigation needs is fulfilled by ground water. Creating access to ground water for irrigation is
important for agrarian economics. Groundwater is generally considered to be purer than surface water. Factors like discharges of
industries, agriculture and domestic activity, land use practices, geological formations, are reported to affect the quality of
ground water (Jerry, 1986).
Scope of the study:
Arsikere is one of the talukas of Hassan district, in Karnataka state situated at 13⁰18’50” N and 76⁰15’22” E about 48 km from
Hassan city. The groundwater quality of Arsikere region is being over stressed in order to fulfill the heavy demand for fresh
2. Study of Ground Water Quality of Arsikere Town and Surrounding Areas, Hassan, Karnataka, India
(J4R/ Volume 02 / Issue 04 / 11)
All rights reserved by www.journalforresearch.org 59
water. Even though the Hemavathi and the Yagachi flow through the district, it is deprived of potable drinking water and the
water table has decreased due to successive years of drought. The ground water quality of this region is being over stressed in
order to meet the heavy demand for water because of pollution of surface water bodies, inadequate sanitary and drainage
systems, septic tanks, disposal of municipal and domestic sewage without treatment, disposal of solid wastes and improper
management etc. This may lead to depletion and water quality deterioration
Research objective:
The present investigation will be taken up to addresses several groundwater quality parameters of town and surrounding areas
with the following objectives.
1) To analyze, interpret and regionalize groundwater data in terms of quality for the study region.
2) Classifying the study area groundwater on basis of hydro chemical parameters.
3) To evaluate the fluoride levels content in the groundwater of the study area.
The Geochemistry of groundwater:
Freeze and Cherry (1979) noted that “the major factors which controls the quality of groundwater are chemical composition of
rainwater, types of soil and mineralogy of rock formations”. Thus, the composition of groundwater provides information about
the environment through which water has circulated. The suitability of groundwater for specific uses depends on the
concentrations of certain constituents due to natural or anthropogenic causes (Sadashivaiah et al., 2008). For example, the
increase in iron due to corroding galvanised iron rising mains and connecting rods and high turbidity levels leading to the change
in colour of water as the case was in West Africa, made borehole users to stop using the pumps (Langenegger, 1994).
Srinivasamoorthy et al.,(2009)reported that “characterization and assessment of groundwater quality in Thirumanimuttar sub
basin in India, observed that calcite dissolution and reverse ion exchange as some of the processes controlling the water
chemistry in the study area. Dominance of domestic, industrial and agricultural activities indicated the high value of electrical
conductivity along up stream, central and downstream. Fluoride was also noted to be higher during pre-monsoon season
indicating easier accessibility of rainwater to weathered rock, long-term irrigation processes”. Furthermore higher levels of
nitrate were observed during the post monsoon in places where irrigation practices are intensive or dominant, whereas higher
total hardness was identified in places where dyeing and bleaching industries are located (Srinivasa moorthy et al., 2009).
II. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
Study Area:
Arsikere, a major railway junction on the South Western Railways a small town in Hassan district, Karnataka state, India. It is
near to tourist places like Belur (40 km), Halebidu (25 km) and Shravanabelagola (80 km). It is also known for its coconut
plantation and religious shrine Malekallu Tirupathi hill. It has an area of 8.0 Sq.Kms and situated at the foot of Tirupathi hills
and is surrounded by many other smaller hills which rise up to 797 mts above the mean sea level.
Land Use:
In the study area, the agricultural activity depends mainly on rainy season which is not uniform throughout the taluk. Even the
climatic and the soil conditions also vary considerably. Hence, diversity of very high order in cultivation is observed in this
taluk. Cultivation comprises of 65 to 70% of the total land area. Short-term crops like paddy, maize, groundnut, ragi, cotton and
tobacco are being cultivated in this region. Besides, some horticulture crops like coconut and areca are also grown. Vegetables,
fruits and other crops are also grown in small quantities in this area.
Fig. 3.1: Soil Map of Arsikere Taluk, Hassan District (Source: Department of Geology, Hassan)
3. Study of Ground Water Quality of Arsikere Town and Surrounding Areas, Hassan, Karnataka, India
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III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sampling Location:
Sampling locations in and around Arsikere have been selected using random grid or spatial network method based on
geographical ground map of Arsikere. Figure 4.1 shows the different sampling stations, which have been selected from 20
different localities. As the network technique has been used for many years for scientific data generation, the same technique is
followed in the present study for generation of analytical data, which can be used as baseline data for many years in this region.
The samples from 20 sampling sites were collected and analyzed during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons
during 2010 to 2012 to determine the variation in physico-chemical parameters. The water samples were collected from bore
wells. The names of the sampling stations are shown in Table 4.1 and Fig. 4.1 shows the spatial distribution of the sampling
locations on the map.
Table - 4.1
Sampling locations in and around Arsikere
Sl. No. Sampling Stations Locations Latitude Longitude
01 S1 Shankaranahalli / Sankondanhally 13º
18’54’’N 76 º
13’11’’E
02 S2 Yadapura 13 º
18’05’’ N 76 º
13’01’’E
03 S3 Murundi 13 º
17’34’’ N 76 º
13’39’’ E
04 S4 Thalalur 13 º
16’06’’ N 76 º
16’13’’ E
05 S5 Karehalli 13 º
19’24’’ N 76 º
16’24’’ E
06 S6 Thirupathi 13 º
19’46’’ N 76 º
16’24’’ E
07 S7 Chikkalinganahalli 13 º
20’19’’ N 76 º
15’29’’ E
08 S8 Gundakallahalli 13 º
17’56’’ N 76 º
15’33’’ E
09 S9 Mysore Road 13 º
17’39’’ N 76 º
15’21’’ E
10 S10 Ayappa temple 13 º
18’13’’ N 76 º
15’23’’ E
11 S11 Kanthenahally 13 º
18’16’’ N 76 º
15’46’’ E
12 S12 MaruthiNagara 13 º
18’35’’ N 76 º
15’49’’ E
13 S13 SubramanyaNagara 13 º
18’42’’ N 76 º
14’47’’ E
14 S14 Subhashnagara 13 º
19’13’’ N 76 º
15’17’’ E
15 S15 Indira Nagar 13 º
19’16’’ N 76 º
15’12’’ E
16 S16 Lakshmipura 13 º
19’06’’ N 76 º
15’01’’ E
17 S17 Railway Station Road 13 º
18’50’’ N 76 º
15’12’’ E
18 S18 J.C. Hospital 13 º
19’07’’ N 76 º
15’13’’ E
19 S19 ShivanandhaNagara 13 º
19’09’’ N 76 º
14’59’’ E
20 S20 Jajure 13 º
20’08’’ N 76 º
14’28’’ E
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Water analysis was carried out by taking different parameters, which are very essential to know the water quality for drinking
purpose. The parameters are differentiated as physical, chemical and bacteriological. The physical parameters include water
temperature, turbidity, pH, TDS, electrical conductivity, while chemical parameters include dissolved oxygen, total hardness,
calcium, magnesium, total alkalinity, total acidity, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, sulphate, fluoride and trace metal like iron. The
count of E-coli was considered as bacteriological parameter. The standard values of various physico-chemicals and
bacteriological parameters for drinking water as per BIS and WHO are presented in Table 5.1.
Table - 5.1
Analytical results of groundwater samples of Arsikere during Pre - monsoon, 2010- 2012(Average values)
Sample
No.
pH
TDS Total Hardness DO Total Alkalinity Acidity Ca Cl NO3 F
S1 7.25 963 412 7.8 204 30 170 210.7 36 3.1
S2 7.1 998 508 5.8 252 18 191 258 34 2.96
S3 7.41 867 352 6.1 238 11 116 212.2 8.2 1.28
S4 7.92 698 262 5.6 250 10 101 248 29 1.37
S5 7.36 1038 486 5.4 234 32 191 220.7 11 1.7
S6 7.81 1043 422 6.6 258 30 181 213.4 32 1.5
S7 8.11 979 418 5.4 282 27 170 224.8 3.3 1.6
S8 7.21 685 234 5.8 202 30 79 210 28.3 1.6
S9 8.31 459 176 7.4 262 22 55 54.73 17 1.38
S10 8.13 838 300 5.8 232 31 66 115.7 13 1.7
S11 7.28 832 342 6.9 224 33 113 97.28 43 1.51
S12 7.46 561 284 4.7 184 35 79 85.93 25 1.5
S13 7.56 940 418 5.8 195 25 126 206.3 11 1.63
S14 7.13 778 402 5.4 178 27 115 150 13 1.8
4. Study of Ground Water Quality of Arsikere Town and Surrounding Areas, Hassan, Karnataka, India
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S15 7.91 1017 276 7.2 172 28 89 276 8 1.51
S16 8.22 324 172 5.4 252 13 60 68.91 2 1.5
S17 7.93 318 158 5.9 150 17 151 61.8 37 1.6
S18 7.81 919 422 5.6 130 26 117 420.6 10 1.73
S19 7.97 880 602 6.1 120 27 208 520 13 1.5
S20 7.35 998 542 6.4 112 36 199 424.9 13 1.8
Note: All parameters are expressed in mg/l except pH, turbidity (NTU)
Physical Parameters:
pH:
In the present investigation, the fluctuation of pH in the samples was from values varies from 7.1 to 8.3 with a mean value of 7.6
in pre-monsoon season In the present study, all the samples analyzed were well within the permissible limits. Similar observation
was made by Sathish et al.,(2005) in their studies.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS):
TDS in water is due to the presence of ions of Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Bicarbonate, Chloride and
Sulphate.TDS is the total amount of material remaining after evaporation of the water. The dissolved substances may be organic
or inorganic in nature. In the present investigation, the values of TDS varied between 318 mg/l to 1043 mg/l in pre-monsoon
season. In the present study, about 15% of the total groundwater samples in pre-monsoon and in monsoon season 35% and 45%
of the samples in post-monsoon season cross permissible limits. However, the remaining water samples were well within the
prescribed BIS drinking water standards.
Chemical Parameters:
Total Hardness:
Based on the present investigation, total hardness values of groundwater varied from 158 mg/l to 602 mg/l in pre-monsoon
season.
Dissolved oxygen:
In the present study, dissolved oxygen values varied from 4.7 mg/l to 7.8 mg/l in pre-monsoon season having a mean value of
6.05 mg/l (Table 5.4). The dissolved oxygen concentration was maximum during premonsoon owing to more aeration due to
lowering of ground water table.
Total Alkalinity:
In the investigation taken up, the alkalinity values varied from 112 mg/l to a 282 mg/l in premonsoon season. Also, turbidity
increases with increase in alkalinity due to dissolution of more minerals and particles. In the present study, total alkalinity is well
within the permissible limit.
Acidity:
Acidity is capacity of the water to neutralize base, it is caused due to the presence of mineral acids and dissolved carbon dioxide
in water. Carbon dioxide can also be produced in water through biological oxidation of organic matter, especially in polluted
water. In the present investigation, the acidity values fluctuated between 10 mg/l to 36 mg/l in premonsoon season.
Calcium:
It is a major component of rocks. Because of its abundance in most rock types and the solubility, calcium is present almost
everywhere in groundwater. Calcium ranks fifth among the elements in order of abundance in natural water. In the present
investigation, calcium values ranged between 55 mg/l to a 208 mg/l in premonsoon season.
Chloride:
Chloride occurs in all types of water in a low concentration. The chloride content increases as the mineral contents increase. It is
commonly found in soils and rocks. In this investigation, chloride values fluctuated from 54.7 mg/l to 520 mg/l with mean values
of 223.9 mg/l in premonsoon season
Nitrate:
Nitrates are found naturally in air and soil environment and are an essential component of plant and animal cell. Decomposition
of plant and animal wastes, sewage and the application of fertilizer in agricultural activities also adds up to the nitrate sources to
the environment. In the present investigation, the nitrate values ranged from 2 mg/l to 43 mg/l in premonsoon season.
Fluoride:
Fluoride is widely dispersed in nature and is a common constituent of most the soils and rocks. The most important fluoride
containing mineral is fluorospar, which may have a variety of tints (blue, yellow and green).In the present investigation, fluoride
values varied from 1.28 mg/l 3.1 mg/l with a mean value of 1.71 mg/l in premonsoon season.
5. Study of Ground Water Quality of Arsikere Town and Surrounding Areas, Hassan, Karnataka, India
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V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions:
In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to understand the concentration of major physical, chemical and
bacteriological parameters in the ground water of Arsikere and its surrounding areas. The following are the conclusions drawn
from the investigation.
1) The interpretation of hydro-geochemical analysis reveals that the groundwater in Arsikere taluk is fresh, which is good for
drinking and agricultural purpose. The major cations (Ca, and Mg) and major anions (Cl, SO4 and CO3) of the study area
are well within the permissible limits for the entire area.
2) Generally the pH of the water has a small variation due to buffering action of water with Carbon-di-oxide. The fluctuation
of pH in the samples was from values varies from 7.1 to 8.3.
3) High level of fluoride concentration has been noticed in some of the sampling stations. Fluoride values were from 1.28 mg/l
3.1 mg/l in premonsoon season and from 0.27 mg/l to 3.12 mg/l in monsoon season. This is due to the geological strata of
the study area.
4) Total hardness values of groundwater varied from 158 mg/l to 602 mg/l in premonsoon season and 260 mg/l to 722 mg/l in
monsoon season. In post-monsoon season, the values range between 302 mg/l and 606 mg/l. The TDS values shown an
increasing trend in postmonsoon season compared to premonsoon and monsoon seasons
5) The concentrations of Nitrate in most of the wells are within the maximum acceptable limit from 2 mg/l to 43 mg/l in
premonsoon season.
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