The original concept of love may differ from person to person as well as society to society and culture to culture. It can be interpreted differently. Love is a remarkable thing which has bounded the society and the people always to each other. Mysticism would best be assumption of as a gathering of individual practices, sermons, scripts, institutes, societies, and familiarities aimed at human alteration, variously defined in different traditions. The person is known as William James which has tried to clear the concept of mysticism. The research will find out how the works of two different poets living in different continents and having opposite cultural backgrounds are addressing the same ideas and incorporating similar notions about mysticism and love. This study is devised out of curiosity weather William Wordsworth and Ameer Hamza Shinwari’s poetry contains the elements of mysticism and love. This study tries to see the different dimension of his work and give the proper and the required conclusion.
Queer Theory In W.H. Auden’s “September 1, 1939”Jheel Barad
This presentation deals with hidden meaning, Queer Theory In W.H. Auden’s “September 1, 1939”. It was presented in class presentation of M.A English programme. Another interpretation else then the dishonesty and manipulation of government can lead to war, is theme of The Lack of acceptance of Homosexuality in society.
Analysis and Interpretation of Pakistani Poet and writer Daud Kamal -writing style of poet and selective poems of Daud kamal - REPRODUCTION AND THE STREET OF NIGHTINGALES
Queer Theory In W.H. Auden’s “September 1, 1939”Jheel Barad
This presentation deals with hidden meaning, Queer Theory In W.H. Auden’s “September 1, 1939”. It was presented in class presentation of M.A English programme. Another interpretation else then the dishonesty and manipulation of government can lead to war, is theme of The Lack of acceptance of Homosexuality in society.
Analysis and Interpretation of Pakistani Poet and writer Daud Kamal -writing style of poet and selective poems of Daud kamal - REPRODUCTION AND THE STREET OF NIGHTINGALES
Modernism and In a Station of the Metro poem by Ezra PoundMohan Raj Raj
The PPT helps to understand the modernism and the poem of Ezra Pound. Poetry as it attempts to ‘break from the pentameter’ incorporates the use of visual spacing as a poetic device, and does not contain verbs.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WORDSWORTH AND COLERIDGE'S CONCEPT OF POETRYAlpa Ponda
HERE I AM SHARING MY PRESENTATION OF MY M.A COURSE AS MY ACADEMIC WORK.I AM SUBMITTING THIS PRESENTATION TO DR. DILIP BARAD , SMT.S.B. GARDI DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH MKBU
This paper aims to analyze ‘EID’ by Auragzeb Alamgir Hashmi from stylistic perspectives including graphological, grammatical, phonological, syntactic and semantic issues. The analysis will help the reader understand not only theoretical aspects of the poem but also its technical ones. So, the study is conducted to analyze graphological, grammatical, phonological, syntactic and semantic issues. It has been helpful to comprehend theme, cultural aspects of Pakistani society, its structure and stylistic issues.
Defining Literature Essay
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Modernism and In a Station of the Metro poem by Ezra PoundMohan Raj Raj
The PPT helps to understand the modernism and the poem of Ezra Pound. Poetry as it attempts to ‘break from the pentameter’ incorporates the use of visual spacing as a poetic device, and does not contain verbs.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WORDSWORTH AND COLERIDGE'S CONCEPT OF POETRYAlpa Ponda
HERE I AM SHARING MY PRESENTATION OF MY M.A COURSE AS MY ACADEMIC WORK.I AM SUBMITTING THIS PRESENTATION TO DR. DILIP BARAD , SMT.S.B. GARDI DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH MKBU
This paper aims to analyze ‘EID’ by Auragzeb Alamgir Hashmi from stylistic perspectives including graphological, grammatical, phonological, syntactic and semantic issues. The analysis will help the reader understand not only theoretical aspects of the poem but also its technical ones. So, the study is conducted to analyze graphological, grammatical, phonological, syntactic and semantic issues. It has been helpful to comprehend theme, cultural aspects of Pakistani society, its structure and stylistic issues.
Defining Literature Essay
literature Essay examples
Literature in Life Essay
The Study of Literature Essay
18th Century Literature Essay
Essay on Why Read Literature?
What Is Literature? Essay
What Is Literature Essay
Multicultural Literature Essay
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Essay on India for Students from Class 6 to 12 - Leverage Edu. Write an essay on Indian Culture | English | Essay Writing. Incredible Essay On India ~ Thatsnotus. Essays on South India. Essays on South India | Exotic India Art. Essay on India in English for Class 1 to 12 Students. Best Essay on India in English For Students & Children's. Write a sho
"The Alchemist" Essay by Blaszak's Corner | Teachers Pay Teachers. The Alchemist. Remarkable The Alchemist Essay ~ Thatsnotus. ≫ "The Alchemist" Literature Review Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. The Alchemist Essay. Essay on my favourite book alchemist - SparkNotes The Alchemist Study. 001 008272369 1 The Alchemist Essay ~ Thatsnotus. The Alchemist Summary and Analysis| Smart Custom Essays. The Alchemist Summary Part One (500 Words) - PHDessay.com. The Alchemist Summary | PDF. "The Alchemist". - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. ≫ The Alchemist Book Analysis Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. Read «The Alchemist» Essay Sample for Free at SupremeEssays.com. ⚡ The alchemist essay. 'The Alchemist' Essay Topics to Help You in ....
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2. Theme of love and mysticism in English and Pakistani poetry with reference to Wordsworth and Shinwari’s Poetry
Ehsan et al. 132
Romantic period starts with the publication of
“Lyrical Ballads” by “William Wordsworth” in 1798. It is
the movement in English which was based on “The spirit
of the age”. The spirit of the age was the revolution in
French politics and the religious ideas in literature. The
early years of French revolution were the year when
the people were evoked for passionate backing of
England. The last conquest of the well-known French
sovereign called as Napoleon, in 1815 helped in a
period of punitive, cruel measures in the England of
Britain. The population was going to be classified into
two classes as Capital and Labor or Rich and Poor. A
resolution was passed in the year of 1832 against
the concept of two classes.
Romanticism, initiated by the English poets such
as Coleridge and Wordsworth, as well as Blake, Keats,
Shelley, was concentrated primarily in the creative
expressions of literature and the arts, however, the
philosophy and sentiment characteristic of the
Romanticism movement would spread throughout
Europe and would ultimately impact not only the arts
and humanities, but the society at large, permanently
changing the ways in which human emotions,
relationships, and institutions were viewed,
understood, and artistically and otherwise reflected. As
Bloom and Trilling observe, some of the most
cherished ideals of the Romantic Age have not been
lost with the passage of time. (Smith, 2011).
Nicole Smith is a researcher who found that
romanticism gave birth to poets like Coleridge and
William Wordsworth. The creativity to express things in
literature is from the same age. The movement was
expended throughout the Europe because of the
changing ways and the revolution in the world. The arts
was becoming stronger and mature to an extent that the
psychology of human beings was first time understood in
literature.
The Romantic Movement in English literature
vanished the belief that the objectivity in literature
was not only a thing to be wished for but it can be
gained somehow by some means. Some of the writers
expressed the human thoughts and belief in this age.
This age ascend a reaction against the traditional
conservativeness and corruption of the society. In short,
this age portrayed emotions, thoughts, and real values of
life through the literature.
Romanticism was the age from where we
can see the escapist approach of many writers.
Although in romantic age, the only genre of literature
which was at its peak is “Poetry”. There are many writers
who have discussed the beauties of nature and
fantasies of life but somehow they have tried to
illustrate life from its different perspectives.
“Mysticism”, the term derived from Greek word
having the sense of “to conceal”. There is another
word “Mystical” which is used for the “Secret didactic
services”. The importance of the word is due to the
hidden metaphoric explanations of Scriptures and the
hidden presence of those things. This term was activated
to donate the mystical theology which included direct
experience of religious and holy sources. To see the
mystical experience under different human efforts some
divine sources are used. Thus “Mysticism would best be
assumption of as a gathering of individual practices,
sermons, scripts, institutes, societies, and familiarities
aimed at human alteration, variously defined in different
traditions. Mysticism is actually the “mystic” inners ideas
about the religion. It means that mysticism varies from
religion to religion and person to person. Mysticism is the
personal interpretation of every individual about the
religion. There are several religions around the world
which is also described in their literature
consequently. One thing which is common in all parts of
literature is that mysticism is basically the approach
towards the spirituality.
Underhill has given a wonderful example to
illuminate the concept of mysticism. It is actually the
belief that someone is there on the next end. There
is some body always to be heard. He is actually referring
God here that still we don’t see anyone on the next
side of telegraph but we pay attention to listen
something from there. Same is the case of a mystic; his
imagination leads him to hear the God (Underhill, 2012).
Love is the pent-up of emotion or feelings
for or due to something. In other words we can say
that love is the arising of sympathies or attraction
towards something. About love “H Jackson Brown Jr”
stated that, “Love is something invisible to eyes but
visible to heart”. It means that love is directly connected
to thinking or mind of a person. Love according to Jojo
Moyes is, “Love is the driver for all great stories: not
just romantic love, but the love of parent for child,
for family, for country. It is the point before
consummation of it that fascinates: what separates
you from love, the obstacles that stand in its way. It is
usually at those points that love is everything” (Moyes,
2012). It means that love differs in different relations and
situations. Sometime it is joyful and sometime it shapes a
cursing life with obstacles in its way. Span after span
has been passed but there is something which has
still bounded the human beings together. The original
concept of love may differ from person to person. It can
be interpreted differently. Love is a remarkable thing
which has bounded the society and the people
always to each other. Love is a valued in every part
of world and is found in their cultures and in different
ages.
Many characters and stories of the archaic
Greek literature are still alive in our imagination. Epic
battles and travel adventures have portrayed us
authentic heroes on both sides of winners and
defeated, nonetheless we must note that love and
romance play a minor role in this literature. Certainly
the farewell between Hector and Andromaca, one of
3. Theme of love and mysticism in English and Pakistani poetry with reference to Wordsworth and Shinwari’s Poetry
Int. J. Lit., Lang. Ling. 033
the most beautiful pages of Iliad, or the love of
Kalypsó for Odysseus are romantic episodes, although
they are principally used to enhance the tragic climax
and/or magnify the power of will of the hero rather than
to describe a love story the way we would expect
nowadays (POIKILE, 2008).
Greek Literature is the key literature of all the
literatures. The theme of love is dominantly found in it. In
the given reference the writer talked about the different
tales of Greek love in their literature. Although the use of
such themes were not only for the sack of romance
but they were the part of lesson able tragedies etc.
The English literature is full of such themes and there are
numerous writers have number of works. The theme of
love in literature is in used from the natal of every
part of literature. Romantic age is known for the same
them. Almost all the poets and writers from romantic
age have somehow touched this theme in their
works. They had been known for their contributions. They
have discussed different sorts of love in their works.
Mainly and majorly the love for nature can be seen in
different works in the poets from romantic age. When
it came to late ages after romanticism, many of the
writers including female writers were using the same
theme in different works.
It was the 7
th
of April of 1970s when a child
opened his eyes in Cockermouth, Cumberland of
England. John Wordsworth who worked as legal advisor
to Sir James Lowther was the father of William
Wordsworth. He was in great love with nature due to
his childhood in rural setting on the bank of a river
seeming like a part of paradise. From a very small
age, he was the great admirer of the beauties of
nature and its existence for future.
Ameer Hamza Shinwari was born in the hilly area
of Landi Kotal in the family of Shinwari tribe. His father
Malik Baz Mir Khan was the chief of sub-tribe in Shinwari
called as Ashraf Khel. At the age of school, he was sent
to school in his home town. He continued his further
studies in Islamia college of Peshawar. He gave up
studies very early in 9
th
grade and he went back to his
home town. He got married soon as same in the Shinwari
tribe tradition.
Pakhwa is a poem written by Hamza Shinwari.
The title of the poem is a Pashto word means “Previous”.
The central idea of the poem is revolving around the
human life. The loss of different things is discussed. He
says that when human arrived to this world, he
brought love and hate. Then he talks about the dream
and asking good will of someone from God. Then he
yearns for the past life and the beautiful days.
Hamza says that when I saw the greed in the world,
I got wonder. After that he shows his love for nation
and nature by referring his life to spend in desert. In
this poem, Hamza has discussed different things like
his incomplete wishes in which he talks about the
solitude from his beloved, nationalism and human nature
but two more major things are focused. The first
thing is that he is trying to present his world to God
through his point of view in a way of praying and
secondly he tried to share his feelings about the suffered
life.
Tintern Abbey is a poem written by William
Wordsworth. It is the story of his arrival to the town
after 5 years. He praised the beauty of Tintern Abbey
which is located on the river side and hilly area. This
poem is one of his most important works. The Nature is
his source of attraction to write about. There are many
others ideas in the poem. The most important thing in
the poem is his mystical approach that he dealt the
Nature as God. Actually he sees God in Nature. At the
end of the poem there is a sort of discussion about his
sister Dorothy.
The researcher has delimited his study to
two major themes of both poets Amir Hamza
Shinwari and William Wordsworth. The themes are
Mysticism and Love. This study is having importance
because of the comparison of two different cultures. Such
studies make a work of a person universal and
known to many who don’t know about this. This work
will prove unique because it will pave the way for future
researchers in understanding of our indigenous Pakhtoon
poet and William Wordsworth an English poet. This sort
of study will make poet like Ameer Hamza Shinwari as an
international poet.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Late 18
th
century and first half of 19
th
century is
termed as the Romantic Period of English literature. At
the time when Romantics were busy in writing
optimists writings, the state of affairs of France were in
the process of change. Many writers of the age were
affected by the circumstances going on in France and
other Europe. This was the time when English society
pointed their Dark Ages. Beginning in Germany and
England in the 1770s, by the 1820s it had swept
through Europe, conquering at last even its most
stubborn foe, the French. It traveled quickly to the
Western Hemisphere, and in its musical form has
triumphed around the globe, so that from London to
Boston to Mexico City to Tokyo to Vladivostok to
Oslo, the most popular orchestral music in the world
is that of the romantic era. After almost a century of
being attacked by the academic and professional
world of Western formal concert music, the style has
reasserted itself as neo romanticism in the concert
halls. When John Williams created the sound of the
future in Star Wars, it was the sound of 19th-century
Romanticism--still the most popular style for epic film
soundtracks. (Brians, 2004).
The writers belonged from the period 1785 to
1830 did not considered themselves as “Romantics”.
4. Theme of love and mysticism in English and Pakistani poetry with reference to Wordsworth and Shinwari’s Poetry
Ehsan et al. 134
The poets like William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor
Coleridge, Byron, P. B. Shelly and John Keats belonged
to the same age. There were also some women poets
including Anna Barbauld, Charlotte Smith and Mary
Robinson. They based the concept of Romanticism which
is depicted through their works. That was the time when
the educated women were not frees the much to
write and read due to the conservativeness of the
society. The educated women were targeted at many
places by masculine part of the literature but still
there were a deep-seated feminist symbol like Mary
Wollstonecraft who stayed unexpected at her age.
The writings of romantic age were highly
imaginative and full of romantic spirit. The writers from
romantic age have their larger contribution in literature.
We have many of the names from this age. John Keats,
William Wordsworth, Percy B Shelly, Samuel Taylor
Coleridge, William Blake, etc. are the major writers from
Romantic age. Art was first time introduced into real life
and lay man society. Nature was depicted in their
writings. Religion was highly discussed by different
writers.
These ideals of Romanticism, first articulated by
the English poets, spread to other artistic genres,
including music and the visual arts, as well as to
other countries. For those countries which had not yet
coalesced in terms of their own national identity, the
Romanticism offered a creative framework for
defining and expressing what was unique to that
region, for Romanticism was inherently creative and
imaginative, inviting its adherents to envision
possibilities that might never have been entertained
before. As a result, the value of the individual, of the
arts, and of emotional expression, was able to regain
a place in thought and practice, tempering the logic-
bound tendencies of science with the shifting
philosophies of emotion. As Bloom and Trilling observe,
the contributions of the Romantics remain valuable and
relevant in contemporary life. Perhaps, they write,
“romanticism is…endemic in human nature,” for “all men
and women are questers to some degree” (Smith, 2011).
Romanticism is the unique movement in
English literature which paved a way to regain their
identity and to know about the life. Some of the poets
from romantic age have tried to depict the black
image of human life too besides defining its fantasies.
John Keats is an example who wrote an odd “Odd to
Grecian Urn” where he compare human life with the
urn and preferred the urn due to its conditions.
Romantic writers were highly imaginative at the same
time.
1798 to 1808 was the decade when William
Wordsworth reached to his youth of literary writings.
With the publication of “Lyrical Ballads” by Wordsworth in
1798, the Romantic movement of English literature starts
and which is called the age of romantic writers in
history of English literature. His writings from this age
made him more important because his works were first
time came for the criticism in the field (Anonymous,
2000).
“Among English writers and poets the only
two who fulfill this strict definition of a mystic are
Wordsworth and Blake” (Spurgeon, 1913). Spurgeon
is with the notion that from the romantic age, the
true mystic poets are only Wordsworth and William
Blake. He has claimed this for their works. Prelude book
4 is almost completely with the theme of mysticism. He
has been called as “Pantheist”. Pantheist is said to the
one who sees God in every creature. Therefore, many
critics are with the belief that Wordsworth was a poet who
discussed God in his poetry as he was discussing nature.
He was deeply in love with nature. This was mainly due
to his life in rural settings and time he spent there.
Of something far more deeply interfused,
Whose dwelling is the light of setting suns,
And the round ocean and the living air,
And the blue sky, and in the mind of man,
A motion and a spirit, that impels,
All thinking things, all objects of all thought,
And rolls through all things (Wordsworth, 1798).
English literature treated different themes in
different ages but the contribution of poetry has a big part
in it. The reason behind this is that poetic language is
very much accepted all the time. Shakespeare is well
known dramatist and his age was also known for
drama but he also putted his ideas in poetic form.
This is because that poetic language is highly aspirational
and is very much accepted all the time and all sort
of peoples. The teachings which are given in poetic
form are very much influential. Therefore, the big
names like Shakespeare, William Wordsworth and
Browning used the same way for mystical teachings and
experiences. Dr: A N Dhar is an Indian author who
has studied some poets to clear the concept of
mysticism. In his book “Mysticism in Literature” Dhar
talks about the poems of Patmore that he has
talked about personal experiences about the holy and
human love. He is talking about the style owned by
Patmore after started writing the mystic part of his
literature. Dhar says that ecstasy required for the mystical
writings is basically the enlightenment or clarity of thing
which can be found in the odes of him. There is a
dominant figure in the history of English literature which
can be called as one of the good experimenter in the
field of mysticism. The person is known as William
James which has tried to clear the concept of
mysticism. We can observe many of religious
experiences of William James in which is mystical in
nature and has furnish evidence in the content of its
reality. Although there are many philosophers which has
questioned the enteral concept of mysticism by
5. Theme of love and mysticism in English and Pakistani poetry with reference to Wordsworth and Shinwari’s Poetry
Int. J. Lit., Lang. Ling. 035
different means but still the experiences of William
James is enough to answer all the misconceptions
emerged (Dhar, 1985).
As we have already mentioned that there are
different beliefs in world regarding religion that is why
there are some similarities in different literatures and
their tendency towards religion. There are two major
concepts of mysticism, Eastern mysticism and Western
mysticism. In Western we have a foremost religion
called as Christianity and in East we have Islam as
the big religion. Same is the case in their literatures,
weather we have Christianity or we can see Islam mainly.
Therefore, we have two key sides of mysticism. As we
know that William James is a well-known mystic in
history of English literature, has the belief that the
mystic should not listen or give attention to the
peoples because he has his own belief about the
religion. There is one thing important which needs to
be mention that there is no specific age for a
mystic. He belongs to universal age. He will have the
same comments in every past of age when he is studied.
Moulana Jalaaluddin Rumi was a 13
th
century
Muslim Scholar, he said that “If there had not been love,
how could there have been existence” (Rumi, 1250).
Near to him, the existence of everything is cause to love.
He was with the certainty that the way of life is not
knowledge but the need of life is love. This love can
make a hell of heaven and heaven of hell. The
treatment of love is not related to one era or age, but it’s
a universal feature of all times literature. Sometimes it is
illustrated as love for religion, sometimes it shows the
concentration towards nature, sometime the loss of
“Romeo and Juliet” is shown in love and sometime it
is for the knowledge of “Dr Faustus”.
The study of various characters in Tamil and
Sanskrit love poetry must necessarily take into
account the literary form and some conventions that
govern them. The Carikam poems are lyrics or short
literary piece which deal with a particular aspect of
love and do not gives as much as to person as to
universality of the emotion concerned. When a
Carikam poet sings of youth and maiden falling in love,
he does not pay attention to their names (Nadarajah,
1994).
Sanskrit is considered the very old language in
the world. Nadarajah is an Asian writer, who has
studied about the Tamil and Sanskrit literature. He is
with the belief that the depiction of human love and
emotions is treated in Sanskrit literature too. It means
that love is treated in literature and given the same
importance to it in old ages too. As we know that love
is a universal phenomenon, therefore the way of its
depiction may be changed but the treatment of love
remained the same in all ages.
Adjacent to the different ages in English
literature, we also have different sort of love themes
in literature. In middle age the main themes were
affected due to the French literature because in
middle ages English literature was not that much
matured well. The themes were inspiring but they were
idealized sort of themes. The concept of knight and lady
was there. In renaissance age, the love themes were
without epical concept. The writers from that age have
somehow changed the concept of knights and ladies.
Love in this universe has different forms. There
are several types of love, which leads to different
conclusions. Love is when country, it turns to Patriotism.
When someone loves his nation, that leads to
nationalism. If you love your religion, that will surface you
to mysticism. The love of human beings turns
someone’s life from hell to heaven or heaven to
hell. The love of nature will make you pantheist. It means
that every sort of love or emotionally attachment in the
world will have at least some of the effect on lover’s
life, which may be positive or negative.
Human beings are interconnected to each
other’s with a strong link known as human emotions
and feelings. Feelings are only subjected to human
beings. The affection or the interest which tends any
one towards anything’s and emerged sympathies is
known as the love. From the very first day, love is
being depicted in literature in different forms. We can see
many of the dramas having major theme of love,
every poem has some ways to express love, many
of novels have the protagonist as love hero, etc. The
treatment of love theme is being changed from time
to time and person to person. Some of the writers
have taken this thing as a classic theme and other
treated it as tragic ending materials. Many of the
authors’ depicted love in their works as happy ending
factor while many of writers have used it as modern
technique of affairs.
Courtly love, or fine amor, began in
Provence in the 12
th
century, and spread through the
courts of Northern France, Italy and Germany. An
Aristocratic pastime, loves became members of the court
of love”, with its special rituals and routines. Andreas
Capellanus, a monk at court of Countess Marie of
Champagne, even codified the rules of love in De
Arte Honeste (On The Art of Honorable Loving). At the
same time, a whole love was created by troubadours. In
many ways, courtly love is remarkably similar to modern
notions of romantic love. The lover falls passionately at
first sight with the beloved. He suffers the pangs of love,
wishing to be worthily beloved. He may have to overcome
obstacles to gain her love. Often the love affairs, if
adulterous, has to be kept secret, But there are
important differences, so it is instructive to consider
the sources and literature of courtly love, before
examining the radical way in which Chaucer
revolutionarised the concept, parodying it through it
fabliaux and exposing its more disturbing elements
(Ward, 2009).
6. Theme of love and mysticism in English and Pakistani poetry with reference to Wordsworth and Shinwari’s Poetry
Ehsan et al. 136
From the day first, Love is the important part
of literature. According to some of writers “Love is Soul
of Literature”. In every piece of literature and every era
of time, the writers have somehow depicted the
theme of love in literature. At the start of English
literature, love was treated as the feature of
aristocratic class only. The courtly love concept was
there at that time. The feelings or emotions were only
limited to the court of kings and queens. Many of the
major plays and poems of 12
th
century are based on
courtly love experiences. King Arthur was fallen in love
for a lady and Guinevere fell for the love of Sir Lancelot
which emerged the concepts of courtly love. This
concept of love was not for the sack of marriages but
the purpose was only the happiness of beloved one.
Courtly love started shifting from aristocratic class to
lover class too in case of knighthood. The knight was the
person who used to fight and defend their countries
for the major purpose of making happy their beloved
one. There was no other major reason for his
fighting other than the joys or appreciation of his
beloved one. A little appreciation could make the
knight happy to an extent that he will may accept
that he is rewarded for his sacrifice. The medieval
age literature is full of the courtly love concept. Geoffrey
Chaucer has also discussed courtly love concept in
different of his works.
Love is universal human topic. Therefore love is
dominant issue in all types of poetry and literature all
times. For this reason a famous movie about love is
entitled “L ’Eternel Retour’’ medieval songs about love,
written, composed and performed by Provencal
troubadours, French trouveres and German
Minnesinger, where an important part of secular poetry
during the European Middle ages. More influential,
however the ideological concept of courtly love of “fine
amours and amour courtius” and “Hohe Minne” which
were outlined primarily in romances and lyric poetry. This
concept of courtly love is still in effect today, at
least in some aspects. Despite this enduring this
influence we do not know if or to what extent this
ideology of eroticism could be observed in the real
lives of medieval authors and their audiences
(GAUNT, 2006).
In common life the belief is found
everywhere that literature is something that only
discusses love. Somehow their perception about
literature is right because if we see from the start of
English literature, the theme of love is dominantly
found. Gaunt has given the reference from the depiction
of courtly love in different movies. The directors picked
this concept from the medieval age’s literature. Many of
medieval age works are the based on the kings and
queens and knights and ladies love stories.
Poetry is considered as the form of depicted love.
Courtly love concept was the major theme of many
prominent poems form medieval age. Major writers like
Geoffrey Chaucer have discussed this theme in many of
masterpiece works. King Arthurian writings are full of
courtly love stories. Squire from the Canterbury Tales
is presented as a love figure. The story of Queen of
France Blanche survived for a long time in literary
writings of medieval ages.
Romanticism is the age known for the theme of
love. In 18
th
century of history, English literature was
affected by the rising faith in Christianity and the
revolution of the age. The adventure and chivalry was
depicted as the subject in that age. The major change in
literature was the approach “the theme of Love” which
was used in different ways. The love for human beings,
love for religion, love for nature and love for nations
was saved in literature.
Hugo was 19
th
century critic and explained the
theme of love and its depiction in romantic age.
According to him, romantic age gave a birth to new ideas
and approach. The people were more educated and
matured, therefore the writers tried to bring such
innovation in their literature that can educate people
accordingly. (Katherine, Julie, & Rebecca, 2015).
Pashto literature is majorly having the theme
of mysticism because of the Sufi school of thoughts
the writers belonged to. The religion has great impact
on this part of literature. The religious preaching
affected it the most and groped it toward mystical
approach. The preserved Pashto literature is from the
same time when there was Renaissance era of
English literature. The next era of Pashto literature is
remembered as the time of Khoshal Khan Khattak age.
This time consisted of numerous big names like Rehman
Baba, Abdul Qadir Khattak, Qasim Khan Shaida, Ahmad
Shah Abdali etc. This era was basically the Pashto
Romantic Movement. This age was having all the
trends which came into English literature after 18
th
century (Khan, A brief history of Pashto literature, 2012).
Shinwari was admitted in a school in his
hometown, nut soon he was to leave the education
because of their family conditions. After leaving his
studies, he soon got married. He worked under political
British government for several years. After that he was
designated in railway department at that time. Soon he
was in love with a girl of his hometown to who he got
married when he was of 26. That girl died at the age
of 40. He wrote many of his poems after her name. That
is why he is also called as love poet too. Ameer Hamza
Shinwari was very fascinated with the love for his
language and his nation. He expressed his views about
nation and his language. “First be a good Pashtun and
you shall become a good human being, And only
when you become a good human being, will you
become a good Muslim, (Taqi, 2011)”. Hamza was
seeing the complete set of rules for human life in his
culture. According him, all the moral and ethical qualities
are there is true Pakhtoon society. In the above couplet,
7. Theme of love and mysticism in English and Pakistani poetry with reference to Wordsworth and Shinwari’s Poetry
Int. J. Lit., Lang. Ling. 037
Hamza is at the peak of his nationalism. He depicted his
love for nation in his poetry. He love his language upto
the limit that once he said about his language that
“enemy brands it as a language of hell, but I’ll go
to heaven with Pashto”. Ameer Hamza Shinwari talked
about his inclination toward mysticism. In his biography
he has mentioned that in start he was not attracted
toward mystical ideas but after maturity in his work,
he was attracted by an unknown force toward it. He
was the believer of “Those who identify themselves, they
recognize their God”. It means that first he was in the
love of creation and then he bends towards the love of
creature.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research has found how the works of two
different poets living in different continent and having
opposite cultural background are addressing the same
ideas and incorporating similar notions about mysticism
and love. This study is devised out of curiosity
weather William Wordsworth and Ameer Hamza
Shinwari’s poetry contains the elements of mysticism
and love. Many researchers have explored the poetry of
William Wordsworth and Ameer Hamza Shinwari’s
poetry. Even Hamza’s poetry has been translated into
English Language but the researcher is exploring the
poetry of two different poets belonging to different
cultural, religious and social background. This research
compared the poetry of William Wordsworth and Ameer
Hamza Shinwari in the context of Mysticism and love.
The reason for following this type of research is
basically the requirement for such studies. It is to
explore the thing from different angles. This study tries to
see the different dimension of his work and give the
proper and the required conclusion.
DISCUSSION ANALYSIS
Ameer Hamza Shinwari and William
Wordsworth are two poets pole away from each
other. There are some resemblances and some
variances in both the poets in their works which
became the part of English literature. Mainly there
are two themes which will be focused in this
discussion. As with the passage of time, human got his
different forms. As the human came to the world, there
was first love of Adam and Eve. After that when one
son of Adam killed his brother, curse came. Same were
the different appearances to the domain with the passage
of time.
The works of both the poets are showing the
concept that poets are having the organic relativity with
each other, no matter if they are from different ages
and different areas.
With disheveled hair, I saw her in a dream (last night);
Her well-being I desire (from God); as worried the
messenger came. (Ismail & Junaid)
From Nature and her overflowing soul
I had received so much, that all my thoughts
Were steeped in feeling; I was only then
Contented, when with bliss ineffable
I felt the sentiment of Being spread, (Wordsworth, The
complete
poetical works of William Wordsworth, 1904).
Ameer Hamza Shinwari in his poem Pakhwa
talks about a dream of last night. He is worried about
the condition of his beloved one which he calls
Nature and praying God for her relief. Here by
beloved he means the nature. He is worried for the
conditions of the world as he has love for past time.
Therefore, he is asking Devine force to save the nature.
He is talking about the Devine messenger who has told
him. On the other hand, William Wordsworth debates
about his thoughts for Nature. He is also conscious
about his feelings. He talks about the heavenly Nature.
In short, both of the poets are feeling for Nature. Both of
the poets were the in love with Nature. Due to cultural
differences, somehow their writings differ in their style. As
Pakhtoon are known for their straight forward language,
same is the case with Hamza Shinwari that he used
clear cut language when he wants to talk about
Almighty. While Wordsworth has many time used Nature
to talk about God.
With my youthful spirit; I go.
Forever shall I go with the valiant.
With friends of time; I go,
With my incomplete tales, I go.
Not that with the falling sun, I go.
Yet, My way is set upon the rising sun
For when I make the world; a Pakhtoon of age; (Ismail &
Junaid)
With every form of creature, as it looked
Towards the Uncreated with a countenance
Of adoration, with an eye of love,
One song they sang, and it was audible, (Wordsworth,
The complete
poetical works of William Wordsworth, 1904)
Hamza Shinwari longed for youth rather than
growing age. Near to him, after grown age many things
become change. The beauty of youth, the lust of early life
is of great importance. Therefore he first show love for
youth and then he admires the creature and the
creation in the way that he admires the golden days
of life. He is with the will that one day his sun will rise
up and his people will at dominancy which shows
his adoration towards his nation. On the other hand,
8. Theme of love and mysticism in English and Pakistani poetry with reference to Wordsworth and Shinwari’s Poetry
Ehsan et al. 138
William Wordsworth is sort of admiring different things
in different way. He talks about the Creator and the
creations. He shows off his attachment to Nature and its
ingredient in a way that he feels every song sang by it or
for it.
As earlier we talked about the cultural influences
in styles of writing, same are some other feature which
can be seen in their poetries. Pakhtoon people are
much known for their heroism which Hamza Shinwari
called as “Valiant” in his poetry. There was a different
concept of love in subcontinent before it was colonized
by English people, but after the ruling of British
government many things started changing. Love is
among one of those things. The European concept of
love is introduced in Subcontinent after that very
invading.
The second part of the content analysis is
the exploration of the next two poems of William
Wordsworth and Ameer Hamza Shinwari. The
discussion about Tintern Abbey and Gharib Nawaz is
being focused.
I have owed to them,
In hours of weariness, sensations sweet,
Felt in the blood, and felt along the heart,
And passing even into my purer mind
With tranquil restoration:—feelings too
Of unremembered pleasure; such, perhaps,
As may have had no trivial influence
On that best portion of a good man's life;
His little, nameless, unremembered acts
Of kindness and of love. Nor less, I trust,
To them I may have owed another gift,
Of aspect more sublime; that blessed mood,
In which the burthen of the mystery, (Wordsworth, A FEW
MILES
ABOVE TINTERN ABBEY, 1798)
“That I’m continually going for your foundling,
That’s why I’m reckless of all others.
You promised for the Day of Judgment shorter,
I’m distanced from this deception,
Those I’m singer for prestige of your existence.
In Your Prominence’s songs I’m perished.
But I am fanatic of Your Esteem (Shinwari, Translated
Poetry).
At this point in the first stanza, Wordsworth
is feeling something in his heart, in his soul and in
his sentiments. Here he wants to talk about the
goodness of the Nature and the presence of good
things which leads his thinking to the memorable
past and presence of Some One behind everything.
This thing according to Wordsworth can change the life
an individual. If there is virtue, it means there is the
worry of someone and this worry of a good man is
referring his concept to the religion that is a code of
life. Wordsworth talks about the goodness of a man
that is in the soul of human being if he believes in the
Creator.
On the other side, Hamza Shinwari is also
saying the same thing, but in very straight way. Here
Hamza Shinwari is not discussing nature while talking
about the Almighty. Hamza believes that the virtue is for
Almighty and due to Almighty. He directly confesses that
if I love You, I don’t need to love anyone else. Hamza
says that I’m not scared of any sort of deceptions or
sayings of Dooms day. Hamza is also happy with his
remembrance of God and considers it as an honor
for himself. He considered himself as a singer who
wants to sing for the prestige of Almighty.
CONCLUSION
As we know that Hamza Shinwari and
Wordsworth were having the same affinity for other things
like human beings have. They have this thing but
somehow differently. Hamza was in love with a girl in
his village and Wordsworth loved a girl known as
“Lucy”. Both have written many of poems after their
beloved in their early writings. A poem “Strange Fits of
passion” is written for Lucy then a girl from village
was blessed with a poem “Lewany (Crazy for Love)”.
If Wordsworth is in love with his sister, then Hamza
Shinwari has expressed his love for his nation and
his own language.
William Wordsworth and Ameer Hamza Shinwari
talked about human knowledge in depth. Near to them,
knowledge is not necessary to know about God. They
actually feel God in Nature. Hamza Shinwari and
Wordsworth are having their mystical belief that God
is not visible to physical eyes but one can notice Him
with his spiritual eyes. They feel the existence of God
there where they talk about the loneliness. Same is the
case when Hamza stated that I feel light in dark
night and if I’m going for His foundling then I have no
need to be worried about others. Wordsworth ironically
says that in a city or town, I’m lonely. By this he means
that I’m reckless of all and I’ve no need for others except
God.
Both of the writers have identity in their
thoughts but there are some cultural and
geographical factors which initiated some variances
concerning of them. William Wordsworth belonged from
England therefore many times he talked about the
mountains and valleys located there at the same
time Hamza Shinwari has also the affinity with these
things but he expressed his love for own geography.
The concept of love of human beings is
differs in both due to culture differences. In Pakistani
context, respect for parents, family, friends, elders and
everyone is consider as love while extra-marital
affairs are not allowed due to culture and religion. In
Europe the affairs are also known as love and their