Judicious use of bio-wastes can re-carbonize the biosphere, restore degraded soils and improve soil health, produce biofuels and other value addition industrial byproducts, and improve the environment. In this context, the importance of recycling bio-wastes (e.g., agricultural, municipal and industrial) to restore soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration and stock and improve soil health cannot be over-emphasized. Crop residues, 510-836 Tg yr-1. are a major source of Carbon, plant nutrients, biofuels and industrial raw materials.There is a strong need of enhancing the awareness about proper disposal and use of bio-wastes through environmental education.
Role of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Performance of Some Medicin...Premier Publishers
Medicinal plants are nutrient demanding plants for normal growth and to produce higher yield. The aim of this review is to assess and indicate the role of plant nutrients both organic and inorganic in some medicinal plants. Inorganic and/or organic fertilizers are needed to meet inadequate soil nutrients and the declining of soil fertility as a result of continuous cultivation. Maintaining soil organic matter concentration above the threshold level is critical for improving soil quality. A careful combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers is widely recognized strategy of integrated nutrient management to sustain agronomic productivity and improve soil fertility. The effects of organic fertilization and combined use of chemical and organic fertilizer on crop growth and soil fertility depend on the application rates and the nature of fertilizers used. Interestingly, applications of organic fertilizers to plants have been reported to increase the presence of bioactive compounds and antioxidants in them. On the other hand, inorganic fertilizers are crucial to increase the yield of medicinal plants like roselle within a short period of time. Most of the research conducted in plant nutrient demand for medicinal plants reported that integrated nutrient management for continuous and sustainable production of medicinal crop is necessary to gain quality products.
Development of wasteland under social forestry programmejaimangal tirkey
Development of Wasteland under Social Forestry Programme
The problem of wasteland has become a serious issue and it has increased with the development of technology for increasing the agricultural production (Swaminathan, 1997). The natural disturbances including the man-made problems, i.e. industrialization and urbanization, contribute to increasing trend of wastelands in various ways. The requirement by the increasing human population and cattle population and also the natural disasters cause the loss of natural resources and land degradation (Hegde, 1993).According to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 1992), the various forms of land degradation such as soil erosion, chemical poisoning, stalinization and loss through building or mining is of 5 to 7 million hectares from good cultivable lands
Wasteland
Wastelands include degraded forests, overgrazed pastures, drought-struck pastures, eroded valleys, hilly slopes, waterlogged marshy lands, barren land etc.
Types of Wastelands:
(a) Cultivable Wastelands
(b) Uncultivable Wastelands
Soil Health definition and relationship to soil biology
Characteristics of healthy soil
Assessment of soil health
Framework for evaluating soil health
Indicators
Types of indicators
Biological indicators
Role of biological indicators
Increased urbanization and industrialization in developing countries has created a huge demand for construction activities, which in turn has resulted in the fast growth of the brick-making industry. Unfortunately, brick-kilns are mostly situated on fertile agricultural land and moreover the process of digging soil from agricultural field for Brick industry is frequently accompanied by severe soil erosion, and destruction of mixed vegetation cover and grazing lands. Further transportation of raw materials for brick industry that is soil leads to environmental pollution by mixing of dust particles in the atmosphere along with Co2 accumulation during burning of fresh bricks. However the opportunity cost of selling top-soil for brick making is likely to increase as good quality soil for agriculture become more and more scare. Basic objectives of soil conservation measures are: (a) protection of surface from splash erosion, (b) increase in infiltration of rain water, (c) decrease in volume and velocity of surface and subsurface runoff, (d) modifying biological and mechanical measures to increase the resistance of soil erosion. Also foam bricks and concrete bricks can replace this problem. The present study investigates on the role of brick industry in the degradation of land and environment at Mallaram in Nizamabad District of Telangana. Furthermore, this investigation shows the increasing of agricultural density due to the above mention process.
Role of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Performance of Some Medicin...Premier Publishers
Medicinal plants are nutrient demanding plants for normal growth and to produce higher yield. The aim of this review is to assess and indicate the role of plant nutrients both organic and inorganic in some medicinal plants. Inorganic and/or organic fertilizers are needed to meet inadequate soil nutrients and the declining of soil fertility as a result of continuous cultivation. Maintaining soil organic matter concentration above the threshold level is critical for improving soil quality. A careful combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers is widely recognized strategy of integrated nutrient management to sustain agronomic productivity and improve soil fertility. The effects of organic fertilization and combined use of chemical and organic fertilizer on crop growth and soil fertility depend on the application rates and the nature of fertilizers used. Interestingly, applications of organic fertilizers to plants have been reported to increase the presence of bioactive compounds and antioxidants in them. On the other hand, inorganic fertilizers are crucial to increase the yield of medicinal plants like roselle within a short period of time. Most of the research conducted in plant nutrient demand for medicinal plants reported that integrated nutrient management for continuous and sustainable production of medicinal crop is necessary to gain quality products.
Development of wasteland under social forestry programmejaimangal tirkey
Development of Wasteland under Social Forestry Programme
The problem of wasteland has become a serious issue and it has increased with the development of technology for increasing the agricultural production (Swaminathan, 1997). The natural disturbances including the man-made problems, i.e. industrialization and urbanization, contribute to increasing trend of wastelands in various ways. The requirement by the increasing human population and cattle population and also the natural disasters cause the loss of natural resources and land degradation (Hegde, 1993).According to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 1992), the various forms of land degradation such as soil erosion, chemical poisoning, stalinization and loss through building or mining is of 5 to 7 million hectares from good cultivable lands
Wasteland
Wastelands include degraded forests, overgrazed pastures, drought-struck pastures, eroded valleys, hilly slopes, waterlogged marshy lands, barren land etc.
Types of Wastelands:
(a) Cultivable Wastelands
(b) Uncultivable Wastelands
Soil Health definition and relationship to soil biology
Characteristics of healthy soil
Assessment of soil health
Framework for evaluating soil health
Indicators
Types of indicators
Biological indicators
Role of biological indicators
Increased urbanization and industrialization in developing countries has created a huge demand for construction activities, which in turn has resulted in the fast growth of the brick-making industry. Unfortunately, brick-kilns are mostly situated on fertile agricultural land and moreover the process of digging soil from agricultural field for Brick industry is frequently accompanied by severe soil erosion, and destruction of mixed vegetation cover and grazing lands. Further transportation of raw materials for brick industry that is soil leads to environmental pollution by mixing of dust particles in the atmosphere along with Co2 accumulation during burning of fresh bricks. However the opportunity cost of selling top-soil for brick making is likely to increase as good quality soil for agriculture become more and more scare. Basic objectives of soil conservation measures are: (a) protection of surface from splash erosion, (b) increase in infiltration of rain water, (c) decrease in volume and velocity of surface and subsurface runoff, (d) modifying biological and mechanical measures to increase the resistance of soil erosion. Also foam bricks and concrete bricks can replace this problem. The present study investigates on the role of brick industry in the degradation of land and environment at Mallaram in Nizamabad District of Telangana. Furthermore, this investigation shows the increasing of agricultural density due to the above mention process.
Myself Vijay Kumar Shrivastav completed M.Sc. Agriculture (Agronomy) from G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology in 1996.
In this presentation I have covered the title " Waste lands and means to reclaim them"
This presentation covers various points related to Wastelands and means to reclaim them, wasteland, wasteland reclamation, classification of wastelands, need of wasteland reclamation, causes of land degradation, methods of wasteland reclamation, afforestation, reforestation, mulching, strip farming, terracing, contour ploughing, plant growth promoting bacteria, NWDB , (NATIONAL WASTELAND DEVELOPMENT BOARD), Jetropha plantation, constraints in Jetropha cultivation etc.
My YouTube channel name "JOURNEY WITH VIJAYKUMAR SHRIVASTAV" published contents and link as below :
1. Seed Science and Technology – Basics
Link : https://youtu.be/JxCJnmq3o8s
2. Seed Development Programs & Seed and Agricultural Organizations
Link : https://youtu.be/kWBc2Eobdxc
3. Principles of Hybrid seed Production
Link : https://youtu.be/6TvYhv4XG8c
4. An Introduction to Agriculture and Agronomy
Link : https://youtu.be/HM0WMe5X228
5. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress (Hindi) ( झारखण्ड के विभिन्न जलवायु क्षेत्र , वर्षा प्रणाली एवं अजैविक दबाव )
Link : https://youtu.be/sGG7AT6-EoY
6. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress
Link : https://youtu.be/00rL1Pj5Kkk
7. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming
Link : https://youtu.be/8UGR1RTJeVQ
8. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming (झारखण्ड की वर्षा पोषित कृषि , मुख्य फसलें , वर्षा जल संचयन और मत्स्य पालन) - In Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/mi4AwBvkAeg
9. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming
Link : https://youtu.be/1gxu6hmZ0us
10. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming ( झारखण्ड की मृदा उर्वरता की अवस्था , मिट्टी की स्वास्थ्य वृद्धि और जैविक खेती की अवधारणा )-In Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/9-R5c7_HDN8
11. Classification of crops
Link : https://youtu.be/VHC8izeI4cA
12. Seeds and sowing
Link : https://youtu.be/9DsWBOyBO0Q
13. Classification of crops (फसलों के वर्गीकरण )-Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/ySDb-Qs-rz8
14. Concept of Agro-forestry.mp4
Link : https://youtu.be/E5-xwdsLOiM
15. Wastelands and Means to Reclaim them
https://youtu.be/qbwT5DXoFUU
Comparative Study of Test Driven Development TDD , Behavior Driven Developmen...ijtsrd
TDD, BDD and ATDD were introduced by XP Extreme Programming is an agile software development framework. They are unit testing approaches. TDD, BDD and ATDD are a software development technique which uses unit tests to incrementally deliver small pieces of functionality. TDD is a developer focused process. In Test Driven Development TDD , first come tests and then the code. The minimal piece of code is written in order to pass the designed test. In other words, it is the process of testing the code before its accrual writing. If the code passes the test, then developers can proceed to its refactoring. Behavior Driven Development BDD is a customer focused process. It is based on the full and clear understanding of the system or module behavior but in the terms of business client. The tests for TDD are created by developers for developers. The test for BDD can be written by testers or technical managers. Acceptance Test Driven Development ATDD is towards the developer focused side of things. ATDD is a technique where the entire team collaborates to define the acceptance criteria of a story before the implementation actually begins. These acceptance tests are supported necessary information. Using the Given When Then format, ATDD approach can implement. Myint Myint Moe ""Comparative Study of Test-Driven Development (TDD), Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) and Acceptance Test–Driven Development (ATDD)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23698.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/23698/comparative-study-of-test-driven-development-tdd-behavior-driven-development-bdd-and--acceptance-test%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%80%9Cdriven-development-atdd/myint-myint-moe
EXTENT OF LAND DEGRADATION, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN UTTAR PRADESHPrashant Sharma
Land degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land. Evaluating the precise magnitude of soil degradation and its impact on the environment
Best Practices In Land And Water ManagementJosé Jump
Government organizations need to serve farmer clients in more interdisciplinary and participatory ways
Re-orient agriculture and rural development programmes to promote and nurture active participation of farmers and their organizations
Target the production chain: GAP-LWM productivity + food quality markets health and nutrition
Participatory research and support services to facilitate transition from conventional agriculture to GAP-LWM
Restructure inappropriate macro-economic and agricultural policies
Adopt policies that promote and enforce sustainable and productive land and water use through GAP protocols
Protect the integrity of agricultural families – land tenure, build on indigenous knowledge, promote youth in agriculture, reduce labour/drudgery
Adjust legislation to facilitate initiatives of local groups adopting GAP (help meet their needs)
Improving Fruit Quality and Nutritional Value of Deglet Nour dates subjected ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
A field study was carried out during the two consecutive years (2015-2016) in the region of Biskra, southern east of Algeria on date palms of Deglet-Nour variety, grown in a salty environment. To study the combined effect of salinity and phospho-potassium fertilization on the quality and nutritional value of dates, two sites of different salinity, occupied by 54 date palms variety Deglet-Nour has been selected. The palms were fertilized by receiving three doses of potassium (0, 2 and 3 kg / palm) as potassium sulphate K 2 SO 4 (50%) combined with three levels of phosphorus (0, 1 and 2 kg / palm) as superphosphate (TSP 46%). The results revealed that applying 2 kg of potassium/palm in an excessively salty environment and 3 kg/palm in a low or unsalted environment associated to 1 kg of phosphorus in the two different cases of salinity of the two sites S1 and S2 improving the fruit traits.
Myself Vijay Kumar Shrivastav completed M.Sc. Agriculture (Agronomy) from G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology in 1996.
In this presentation I have covered the title " Waste lands and means to reclaim them"
This presentation covers various points related to Wastelands and means to reclaim them, wasteland, wasteland reclamation, classification of wastelands, need of wasteland reclamation, causes of land degradation, methods of wasteland reclamation, afforestation, reforestation, mulching, strip farming, terracing, contour ploughing, plant growth promoting bacteria, NWDB , (NATIONAL WASTELAND DEVELOPMENT BOARD), Jetropha plantation, constraints in Jetropha cultivation etc.
My YouTube channel name "JOURNEY WITH VIJAYKUMAR SHRIVASTAV" published contents and link as below :
1. Seed Science and Technology – Basics
Link : https://youtu.be/JxCJnmq3o8s
2. Seed Development Programs & Seed and Agricultural Organizations
Link : https://youtu.be/kWBc2Eobdxc
3. Principles of Hybrid seed Production
Link : https://youtu.be/6TvYhv4XG8c
4. An Introduction to Agriculture and Agronomy
Link : https://youtu.be/HM0WMe5X228
5. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress (Hindi) ( झारखण्ड के विभिन्न जलवायु क्षेत्र , वर्षा प्रणाली एवं अजैविक दबाव )
Link : https://youtu.be/sGG7AT6-EoY
6. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress
Link : https://youtu.be/00rL1Pj5Kkk
7. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming
Link : https://youtu.be/8UGR1RTJeVQ
8. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming (झारखण्ड की वर्षा पोषित कृषि , मुख्य फसलें , वर्षा जल संचयन और मत्स्य पालन) - In Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/mi4AwBvkAeg
9. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming
Link : https://youtu.be/1gxu6hmZ0us
10. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming ( झारखण्ड की मृदा उर्वरता की अवस्था , मिट्टी की स्वास्थ्य वृद्धि और जैविक खेती की अवधारणा )-In Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/9-R5c7_HDN8
11. Classification of crops
Link : https://youtu.be/VHC8izeI4cA
12. Seeds and sowing
Link : https://youtu.be/9DsWBOyBO0Q
13. Classification of crops (फसलों के वर्गीकरण )-Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/ySDb-Qs-rz8
14. Concept of Agro-forestry.mp4
Link : https://youtu.be/E5-xwdsLOiM
15. Wastelands and Means to Reclaim them
https://youtu.be/qbwT5DXoFUU
Comparative Study of Test Driven Development TDD , Behavior Driven Developmen...ijtsrd
TDD, BDD and ATDD were introduced by XP Extreme Programming is an agile software development framework. They are unit testing approaches. TDD, BDD and ATDD are a software development technique which uses unit tests to incrementally deliver small pieces of functionality. TDD is a developer focused process. In Test Driven Development TDD , first come tests and then the code. The minimal piece of code is written in order to pass the designed test. In other words, it is the process of testing the code before its accrual writing. If the code passes the test, then developers can proceed to its refactoring. Behavior Driven Development BDD is a customer focused process. It is based on the full and clear understanding of the system or module behavior but in the terms of business client. The tests for TDD are created by developers for developers. The test for BDD can be written by testers or technical managers. Acceptance Test Driven Development ATDD is towards the developer focused side of things. ATDD is a technique where the entire team collaborates to define the acceptance criteria of a story before the implementation actually begins. These acceptance tests are supported necessary information. Using the Given When Then format, ATDD approach can implement. Myint Myint Moe ""Comparative Study of Test-Driven Development (TDD), Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) and Acceptance Test–Driven Development (ATDD)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23698.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/23698/comparative-study-of-test-driven-development-tdd-behavior-driven-development-bdd-and--acceptance-test%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%80%9Cdriven-development-atdd/myint-myint-moe
EXTENT OF LAND DEGRADATION, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN UTTAR PRADESHPrashant Sharma
Land degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land. Evaluating the precise magnitude of soil degradation and its impact on the environment
Best Practices In Land And Water ManagementJosé Jump
Government organizations need to serve farmer clients in more interdisciplinary and participatory ways
Re-orient agriculture and rural development programmes to promote and nurture active participation of farmers and their organizations
Target the production chain: GAP-LWM productivity + food quality markets health and nutrition
Participatory research and support services to facilitate transition from conventional agriculture to GAP-LWM
Restructure inappropriate macro-economic and agricultural policies
Adopt policies that promote and enforce sustainable and productive land and water use through GAP protocols
Protect the integrity of agricultural families – land tenure, build on indigenous knowledge, promote youth in agriculture, reduce labour/drudgery
Adjust legislation to facilitate initiatives of local groups adopting GAP (help meet their needs)
Improving Fruit Quality and Nutritional Value of Deglet Nour dates subjected ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
A field study was carried out during the two consecutive years (2015-2016) in the region of Biskra, southern east of Algeria on date palms of Deglet-Nour variety, grown in a salty environment. To study the combined effect of salinity and phospho-potassium fertilization on the quality and nutritional value of dates, two sites of different salinity, occupied by 54 date palms variety Deglet-Nour has been selected. The palms were fertilized by receiving three doses of potassium (0, 2 and 3 kg / palm) as potassium sulphate K 2 SO 4 (50%) combined with three levels of phosphorus (0, 1 and 2 kg / palm) as superphosphate (TSP 46%). The results revealed that applying 2 kg of potassium/palm in an excessively salty environment and 3 kg/palm in a low or unsalted environment associated to 1 kg of phosphorus in the two different cases of salinity of the two sites S1 and S2 improving the fruit traits.
Soil degradation in india and solutions, presentation for educational purpose only. Prepared by Nilakshi, Neshab, Manami, Tapan Moran and Biplab Sarma of Dept. Of Env. Scince, Gauhati University
Impact of wastewater irrigation on major nutrient status in soil near Bhaluka...AbdullaAlAsif1
The population increase has not only increased the fresh water demand but also increased the volume of wastewater generated. Treated or recycled wastewater (RWW) appears to be the only water resource that is increasing as other sources are dwindling. Increasing need for water has resulted in the emergence of domestic wastewater application for agriculture and its relative use. The present study was conducted at the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during 2013 to evaluate the contribution of wastewater to major soil nutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na) and fluctuation in physicochemical properties of soil (soil pH and Ec) from waste carrying canal at 10 selected sites of Bhaluka Upazila. Three (3) soil samples were collected at 0, 30 and 60 m distances from the waste discharging canals. The pH, EC, N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na in soil samples decreased gradually with the increase of distance from waste discharging canal. Maximum concentrations of N at 60 and 0m distance varied from 8400 to 9700, P from 1850 to 5000, K from 4600 to 6000, S from 2000 to 4000, Ca from 7500 to 28800, Mg from 7500 to 7800, B from 90 to 2800 and Na from 2300 to 3100 μg g-1 in test soil.The results showed better nutrient status of the soil along waste discharge canals. The findings give applicable advice to commercial farmers and agricultural researchers for proper management and use of treated industrial wastewater for agricultural purpose.
Effect of organic and inorganic amendments for enhancing health of ravinous s...Harihar8
The experiment will be conducted in earthen pots ( medium size ) and the amendments will be applied to each pot as per treatment there will be 12 treatment in three replications and there will be 36 pots in all. The soil of ravines will be filled ( 7.5 kg ) will be incubated at field moisture content for one month to complete the soil reaction / decomposition. After one month the seeds (10) of testing crop (oat) will be placed and after harvest of the crop soil will be analyzed for different physio-chemical properties.
Conservation agriculture is based on maximizing yield and to achieve a balance of agricultural, economic and environmental benefits.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity
Presentation by DR.Amitava Rakshit on building blocks for policy design to ...BHU,Varanasi
International Workshop on “Bridging Development Divide for Inclusive Growth through Science, Technology and Innovation” being organised by DST-Centre for Policy Research, BBA Central University, Lucknow, India
Title-Role of forestry in restoration of degraded lands.pptxSagar Chaudhary
The word "land degradation" refers to the state of land resources such as water, soil, and vegetation that has changed to an unfavorable one. Land degradation is mostly caused by mining, deforestation, intensive farming practices, and overgrazing. An estimated two billion hectares of forests worldwide are considered degraded and in need of restoration. Numerous limitations and difficulties hinder the repair efforts. When it comes to land restoration, forestry is frequently seen as a sensible and sustainable choice. It exposes the right kind of restoration work to do and what makes a program successful. By reclaiming degraded land, one can plant appropriate tree species and transform sterile, barren wasteland into one that is fruitful and fit for farming and habitation. The restoration of degraded and wasteland areas is accomplished by a variety of management strategies and methodologies, such as forest interventions, agroforestry systems, and reforestation techniques.
It's overall concept of conservation agriculture.
How it is sustainable for our natural agriculture resource it tell us with also economic benefits.
If you like my efforts in this then like .
DHANYAVAD
Role of watershed management in reducing soil erosion zewde azewde alemayehu
Soil is one of the most important and essential natural resources. Soils offer plants physical support, air, water, temperature moderation, nutrients, and protection from toxins. Soils provide readily available nutrients to plants and animals by converting dead organic matter into various nutrient forms.
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
For the determination of Ca+ Mg both together, the versenate titration method is most popularly used in which EDTA (Ethelyne diamine tetra acetic acid) disodium salt solution is used to chelate them.
The two cations can also be precisely estimated in water sample using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) but for all practical purposes versenate titration method is good enough.
Calcium alone can also be estimated by versenate method using ammonium purpurate (murexide) indicator and thus Mg can be obtained by deduction of Ca from Ca+Mg content.
Calcium estimation can be done on flame photometer also but the precision is not very high. The formation of Ca and Mg complexes is at pH 10 is achieved by using ammonium hydroxide-ammonium chloride buffer.
Presence of high percentage of exchangeable sodium in soils produced alkali conditions- high pH and poor soil structure. Reclamation of such soils involves the use of gypsum in the form of powder. A useful and rough measure of exchangeable Ca (plus Mg) in soils and the amounts of gypsum required to replace the sodium as an initial step in soil reclamation consists of adding a given amount of saturated solution of gypsum to a weighed amount of soil and by versenate titration, determining the combined Ca and Mg left in solution at equilibrium. The amount of Ca adsorbed by the soil (initial Ca in solution – Ca +Mg in solution after equilibration with soil) is a measure of the gypsum requirement of the soil.
Carbonate and bicarbonate ions in the sample can be determined by titrating it with against standard sulphuric acid (H2SO4) using phenolphthalein and methyl orange as indicators.
Potassium in solution is atomized to flame and the flame excites atom of potassium causing them to emit radiation at specific wavelength. The amount of radiation emitted is directly proportional to concentration of the solution and it is measured in a flame photometer with suitable filter, which transmits only potassium wavelength (768 nm red filter).
Organic carbon in organic matter is oxidized by known but excess of chromic acid. The excess chromic acid not reduced by organic matter is determined by back titration with standard ferrous sulphate solution, using diphenylamine or ferroin indicator. The organic carbon content in soil is calculated from the chromic acid utilized (reduced) by it.
Determination of soil available nitrogen by Alkaline
permanganate method (Subbiah and Asija, 1956).
Nitrogen is necessary for all forms of life. It is most important
essential plant nutrient for crop production as it is constituted the building blocks of almost all the plant structures.
This ppt is about the distribution of wasteland and problem soils. Those lands are wastelands which are ecologically unstable,
whose topsoil has nearly been completely lost, and
which have developed toxicity in the root zones or growth of most plants, both annual crops and trees”.
Sulfur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16 with atomic mass 32.065.
It is abundant, multivalent, brittle, yellow, tasteless, odourless and non-metallic element.
Sulfur is the tenth most common element by mass in the universe, and the fifth most common on Earth.
In the Bible, sulfur is called brimstone .
Today, almost all elemental sulfur is produced as a by product of removing sulfur-containing contaminants from natural gas and petroleum.
Most soil sources of S are in the organic matter and therefore concentrated in the top soil or low layer.
Under normal conditions, sulfur atom forms cyclic octatomic molecules with a chemical formula S8.
Sulphur is the most abundent and widely distributed element in the nature and found both in free as well as combined states.
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
Plant need water, air, light, suitable temperature and 17 essential nutrients for growth and development in the right combination. When plant suffers from malnutrition, exhibits symptoms of being unhealthy reliable nutrient recommendations are dependent upon accurate soil tests and crop nutrient calibrations based on extensive field research. An important part of crop production is being able to identify and prevent plant nutrient deficiencies. Optimization of pistachio productivity and quality requires an understanding of the nutrient requirements of the tree, the factors that influence nutrient availability and the methods used to diagnose and correct deficiencies. Several methods for nutritional diagnosis using leaf tissue analysis have been proposed and used, including the critical value (CV), the sufficiency range approach (SRA), and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). de both soil and tissues analysis. Renewed and intensified efforts are in progress to identify nutrient constraints using latest diagnostic tools and managing them more precisely through intervention of geospatial technologies (GPS, GIS etc.). There have been consistent concerns about the relegated fertilizer use efficiency, warranting further the revision of ongoing practices, and adoption of some alternative strategies. Diagnosis of nutrient constraints and their effective management has, therefore, now shifted in favour of INM.
Indian agriculture feels the pain of fatigue of green revolution.
In the past 50 years, the fertilizer consumption exponentially increased from 0.5 (1960’s) to 24 million tonnes (2013) that commensurate with four-fold increase in food grain output (254 million tonnes) In order to achieve a target of 300 million tonnes of food grains and to feed the burgeoning population of 1.4 billion in 2025, the country will require 45 million tonnes of nutrients as against a current consumption level of 23 million tonnes. The sustainable agriculture and precision farming both are the urgent issues and hence the suitable agro-technological interventions are essential (e.g., nano and biotechnology) for ensuring the safety and sustainability of relevant production system.
Indian agriculture is passing through difficult times due to erractic weather conditions, especially drought and excessive rainfall, there by resulting into wide spread distress among farmers.
The average income of an agricultural household during July 2012 to June 2013 was as low as Rs.6,426.
As many as 22.50% of the farmers live below poverty line, the country also witnessed a sharp increase in the number of farmers suicides due to losses from farming and low farm income.
Farming in India is becoming hard and unsuccessful due to several causes like unexpected rainfalls,droughts, increased cost of cultivation due to pests and diseases, decrease in productivity of land, unavailability of water etc..
Farmers get very low income for their produce due to prevailing market prices that are very unstable.
Decline in Agriculture productivity and Income has a serious effect on rural house holds, and other economic, social as well as sustainability indicators.
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Restoring Soil And Water Resources By Judicious Management Of Agricultural And Urban Waste.
1.
2. Master seminar on
Restoring Soil And Water Resources By Judicious
Management Of Agricultural And Urban Waste.
Presented by,
Sarpe S.V.
2018A/113M
Seminar incharge,
Dr. Syed Ismail ,
Head,
Dept. Soil science and agricultural
chemistry, Parbhani
Research Guide,
Dr. A.L.Dhamak
Associate professor,
Dept. Soil science and agricultural
chemistry, Parbhani
3. Contents:
Introduction
Concept of soil and water restoration
Soil Degradation
Resource of water
Loss of water resources : water pollution and water erosion
Use of organic mulches in agriculture
Agricultural and urban wastes and their management
Case studies
Conclusion
4. Introduction:
India's present population of 1.372 billion is increasing at the
rate of 1.18% yr-1.
India's food grain production of 281 million tonnes (Mt) in
2019 has to be increased from lesser arable land area, higher
fertilizer use and reduced consumption of water for
supplementary irrigation.
Total geographical area of India is 328.73 million hectare
(MHz), 304.89 million hectare (MHz) comprise the reporting
area and 264.5 million hectare (MHz) only is under lies for
agriculture, forestry, pasture and other biomass production.
5. Furthermore, degraded soils, affecting land area of 147 million
hectare (Mha) including 94 Mha from water erosion, 16 Mha from
acidification, 14 Mha from flooding, 9 Mha from wind erosion, 6
Mha from salinity, 7 Mha from a combination factors , must be
restored and risks of any new soil degradation minimized.(Kurrey
et.al., 2016).
This is extremely serious because India supports 18% of world’s
human population and 15% of the world’s livestock population, but
has only 2.4% of world’s land area (Bhattacharyya et.al.,2015).
Rather than in-field burning and used as traditional
fuel, composting and using as mulch can reduce risks of erosion and
improve soil health.
Similarly, dung production in India, also a rich source of Carbon and
nutrients, must be recycled as manure and used in bioreactors to
produce methane.
6. Wasted grains, fruits and vegetables must also be composted and used as
a soil amendments.
Judicious use of bio-wastes can re-carbonize the biosphere, restore
degraded soils and improve soil health, produce biofuels and other value
addition industrial byproducts, and improve the environment (Lal , 2017).
In this context, the importance of recycling bio-wastes (e.g., agricultural,
municipal and industrial) to restore soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration
and stock and improve soil health cannot be over-emphasized.
Crop residues, 510-836 Tg yr-1. are a major source of Carbon, plant
nutrients, biofuels and industrial raw materials. (Lal ,2017)
There is a strong need of enhancing the awareness about proper disposal
and use of bio-wastes through environmental education ( Lal , 2017).
7. Concept of Soil and water Restoration :
Restoration is the process of bringing an object back to its original state; the
process of restoring something (David ,2013).
Soil restoration (SR) is the technique of enhancing compacted soils to
improve their porosity and nutrient retention by applying soil amendments.
(Sample ,2013)
Soil restoration includes improve soil quality, increases soil productivity,
restore degraded soils, restore soil nutrients, enrichment of poor soil and
maintain soil health.
Water restoration (WR) also refer reclamation of toxic substances from
water bodies as well as to improve the environmental health of the water
resources.
8. How Does Soil Restoration Work?
The intent of soil restoration is to improve soil structure by
increasing porosity for root growth and microbial activity, and
to provide a source of organic substrate to retain more water
and nutrients for plant uptake.
Soil restoration provides runoff reduction in the form of
increased porosity and water-holding capacity of the soil
(Sample, 2013).
Compost, the most common soil amendment, contains a
mixture of organic matter that enhances soil structure,
infiltration, root growth, and water-holding capacity and
reduces soil compaction.
9. SOIL DEGRADATION:
Soil degradation is the decline in soil condition caused by its
improper use or poor management, usually for agricultural,
industrial, or urban purposes.
The rate of adverse change in soil qualities (such as nutrient
status, soil depth, concentration of salts etc.), resulting in
decline in productive capacity of land due to processes induced
mainly by human interventions (UNEP,1992).
10. Table 1.Estimates of degraded and wasteland soils of India
Types of degradation Area (Mha)
Water erosion 23.62
Wind erosion 8.89
Chemical degradation 22.76
Physical degradation 46.77
Others 12.17
Total 114.21
Total land area 328.2
(Source: Lal ,2017, Journal of Indian society of Soil Science,65:105-117)
11. Fig.1. Types of soil degradation:
(Source: Lal, Sustainability,2015,7:5875-5895)
13. Table 2.Soil fertility index for Parbhani, Marathwada region :
Place
Parbhani
Total No.
Of
Samples
Very
Low
Low Medium Slightly
High
High Very
High
Fertility
Index
Organic
Carbon
462 24 114 155 119 39 11 1.57
Phosphorus 462 1 156 305 0 0 0 1.33
Potassium 462 5 4 6 15 11 421 2.89
(Source: Dhawan et.al., soil resource inventory of Marathwada, 2002)
15. Water Resources :
Water resources are the natural resources of water that are
potentially useful.
Uses of water include agriculture, industrial, household,
recreational and environmental activities.
97% of the water on the earth is salt water and only 3% is
fresh water; slightly over 2/3times of the frozen glaciers and
polar ice caps.
The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as
groundwater, with only a small fraction present above
ground or the air.
16. Loss of water resources:
The maximum loss of water resources by 2 phenomenon:
I. Due to water pollution
II. Due to water erosion
Water pollution :
Water pollution is contamination of water bodies,
usually as a result of human activities.
17. Source of water pollution:
(source: Singh et.al., 2016)
Urbanization
Sewage and other oxygen demanding wastes
Industrial wastes
Agro- chemical wastes
Nutrient enrichment
Thermal pollution
Oil spills
The disruption of sediments
Acid rain pollution
Radioactive waste
18. Control measures of water pollution:
Diversion and treatment of municipal wastewater
Proper discharge of industrial waste water
Optimizing irrigation, cropping patterns, and farming practices should be
encourage for judicious use of water.
All towns and cities must have sewage treatment plants that cleans up the
sewage effluents.
Improper use of fertilizers, pesticides should be stopped and proper use of
organic methods of farming should be adopted.
Rain water harvesting should be practiced to prevent the depletion of water
table.
19. Water Erosion :
Water erosion is the detachment and removal of soil materials
by water.
The process may be natural or accelerated by human activity.
The rate of erosion is very slow or rapid, depending on the soil,
the local landscape and weather conditions.
Management strategies of minimizing water erosion :
Maintain or increase the cover crop of plants or litter on the
soil through application of good agricultural practice.
Reduce soil surface disturbance, specially in arid regions.
Increase the rate of water infiltration and improving or
maintaining quality of plant community.
20. Agronomical practices to control water erosion :
Contour cropping
Strip cropping
a) contour strip cropping
b) field strip cropping
c) buffer strip cropping
Mulching :
Types of mulching material are : Cut grasses or
foliage, straw materials, wood chips, saw dust, papers,
stones, glass wools, plastics.
21. Use of organic mulch in Agriculture:
The trees branches, twinges, leaves, leaf litter, grasses, straw,
weed etc uses as organic mulches to cover the soil surface.
The organic mulches found superior in response of
conservation of moisture, reduction in evaporation and runoff.
Use of this mulch controls the evaporation more effectively,
particularly when rainfall takes place at frequent intervals.
22. Agricultural and urban wastes:
Agricultural wastes are defined as the residues from the growing and
processing of raw agricultural products such as fruits, vegetables, meat,
poultry, dairy products, and crops.
They are the non-product outputs of production and processing of
agricultural products that may contain material that can benefit man but
whose economic values are less than the cost of collection, transportation,
and processing for beneficial use (Obi et.al.,2016).
Wastes, such as sewage sludge, agricultural wastes, municipal solid waste
(MSW), food and kitchen waste, garden wastes, agro-industrial wastes,
animal wastes, etc. Can be generally classified as solid organic wastes
comprising of organic biodegradable fraction with a moisture content below
85–90% (Mata-Alvarez et al., 2000).
23. Wide range of water containing biomass-Carbon, recyclable plant
nutrients and waters:
(Source: Kachhave, 2002. Soil resource inventory of Marathwada, 2002,
Lal,2017.JISSS,vol.65(2), pp 105-230. 2017)
Byproducts and waters containing Biomass-Carbon and plant nutrients
1. Agricultural byproducts
2. Urban and industrial wastes and byproducts
1.Agricultural byproducts:
A) Crops, Horticultural and forestry
B) Livestock ,fish and poultry
24. A) Crops, Horticultural and poultry:
a) Fruits and vegetables
b) Crops and Forests
Crop wastes are cereals, pulses, oil seeds, fibers, sugarcane and others.
Rice: Straw, Husk, Rice husk ash
Sugarcane : Trash, bagases, fly ash, molasses, waste
Others: wheat, pulses
Forest: Byproducts, sawdust, Twig, branches.
B)Livestock, fish, and poultry
a) Dung
b) Manure
25. 2.Urban and industrial wastes and byproducts :
A)Municipal waste
a) MSW: Municipal solid waste
b) MWW: Municipal waste waste
B) Industrial Effluents:
a) Solid
b) Liquid
26. Table 3. Total Potential of crop residue production in India :
Crop Buragohain
et.al.,(2010)
Milhau and
Fallot
(2013)
Hiloidhari
et.al.,(2014)
Jain
et.al.,(2014)
Cardeon
et.al., (2015)
(Tg yr-1) (Tg yr-1) (Tg yr-1) (Tg yr-1) (Tg yr-1)
Cereals 318.0 332.5 367.6 361.9 382.7
Oilseeds 22.0 44.5 48.8 28.7 50.1
Pulses 18.0 24.6 17.9 - 17.7
Sugarcane 132.0 116.4 110.6 107.5 131.7
Horticulture 5.8 14.2 61.4 - 136.6
Fibre 14.9 39.6 79.8 122.4 41.5
Total 510.7 571.8 686.0 620.5 760.3
(source: Journal of the Indian Society Of Soil Science,2017 65(2):105-230 )
27. Fig 3. The share of utilization residues generated by different
crops in India :
(Source: Devi et.al.,2017, Open agriculture.2017;2:486-494)
28. Fig 4. State wise production of sewage in India:
(source: Central Pollution Control Board bulletin vol.1, updated on 6th December 2016).
29. FIG 5. TYPES OF MSW :
(Source :Patel, 2019 Solid waste management in India.)
30. FIG 6. COMPOSITION OF MSW IN INDIA (% OF TOTAL) :
(Source: Task Force on Waste to Energy, Planning Commission,2014 )
31. Table 4. Quantity and Quality of Municipal Solid Waste generated at
different cities in Maharashtra
Cites Area
(Km2 )
Waste
Quantity
(TPD)
Rate
(kg/c/day)
Recyclables
(%)
Moisture
(%)
Nashik 269 200 39.52 25.11 62
Mumbai 286 574 52.44 22.33 43
Nagpur 218 504 47.41 15.53 41
Pune 244 1175 62.44 16.66 63
Greater
Mumbai
437 5320 62.44 16.66 54
(Source: Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), management of municipal solid waste (Ministry of
Environment and Forests, New Delhi: India, 2004)
32. Table 5. Total crop residue generation (tonnes) in major states of India
during 2014-15:
State/ UT Rice Wheat Coarse
Cereal
Pulse Oil
seed
Sugar
cane
cotton Jute &
Mesta
Total
Uttar
Pradesh
14.3 31.3 6.1 2.2 0.9 54.4 0.00 0.00 109.2
Maharashtr
a
3.4 1.5 7.6 2.7 3.1 32.1 2.3 0.00 52.7
Madhya
Pradesh
4.2 17.6 5.1 7.3 8.4 1.8 0.6 0.00 45.0
Andhra
Pradesh &
Telangana
13.5 0.0 8.1 1.8 1.3 5.2 2.2 0.02 32.1
Punjab 13.0 19.6 0.9 0.1 0.1 2.8 0.5 0.00 36.9
Kerala 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.00 0.7
(source: Devi et.al., 2017 Data provided by Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation)
33. Fig 7. The trend of crop residue generation in India:
34. Agricultural and urban wastes Management :
Collection and storage of Agricultural and urban wastes
Composting
Vermicomposting
Biomethenation ( anaerobic digestion)
Land filling of MSW
Integrated solid waste management
35. Table 6. Manurial potential of livestock and human extracta :
Animal Population
(million)
Dairy extracta Manuarial potential (million
tons yr-1)
Dung (kg) Urine (L) N P2O5 K2O
Cattle 197.3 11.6 7.6 3.24 1.255 2.086
Buff low 75.0 - - - - -
Sheep & goats
(54.5,110.0) 164.6 0.3 0.2 0.317 0.092 0.035
Pigs 10.4 2.0 2.0 0.076 0.045 0.053
Poultry 310.0 0.068 - 0.062 0.046 0.023
Other livestock 4.0 5.0 3.3 0.093 0.022 0.026
Human being 850.0 0.133 1.2 4.380 1.053 0.970
Total - - - 8.168 2.483 3.193
(source: Gaur et.al.,1984 organic manure, ICAR, New Delhi )
37. Case study:1
Table 7. Grain Yield of rice as affected by mulch application:
Treatments Yield (kg ha-1) Mean
1989 1990
Mulching
No mulching 13.5 17.1 15.3
Straw mulching 15.1 18.8 17.0
C.D. at 5% NS 11.1 -
(Source: Singh et.al.,2003; Annual agricultural research New series 24(4): 900-903)
Location:
38. Case study:2 Table 8 . Increased in yield of fruit crops through plastic mulching
Crop Yield (t ha-1) Increased In Yield ( % )
Unmulched Mulched
Guava 18.36 23.12 25.93
Mango 4.93 7.16 45.23
Papaya 73.24 120.29 64.24
Ber 7.02 8.92 27.06
Pineapple 10.25 11.75 14.63
Banana 53.99 73.32 33.95
Litchi 111.0 125.0 12.61
(Source: Patil et.al., 2013, Research journal of agriculture and forestry sciences. ISSN 1(3): 26-29)
Location : New Delhi
39. Case study:3
Table 9. Increased in yield of vegetable crops through plastic mulching :
Crop Yield (t ha-1) Increased In Yield ( % )
Unmulched Mulched
Broccoli 15.64 25.14 60.74
Cauliflower 18.58 25.02 34.66
Brinjal 36.73 47.06 28.12
Tomato 69.10 94.85 37.26
Okra 6.91 8.56 23.88
Bitter guard 20.12 25.63 27.39
Chilli 16.79 19.71 17.39
(Source: Patil et.al., 2013, Research journal of agriculture and forestry sciences. ISSN 1(3) 26-29)
Location : New Delhi
40. Treatments Total MACRO nutrient acquisition
(g pot-1)
Total MICRO nutrient acquisition
(g pot-1)
N P K S Fe Mn Zn Cu
T1-100% urea N 0.43 0.10 0.49 0.12 2.79 0.98 3.02 0.31
T2-100% parthenium compost
nutrient
0.29 0.07 0.34 0.07 1.95 0.60 1.80 0.12
T3-75% urea N + 25% parthenium
compost nutrient
0.48 0.13 0.53 0.14 3.33 2.07 2.25 0.46
T4-50% urea N + 50% parthenium
compost nutrient
0.54 0.14 0.56 0.17 4.28 0.75 2.86 0.50
T5-25% Urea N + 75% parthenium
compost nutrient
0.34 0.09 0.39 0.08 4.73 2.20 1.96 0.60
T6-75% Urea N + 23% parthenium
compost nutrient + Azatobactor
chrooccum
0.58 0.14 0.58 0.18 3.38 1.80 2.88 0.54
50% urea N + 50% parthenium
compost nutrient + Azatobactor
chrooccum
0.67 0.16 0.68 0.22 3.76 3.31 3.15 0.70
T7-25% urea N + 75% parthenium
compost nutrient + Azatobactor
chrooccum
0.60 0.15 0.61 0.19 5.20 1.43 2.37 0.60
SEM+ 0.014 0.005 0.016 0.006 0.351 0.239 0.108 0.06
CD (p=0.05) 0.035 0.013 0.041 0.012 0.868 0.519 0.267 NS
Case study : 4
Table 10. Effect of integrated use of parthenium compost nutrient, urea and Azatobactor chrooccum on
soil nutrients acquisition of wheat.
(Source : Kishor et.al., 2010; Asian Journal Of Agricultural Research 4(4):220-225)
41. Case study:5
Table 11. Effect of compost prepared from parthenium on availability of EC, pH, CaCO3, Organic carbon in soil:
Treatment EC PH CaCO3 O.C
T1- 100% RDF 0.212 8.16 59.00 5.4
T2- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with soil)
0.207 8.04 60.67 6.3
T3- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with dung slurry)
0.209 8.11 59.00 7.3
T4- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with Trichoderma
viride)
0.209 8.07 50.33 7.2
T5- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with MAU mixture
0.204 8.33 56.00 6.3
T6- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with bone extract
0.191 8.14 58.33 6.7
T7- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with EM culture)
0.216 8.13 58.00 6.4
T8- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with all above
inoculants)
0.208 8.13 59.00 8.06
SE ± 0.02 0.08 0.23 0.01
CD 5% NS NS NS 0.04
(Source : Meena ,2006 Effect of compost prepared from parthenium hesterophorus(weed) on
soil properties, nutrient availability and yield of soybean. Location : Parbhani)
42. Case study:6
Table 12. Effect of inorganic fertilizers, organic manures and crop residues management on PH , EC,
Organic carbon and availability of N,P & K Status of soil( 0-0.15m) in rice-wheat cropping system :
(Source : Kumar et.al., 2008, Journal of Indian society of soil science, 56(1)
Location: Punjab agricultural university, Ludhiana.
Treatments PH EC
(ds m-1 )
Organic
carbon
(g/kg)
Available
N (kg/ha)
Available
P(kg/ha)
Available
K (kg/ha)
T1- 100 % NPK 7.52 0.32 3.44 139 38.9 113
T2- 100 % NPK 7.42 0.31 4.59 152 49.0 136
T3- FYM + 50% NPK 7.30 0.30 4.40 1.68 53.0 155
T4-FYM + 50% NPK 7.30 0.30 4.70 170 59.2 155
T5- FYM + 100 %
NPK
7.29 0.26 4.94 173 65.2 160
T6- GM + 50% NPK 7.31 0.30 4.59 166 52.3 148
T7- GM + 50 % NPK 7.15 0.28 4.72 168 53.1 153
T8- GM + 100 % NPK 7.22 0.29 4.87 173 57.8 157
LSD (=0.05) 0.17 NS 0.55 15 9.0 24
Initial status 7.6 0.36 3.70 119 25.0 123
43. Case study:7
Table 13. Effect of compost prepared from parthenium on availability of nutrients in soil:
Treatment N(Kg/ha) P(Kg/ha) K(Kg/ha) S(Kg/ha)
T1- 100% RDF 164.7 18.2 388.9 18.1
T2- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with soil)
174.4 20.0 427.8 18.2
T3- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with dung slurry)
176.5 20.2 439.0 17.7
T4- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with Trichoderma viride)
187.6 20.6 391.5 17.5
T5- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with MAU mixture
202.9 21.7 419.5 18.00
T6- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with bone extract
225.6 23.4 400.5 18.6
T7- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with EM culture)
213.3 22.1 403.1 18.1
T8- 50% RDF + compost added @ 5 t ha-1
(parthenium composted with all above inoculants)
241.4 25.0 455.4 19.1
SE ± 5.62 0.57 8.04 0.16
CD 5% 17.02 1.73 24.24 0.50
(Source : Meena ,2006 Effect of compost prepared from parthenium hesterophorus (weed) on soil
properties, nutrient availability and yield of soybean. Location: Parbhani)
44. Case study:8
Table 14. Effect of biogas poultry manure on yield of maize (q/ha):
Treatments Cob (q/ha) Seed (q/ha) Stover (q/ha)
T1- State recommended dose of fertilizer 38.19 20.47 34.11
T2-50% N through biogas poultry manure 43.73 33.10 32.11
T3-75% N through biogas poultry manure 42.81 32.67 38.32
T4-100% N through biogas poultry manure 50.31 40.73 39.54
T5- 50% N through poultry manure 43.73 33.10 32.11
T6- 75% N through poultry manure 45.50 34.56 34.62
T7-100% N through poultry manure 45.86 35.03 38.65
T8-Absolute control 34.52 25.21 29.29
SE(m)+ 1.38 0.64 1.76
CD at 5% 4.17 1.93 5.35
CV (%) 8.60 3.41 8.50
(Source :Chandra Deepak, 2009; Effect of Biogas poultry manure on performance of maize and
its residual effect on forage maize, Location: Acharya N. G. Ranga university, Hyderabad)
45. Case study:9
Table 15. Effect of organic manures and nitrogen levels on soil in maize-soybean cropping system:
Treatments N P2O5 K2O
T1- Control 150.85 13.15 223.85
T2- RDF 208.85 30.29 308.35
T3- 75 N + 25 FYM 213.30 35.16 314.80
T4- 50 N + 50 FYM 215.65 35.95 315.90
T5-25 N + 75 FYM 216.05 36.38 316.15
T6-100 FYM 216.95 36.38 316.15
T7- 75 N + 25 Vermicompost 219.05 37.45 317.50
T8- 50 N + 50 Vermicompost 221.50 38.28 318.35
T9- 25 N + 75 Vermicompost 221.90 38.45 318.70
T10- 100 Vermicompost 222.20 32.67 318.95
T11- 75 N + 25 Poultry manure 216.70 36.65 316.85
T12- 50 N + 50 Poultry manure 219.15 37.52 317.85
T13- 25 N + 75 Poultry manure 220.25 37.83 318.00
T14- 100 Poultry manure 221.05 37.98 318.15
S.Ed.± 1.13 0.37 0.52
CD (p=0.05) 2.000 0.75 1.05
(Source : Reddy et.al, 1998, An international journal ISSN 11:0973-6417)
Location: Telangana state agricultural university, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad
46. Case study:10
Table 16. Effect of Municipal solid waste compost and vermicompost on soil organic carbon, CaCO3,
available N, P, K and EC, PH :
Treatments Soil PH
( 1: 2.5)
EC
(ds m-1 )
Organic
carbon
(g/kg)
CaCO3
(%)
Available N
(kg/ha)
Available P
(kg/ha)
Available K
(kg/ha)
T1-RDF 7.55 0.41 6.50 9.50 156.80 13.17 523.92
T2-RDF + vermicompost
of MSW @ 2.5 t/ha
7.52 0.35 6.80 9.23 168.67 15.58 570.99
T3-T2-RDF +
vermicompost of MSW
@ 5 t/ha
7.53 0.36 7.07 8.40 201.60 16.25 587.67
T4-RDF + vermicompost
of MSW @ 7.5 t/ha
7.47 0.31 7.77 7.83 235.20 24.17 619.07
T5-RDF + compost of
MSW @ 2.5 t/ha
7.47 0.39 6.70 9.33 171.73 13.33 536.72
T6-T5-RDF + compost of
MSW @ 5 t/ha
7.48 0.36 6.73 8.83 194.13 16.17 563.24
T7-T5-RDF + compost of
MSW @ 7.5 t/ha
7.48 0.36 7.57 8.33 216.53 21.50 577.17
S.Em ± 0.050 0.32 0.257 0.369 6.466 0.873 14.807
CD at 5% NS NS 0.792 NS 19.923 2.689 45.622
(Source: Kumar 2017 composting and vermicomposting of municipal solid waste and its effect on growth,
47. Case study:11
Table 17: yield parameters of mung bean plants grown at different sewage sludge amendment rate:
Treatments No. Of
pods / plant
Pod weight
(g/plant)
No. Of seeds
/ plant
Seed weight
(g/plant)
Yield
(gm-2)
Unamended
soil
24.0 7.63 156.0 6.43 102.88
6 kg m-2 28.67 9.66 220.53 8.96 143.34
9 kg m-2 36.67 11.73 307.77 11.30 180.78
12 kg m-2 33.3 12.12 271.80 10.28 164.50
(Source: Singh et.al., Ecological Engineering, 36 (2010): 969-972)
Location : Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
48. Case study:12
Table 18. Impacts on soil properties by the use of sewage for irrigation:
Sample PH Organic
carbon
(%)
Available N
(%)
Available P
(PPM)
Available K
(PPM)
Before applying
sewage
Ground water 7.62 2.11 7 0.48 100
Waste water -
10 days after
applying water
7.71 0.65 46.23 4.80 330
8.02 1.07 70.00 3.64 700
15 days after
applying water
7.64 1.27 64.45 0.08 390
8.11 1.27 68.85 0.20 750
20 days after
applying water
7.65 0.59 68.85 0.26 280
6.37 0.65 46.23 0.76 240
(Source: Najam ,et.al., Indian Journal Of Science And Technology, 10 2016)
Location : Punjab
49. Conclusion:
Agricultural wastes can be effectively recycled.
Residual effects of added agricultural wastes in the cropping system could be
expected together with an improvement in soil physical condition.
Agricultural wastes not only supply nutrients but they also improve soil
physical and chemical properties.
Developing protocols to collect all Municipal Solid Waste and Municipal
waste water and its utilization as a compost is beneficial to improve soil
physical and chemical properties as well as nutrient availability.
Use of parthenium hesterophorus as a compost increase the productivity of
soil.
Using amendments like compost, vermicompost, poultry manure, green
manure are effective to improve the soil physical and chemical properties as
well as productivity.
Linking the concept of recycling with those of the “swatch bharat”
movement.