The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Muscles of mastication prosthodontic considerationNeerajaMenon4
The document discusses the muscles involved in mastication and their influence on denture borders. It describes the masseter muscle pushing the buccinator medially, requiring a masseteric groove contour in dentures. The medial pterygoid contracts during closing and influences the retromylohyoid border. Temporalis and lateral pterygoid position the condyles in centric relation, with lateral pterygoid controlling condylar movement during function. Occlusal splints promote muscle relaxation and neuromuscular harmony.
Tissue conditioners and denture liners are used to improve the fit and comfort of removable dentures. They can be classified based on their curing method, composition, durability, consistency and other properties. Tissue conditioners are temporary soft liners that help condition traumatized tissue, while hard and soft denture liners provide a more permanent resilient layer. Relining or rebasing dentures helps maintain proper fit as ridges resorb over time. Selection of the appropriate liner depends on the clinical situation and needs of the patient.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a bilateral joint that connects the mandible to the temporal bone. It has several unique characteristics, including being the only joint with a rigid endpoint of closure. The TMJ has bony, fibrous, and muscular components that allow for hinge, protrusive, and lateral movements. Prosthodontic treatments must consider the anatomy and biomechanics of the TMJ.
This document discusses mandibular movements including their importance, methods of study, factors regulating movement, classifications, and literature review. It describes several types of movements such as hinge, protrusive, lateral, and border movements. Key points covered include condylar and incisal guidance, neuromuscular factors, basic jaw positions like centric relation and occlusion, and classification systems based on axis of movement, direction, extent, and habitual functions. Diagrams illustrate concepts like condylar paths, Bennett movement, and border tracings.
Maxillary sinus & its dental implicationFiras Kassab
The document discusses the maxillary sinus, including its development, anatomy, functions, diagnostic evaluation, and common pathologies. Key points include:
- The maxillary sinus develops from an invagination of the nasal epithelium and expands significantly throughout childhood and adolescence.
- As an adult, it is pyramid-shaped and located within the body of the maxilla, bounded by the orbital surface, lateral nasal wall, alveolar process and zygomatic process.
- It functions to lighten facial weight, aid resonance, and warm/moisten inhaled air via mucociliary clearance.
- Diagnosis involves medical history, clinical exam including transillumination, and radiographs like pan
Muscles of mastication prosthodontic considerationNeerajaMenon4
The document discusses the muscles involved in mastication and their influence on denture borders. It describes the masseter muscle pushing the buccinator medially, requiring a masseteric groove contour in dentures. The medial pterygoid contracts during closing and influences the retromylohyoid border. Temporalis and lateral pterygoid position the condyles in centric relation, with lateral pterygoid controlling condylar movement during function. Occlusal splints promote muscle relaxation and neuromuscular harmony.
Tissue conditioners and denture liners are used to improve the fit and comfort of removable dentures. They can be classified based on their curing method, composition, durability, consistency and other properties. Tissue conditioners are temporary soft liners that help condition traumatized tissue, while hard and soft denture liners provide a more permanent resilient layer. Relining or rebasing dentures helps maintain proper fit as ridges resorb over time. Selection of the appropriate liner depends on the clinical situation and needs of the patient.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a bilateral joint that connects the mandible to the temporal bone. It has several unique characteristics, including being the only joint with a rigid endpoint of closure. The TMJ has bony, fibrous, and muscular components that allow for hinge, protrusive, and lateral movements. Prosthodontic treatments must consider the anatomy and biomechanics of the TMJ.
This document discusses mandibular movements including their importance, methods of study, factors regulating movement, classifications, and literature review. It describes several types of movements such as hinge, protrusive, lateral, and border movements. Key points covered include condylar and incisal guidance, neuromuscular factors, basic jaw positions like centric relation and occlusion, and classification systems based on axis of movement, direction, extent, and habitual functions. Diagrams illustrate concepts like condylar paths, Bennett movement, and border tracings.
Maxillary sinus & its dental implicationFiras Kassab
The document discusses the maxillary sinus, including its development, anatomy, functions, diagnostic evaluation, and common pathologies. Key points include:
- The maxillary sinus develops from an invagination of the nasal epithelium and expands significantly throughout childhood and adolescence.
- As an adult, it is pyramid-shaped and located within the body of the maxilla, bounded by the orbital surface, lateral nasal wall, alveolar process and zygomatic process.
- It functions to lighten facial weight, aid resonance, and warm/moisten inhaled air via mucociliary clearance.
- Diagnosis involves medical history, clinical exam including transillumination, and radiographs like pan
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses various materials used for fabricating dental dies, including their properties and uses. It covers gypsum products like dental stone (Type III and high-strength Type IV and V stones), electroformed dies using copper or silver plating, epoxy resins, and flexible die materials like polyvinyl and polyurethane. Each material has advantages like detail reproduction, strength and disadvantages like shrinkage, toxicity or incompatibility with some impression materials. Newer ceramic and CAD/CAM die materials are also introduced that are strong and dimensionally stable.
This document discusses denture base materials, specifically acrylic resins. It begins by defining denture base and classifying denture base resins as non-metallic, metallic, temporary or permanent. Ideal requirements of dental resins are listed. Composition and differences between heat cure and self cure acrylic resins are provided. Processing techniques like compression molding and the curing cycle are described. Other resin types like light activated are also mentioned. Common processing errors in acrylic resins like porosity, crazing and warpage are listed.
The document discusses mandibular movements and their study. It describes various methods used to study jaw motion, including direct observation and electronic instrumentation. Key factors that regulate motion are the neuromuscular system, opposing tooth contacts, temporomandibular joint anatomy, and muscle action. The temporomandibular joint is a complex joint that allows for rotation and translation. Mandibular positions include centric occlusion, centric relation, and border positions. Mandibular movements include opening, closing, protrusion, retrusion and chewing motions.
Dental casting alloys can be categorized as either noble metal alloys or base metal alloys. Noble metal alloys contain precious metals like gold, palladium, or silver and are commonly used to create indirect restorations through lost wax casting. Base metal alloys do not contain precious metals and provide a more economical option for removable partial denture frameworks and other restorations requiring high strength. Both alloy types aim to have suitable mechanical properties for their intended use as well as biocompatibility and corrosion resistance through alloying elements and microstructure design.
The document discusses heat cure acrylic denture base resins. It provides background on the development of denture base materials over time. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was introduced in 1937 and remains the material of choice due to its superior esthetics, ease of processing, accurate fit, and use with inexpensive equipment. The document describes the composition, chemical basis of polymerization, manipulation techniques including compression molding and injection molding, and physical properties of heat cure acrylic resins. It also compares heat cure resins to self-cure resins and discusses requirements versus clinical performance as well as recent advances in the material.
This document discusses elastic hydrocolloid impression materials, specifically agar and alginate. It provides details on their composition, setting reactions, properties and applications. Agar is a reversible hydrocolloid used for secondary impressions that sets physically through a sol-gel transition upon cooling. Alginate is an irreversible hydrocolloid used for primary impressions that sets chemically through a gelation reaction involving calcium ions. Both materials are hydrophilic and require immediate pouring to minimize dimensional changes from imbibition, synersis or dehydration.
Saliva and its prosthodontic considerationsCPGIDSH
importance of saliva is often neglected by clinicians and practitioners but is one of the most important body fluids not only in dentistry perceptive but also in regard to medical diagnosis. in dentistry it plays a special role specially in complete denture patients
Vertical jaw relation in Complete Dentures- KellyKelly Norton
1) The vertical jaw relation refers to the distance between selected points on the face, usually the tip of the nose and chin, and aims to determine the optimal vertical dimension of occlusion for complete dentures.
2) There are several proposed theories for the physiologic rest position, including positions where the opening and closing muscles are in equilibrium or where elastic elements balance gravity, but no single method is universally valid.
3) Determining the vertical dimension at rest provides a reference point, being approximately 2-4mm less than the vertical dimension of occlusion, which is the distance between contact points with the teeth occluding.
This document discusses various die materials used for fixed prosthodontics. It begins by defining key terms like die and cast. It then describes the most commonly used die materials like gypsum products (dental stones), die stones, epoxy resins, and others. For each material, it covers properties, advantages, disadvantages and appropriate uses. It also discusses techniques to improve die properties and compatibility with different impression materials. Finally, it provides a comparison of different die materials in terms of their strengths and limitations. The overall document serves as a comprehensive guide to selecting and using die materials for fixed prosthodontic procedures.
This document discusses the mechanical properties of dental materials. It defines key terms like force, stress, strain, elastic deformation and plastic deformation. It describes different types of stresses like tensile, compressive, shear and flexural stresses. It also discusses strength properties and how they are measured. Factors like stress concentration and flaws can reduce the clinical strength of dental materials. Understanding mechanical properties is important for optimizing the performance of dental materials.
This document discusses different types of compensating curves used in dental prosthetics to establish balanced articulation during jaw movements. It describes the anteroposterior and mediolateral compensating curves that begin with the first replacement tooth and continue through the second molar. It also outlines the curve of spee from the mandibular canine through the condyle, the curve of Wilson to arrange the lower molars, and the curve of Monson connecting the curve of spee and Wilson to all cusps on a 4 inch radius.
Dental cements have evolved significantly since the first cements were introduced in the late 1800s. Zinc phosphate cement, introduced in the late 1800s, was one of the earliest dental cements and remains the gold standard against which newer cements are compared. In the 1960s, polycarboxylate cement was introduced and was the first cement system to provide an adhesive bond to tooth structure. Glass ionomer cement, introduced in the 1970s, also chemically bonds to tooth structure and was a significant development as it was the first cement with anticariogenic properties.
Impression compounds are thermoplastic materials used for dental impressions. They are composed mainly of rosin, copal resin, carnauba wax, stearic acid, and talc. There are two main types - lower fusing impression compound and higher fusing tray compound. Impression compound is a viscous material that is softened in hot water before making impressions, allowing it to flow and capture detail but also maintain shape. While able to displace soft tissue, its high viscosity limits fine detail capture. Impression compound requires careful heating and cooling to avoid distortion, and constructs must be poured promptly due to its marginal dimensional stability.
Soft denture liners provide cushioning effects for patients with resorbed ridges and thin mucosa, improving masticatory function. This article describes a new indirect method for applying silicone soft-lined dentures using a photo-activated spacer to control the thickness and location of the soft lining material. The denture base material and soft lining material are simultaneously polymerized. This technique allows for dentures with reliably controlled soft lining material on the intaglio surface and hard-resin marginal base. The method was used successfully in 5 patients who experienced reduced pain and improved mastication.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document provides an overview of elastomeric impression materials. It begins with an introduction and definitions of key terms like elastomer and elastomeric impression materials. It then discusses the history and classifications of impression materials. The document outlines the ideal requirements for impression materials and their clinical applications. It describes the properties and composition of various elastomers like polysulfide, condensation silicone, addition silicone, and polyether. It discusses recent advances in impression materials and effects of mishandling impressions. In conclusion, the document provides a comprehensive review of elastomeric impression materials.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The document discusses the anatomy, development, and prosthodontic considerations of the hard and soft palate. It begins with an introduction to the palate and its two parts: the anterior hard palate and posterior soft palate. It then covers the embryological development of the palate and anatomical structures of both parts such as bones, muscles, nerves and vessels. Developmental anomalies including clefts are described along with various classification systems. Finally, it discusses prosthodontic factors relevant to constructing dentures, such as determining border extent and seals based on palatal anatomy and physiology.
Macrognathia refers to an abnormally large jaw, which can be caused by conditions like pituitary gigantism, Paget's disease of bone, or acromegaly in adults. Clinical features of macrognathia include mandibular protrusion, an enlarged mandible, a gummy smile showing excessive gums, a prominent chin button, and a less steep angle between the ramus and body of the mandible. Treatment may involve osteotomy to decrease the length of the mandible followed by orthodontic treatment.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses various materials used for fabricating dental dies, including their properties and uses. It covers gypsum products like dental stone (Type III and high-strength Type IV and V stones), electroformed dies using copper or silver plating, epoxy resins, and flexible die materials like polyvinyl and polyurethane. Each material has advantages like detail reproduction, strength and disadvantages like shrinkage, toxicity or incompatibility with some impression materials. Newer ceramic and CAD/CAM die materials are also introduced that are strong and dimensionally stable.
This document discusses denture base materials, specifically acrylic resins. It begins by defining denture base and classifying denture base resins as non-metallic, metallic, temporary or permanent. Ideal requirements of dental resins are listed. Composition and differences between heat cure and self cure acrylic resins are provided. Processing techniques like compression molding and the curing cycle are described. Other resin types like light activated are also mentioned. Common processing errors in acrylic resins like porosity, crazing and warpage are listed.
The document discusses mandibular movements and their study. It describes various methods used to study jaw motion, including direct observation and electronic instrumentation. Key factors that regulate motion are the neuromuscular system, opposing tooth contacts, temporomandibular joint anatomy, and muscle action. The temporomandibular joint is a complex joint that allows for rotation and translation. Mandibular positions include centric occlusion, centric relation, and border positions. Mandibular movements include opening, closing, protrusion, retrusion and chewing motions.
Dental casting alloys can be categorized as either noble metal alloys or base metal alloys. Noble metal alloys contain precious metals like gold, palladium, or silver and are commonly used to create indirect restorations through lost wax casting. Base metal alloys do not contain precious metals and provide a more economical option for removable partial denture frameworks and other restorations requiring high strength. Both alloy types aim to have suitable mechanical properties for their intended use as well as biocompatibility and corrosion resistance through alloying elements and microstructure design.
The document discusses heat cure acrylic denture base resins. It provides background on the development of denture base materials over time. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was introduced in 1937 and remains the material of choice due to its superior esthetics, ease of processing, accurate fit, and use with inexpensive equipment. The document describes the composition, chemical basis of polymerization, manipulation techniques including compression molding and injection molding, and physical properties of heat cure acrylic resins. It also compares heat cure resins to self-cure resins and discusses requirements versus clinical performance as well as recent advances in the material.
This document discusses elastic hydrocolloid impression materials, specifically agar and alginate. It provides details on their composition, setting reactions, properties and applications. Agar is a reversible hydrocolloid used for secondary impressions that sets physically through a sol-gel transition upon cooling. Alginate is an irreversible hydrocolloid used for primary impressions that sets chemically through a gelation reaction involving calcium ions. Both materials are hydrophilic and require immediate pouring to minimize dimensional changes from imbibition, synersis or dehydration.
Saliva and its prosthodontic considerationsCPGIDSH
importance of saliva is often neglected by clinicians and practitioners but is one of the most important body fluids not only in dentistry perceptive but also in regard to medical diagnosis. in dentistry it plays a special role specially in complete denture patients
Vertical jaw relation in Complete Dentures- KellyKelly Norton
1) The vertical jaw relation refers to the distance between selected points on the face, usually the tip of the nose and chin, and aims to determine the optimal vertical dimension of occlusion for complete dentures.
2) There are several proposed theories for the physiologic rest position, including positions where the opening and closing muscles are in equilibrium or where elastic elements balance gravity, but no single method is universally valid.
3) Determining the vertical dimension at rest provides a reference point, being approximately 2-4mm less than the vertical dimension of occlusion, which is the distance between contact points with the teeth occluding.
This document discusses various die materials used for fixed prosthodontics. It begins by defining key terms like die and cast. It then describes the most commonly used die materials like gypsum products (dental stones), die stones, epoxy resins, and others. For each material, it covers properties, advantages, disadvantages and appropriate uses. It also discusses techniques to improve die properties and compatibility with different impression materials. Finally, it provides a comparison of different die materials in terms of their strengths and limitations. The overall document serves as a comprehensive guide to selecting and using die materials for fixed prosthodontic procedures.
This document discusses the mechanical properties of dental materials. It defines key terms like force, stress, strain, elastic deformation and plastic deformation. It describes different types of stresses like tensile, compressive, shear and flexural stresses. It also discusses strength properties and how they are measured. Factors like stress concentration and flaws can reduce the clinical strength of dental materials. Understanding mechanical properties is important for optimizing the performance of dental materials.
This document discusses different types of compensating curves used in dental prosthetics to establish balanced articulation during jaw movements. It describes the anteroposterior and mediolateral compensating curves that begin with the first replacement tooth and continue through the second molar. It also outlines the curve of spee from the mandibular canine through the condyle, the curve of Wilson to arrange the lower molars, and the curve of Monson connecting the curve of spee and Wilson to all cusps on a 4 inch radius.
Dental cements have evolved significantly since the first cements were introduced in the late 1800s. Zinc phosphate cement, introduced in the late 1800s, was one of the earliest dental cements and remains the gold standard against which newer cements are compared. In the 1960s, polycarboxylate cement was introduced and was the first cement system to provide an adhesive bond to tooth structure. Glass ionomer cement, introduced in the 1970s, also chemically bonds to tooth structure and was a significant development as it was the first cement with anticariogenic properties.
Impression compounds are thermoplastic materials used for dental impressions. They are composed mainly of rosin, copal resin, carnauba wax, stearic acid, and talc. There are two main types - lower fusing impression compound and higher fusing tray compound. Impression compound is a viscous material that is softened in hot water before making impressions, allowing it to flow and capture detail but also maintain shape. While able to displace soft tissue, its high viscosity limits fine detail capture. Impression compound requires careful heating and cooling to avoid distortion, and constructs must be poured promptly due to its marginal dimensional stability.
Soft denture liners provide cushioning effects for patients with resorbed ridges and thin mucosa, improving masticatory function. This article describes a new indirect method for applying silicone soft-lined dentures using a photo-activated spacer to control the thickness and location of the soft lining material. The denture base material and soft lining material are simultaneously polymerized. This technique allows for dentures with reliably controlled soft lining material on the intaglio surface and hard-resin marginal base. The method was used successfully in 5 patients who experienced reduced pain and improved mastication.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document provides an overview of elastomeric impression materials. It begins with an introduction and definitions of key terms like elastomer and elastomeric impression materials. It then discusses the history and classifications of impression materials. The document outlines the ideal requirements for impression materials and their clinical applications. It describes the properties and composition of various elastomers like polysulfide, condensation silicone, addition silicone, and polyether. It discusses recent advances in impression materials and effects of mishandling impressions. In conclusion, the document provides a comprehensive review of elastomeric impression materials.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The document discusses the anatomy, development, and prosthodontic considerations of the hard and soft palate. It begins with an introduction to the palate and its two parts: the anterior hard palate and posterior soft palate. It then covers the embryological development of the palate and anatomical structures of both parts such as bones, muscles, nerves and vessels. Developmental anomalies including clefts are described along with various classification systems. Finally, it discusses prosthodontic factors relevant to constructing dentures, such as determining border extent and seals based on palatal anatomy and physiology.
Macrognathia refers to an abnormally large jaw, which can be caused by conditions like pituitary gigantism, Paget's disease of bone, or acromegaly in adults. Clinical features of macrognathia include mandibular protrusion, an enlarged mandible, a gummy smile showing excessive gums, a prominent chin button, and a less steep angle between the ramus and body of the mandible. Treatment may involve osteotomy to decrease the length of the mandible followed by orthodontic treatment.
The document discusses prenatal and postnatal growth of the mandible. It describes how the mandible develops from mesenchymal condensations in the pharyngeal arches during prenatal development. It forms through both intramembranous and endochondral ossification. The condyle, coronoid process, and mental region develop through endochondral ossification of cartilage models. Postnatally, the mandible grows downward and forward through appositional bone growth at the condyle, ramus, and alveolar processes to accommodate the permanent dentition. The chin develops through periosteal bone apposition on the lingual surface in males during late growth.
Growth & development of maxilla and mandibleRajesh Bariker
The document discusses the pre-natal and post-natal growth and development of the maxilla and mandible. It describes how the maxilla forms from embryonic development and ossification centers. It grows through displacement, remodeling at sutures, and increases in height, width and length. The mandible develops from Meckel's cartilage and also grows through remodeling at sites of growth. The palate develops from primary and secondary palatal shelves fusing in the midline. Post-natally, the maxilla grows through apposition at sutures and displacement downward and forward from cranial base growth. The mandible grows through remodeling at sites like the ramus and condyle.
Growth of maxilla /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Controversies surrounding the efficacy of functional appliancesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses growth of the craniofacial complex, including the maxilla, mandible, and soft tissues. Growth occurs through bone apposition, remodeling, and endochondral ossification at sutures and synchondrosis. The maxilla grows downward and forward through remodeling and addition of bone in sutures. The mandible grows through remodeling in the ramus, resulting in a downward and forward displacement. Deviations from normal growth can occur due to trauma, disease, or genetic syndromes.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The mandible develops from the first pharyngeal arch. Meckel's cartilage appears around the 6th week as a template for mandibular development. Ossification begins in membrane covering Meckel's cartilage, forming the body of the mandible around the mental and incisive nerves. Endochondral ossification forms the condylar process, mental region, and coronoid process. Postnatally, the mandible undergoes significant growth mediated by genetic and functional factors to accommodate the dentition and masticatory muscles.
This document summarizes principles of growth and development from several perspectives. It discusses what growth and development are, outlining physical and functional changes. It also discusses maturation, noting it refers to changes that occur primarily as a function of aging. Six maturation principles are outlined related to biological basis, chronological vs maturational age, plateaus/regression, readiness for tasks, and training timing. Seven principles of development are also defined related to direction, control, learning/maturation, complexity, continuity, specificity, and individuality. Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development and various aspects of prenatal, motor, language, cognitive, and moral development are also summarized.
1) Bone tissue is a specialized connective tissue composed of cells and an extracellular matrix that becomes calcified. There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone and spongy bone.
2) The alveolar bone is a specialized bone structure that contains the tooth sockets (alveoli) and supports the teeth. It develops from the dental follicle and is composed of alveolar bone proper and supporting bone.
3) The alveolar process contains the tooth sockets and develops during tooth eruption. It is resorbed if teeth are lost. Key features include the alveolar sockets, interdental septa, interradicular septa, and the cribriform plate containing
The document discusses various concepts related to mandibular growth rotations proposed by different orthodontic researchers over time. It begins by introducing Arne Bjork who first described growth rotations in 1955. It then covers Enlow's concept of remodeling and displacement rotations. Bjork's 1969 classification of forward and backward mandibular rotations is described, including his identification of three types of forward and two types of backward rotations based on their center of rotation. The document also discusses concepts by Bjork and Skieller on total, matrix, and intramatrix rotations. Fred Schudy's concept relating rotation to the disharmony between vertical, anteroposterior and horizontal growth is summarized. Finally, Dibbets' re
Growth and development of maxilla and mandible/endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses the growth and development of the mandible from the prenatal to postnatal periods. It describes how the mandible forms through intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Problems in mandibular growth like hypognathism, prognathism, and condylar hypertrophies are discussed along with their orthodontic significance. Understanding mandibular growth is important for timely diagnosis and treatment of developing malocclusions.
This document discusses fracture healing and bone regeneration. It defines fracture and describes the types of fractures and stages of fracture healing. There are three phases of fracture healing - reactive, reparative, and remodeling. The reactive phase involves hematoma formation and granulation tissue growth. The reparative phase includes cartilage callus formation and lamellar bone deposition. During the remodeling phase, the bone contour is reshaped. Fracture healing is influenced by local, chemical, vascular, systemic, electromagnetic, and treatment factors. Recent advances discussed include growth factor therapy, platelet rich plasma, and tissue engineering.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the mandible. It discusses the parts and features of the mandible, including the body, ramus, condylar process and coronoid process. It describes the ossification, attachments, blood supply, nerve supply and age-related changes of the mandible. Key points covered include the mandible ossifying from Meckel's cartilage, its attachments to muscles like the masseter and temporalis, the inferior alveolar artery and nerve supplying it, and how its shape changes with age with tooth eruption and absorption.
This document provides an overview of bone graft materials and procedures, as well as first stage surgery. It discusses the history of bone grafting, defines common types of grafts like autografts, allografts, xenografts, and alloplasts. Characteristics of ideal graft materials are outlined. The document also examines graft choice considerations, various graft forms, and the biological properties and mechanisms of different materials. First stage surgery is briefly mentioned at the end.
Fractures, bone healing & principles of tx. of fracturesSimba Syed
This document discusses fractures and bone healing. It begins by providing statistics on common fractures, noting that fractures of the extremities are most common and the rates differ between age groups and sexes. It then describes different types of fractures based on the force and displacement. The document outlines the process of bone healing in four stages. It also discusses evaluating and treating fractures, including determining if reduction is needed, how to hold the reduction through various fixation methods, and indicators that a fracture has fully healed. Complications of fractures are noted. The goal is to restore optimal function while preventing issues and allowing early rehabilitation.
prenatal and post natal growth of mandiblemahesh kumar
The document discusses the prenatal and postnatal development of the mandible. Key points include:
1) The mandible initially develops from Meckel's cartilage during prenatal development and undergoes intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
2) Postnatally, the mandible grows at the condylar cartilage, posterior border of the ramus, and alveolar ridges. Growth occurs through remodeling and apposition of bone.
3) Mandibular growth is influenced by functional matrices like muscles and teeth which cause regional changes through resorption and displacement as the mandible grows in a downward and forward direction like an "expanding V".
Copy of growth and development of the mandible1/certified fixed orthodontic c...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Basic mechanism of craniofacial growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses b...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document discusses growth and development of the maxilla from prenatal to postnatal periods. It describes how the maxilla develops from maxillary processes in the embryo. During prenatal growth, the maxilla is displaced downward and forward as the cranial base grows. Postnatally, the maxilla grows through bone deposition, remodeling at sutures, and expansion of the maxillary sinus. The primary palate develops early from the median palatine process, while the secondary palate forms from the palatine shelves fusing in the midline.
Post natal growth and development of cranio facial complexKarishma Sirimulla
This seminar includes various types of growth patterns includies the theories of growth and development including counter principles from basics to various affecting factors of growth and development
Growth and development /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document summarizes growth of the maxilla from an embryonic and developmental perspective. It discusses:
1. The maxilla develops from the maxillary prominence in the embryo and has primary and secondary ossification centers.
2. Postnatal growth occurs through displacement as surrounding tissues grow, sutural growth at interfaces with other bones, and surface remodeling to maintain proportions.
3. Displacement is driven by growth of surrounding tissues like muscles and connective tissue pulling the maxilla forward and down through fiber attachments. Sutures like the midpalatal contribute to overall expansion.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth and development /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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1. The document discusses several theories of craniofacial growth including the bone remodeling theory, genetic theory, sutural dominance theory, cartilaginous theory, and functional matrix hypothesis.
2. The functional matrix hypothesis proposed by Melvin Moss claims that craniofacial growth is mediated by functional demands and neurotrophic control, rather than by structures like periosteum or cartilage. It involves microskeletal and macroskeletal growth units associated with functional matrices.
3. The document also discusses theories related to specific structures, such as nasal septal cartilage theory proposed by James Scott, which claims the nasal septum is the primary driver of maxillary growth. However, many theories of craniofacial growth
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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This document provides definitions of growth and development and discusses the prenatal and postnatal development of the maxilla. It defines growth as an increase in size and development as progress towards maturity. It describes early embryonic events and development of the face between 4-8 weeks of gestation. Postnatally, it explains that growth of the maxilla occurs through displacement, remodeling, and growth at sutures in the transverse, anteroposterior, and vertical dimensions. It highlights several key factors that influence maxillary growth including the lacrimal suture, maxillary tuberosity, nasal airway, palatal remodeling, and orbital growth.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses growth and development of the cranium. It covers bone growth mechanisms including endochondral and intramembranous ossification. It describes synchondroses and sutures, which allow growth of the cranial bones. Prenatal growth results in a cartilaginous cranium at birth that has several fontanels. Postnatal growth involves expansion of the cranial base and brain case. Several theories of cranial growth are reviewed, including the functional matrix theory proposing that soft tissue growth guides bone formation.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
An introduction to facial growth and development.pdfNay Aung
Facial growth and development is a complex process that occurs through late teens and involves four main processes: endochondral ossification, intramembranous ossification, surface remodeling, and primary and secondary displacement. An understanding of normal facial growth is important for orthodontists to understand malocclusions, recognize abnormal growth, and determine treatment timing and factors of stability. Facial growth is dependent on genetic potential and environmental influences, with current thinking supporting that genetic control resides in cranial base synchondroses and nasal cartilage while soft tissues provide adaptive responses. While growth cannot be perfectly predicted, general patterns and secondary sexual characteristics can help determine pubertal growth spurts for treatment timing.
The document discusses several theories of craniofacial growth including:
1. Sutural dominance theory which posits that sutures are the primary drivers of growth. However, evidence shows sutures are growth sites not centers and respond to external stimuli.
2. Cartilaginous theory which argues growth centers are cartilages like the nasal septum and condylar cartilage. Removal of cranial base synchondroses arrests cranial base growth.
3. Functional matrix theory suggests soft tissues play a role through their response to functional forces during development. No single theory alone can fully explain craniofacial growth.
C r growth ash /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Similar to Growth and development of the mandible/prosthodontic courses (20)
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Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
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Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Growth and development of the mandible/prosthodontic courses
1. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
OF MAXILLA & MANDIBLE
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing Dental Education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Definitions
Importance of growth and development
Mechanism of bone formation
Theories of growth
Prenatal and postnatal growth of maxilla
Age changes in maxilla
Prenatal and postnatal growth of mandible
Age changes in mandible
Developmental disturbances of jaws
Prosthodontic considerations
Conclusion
biblography www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. INTRODUCTION
A thorough background in craniofacial growth and
development is necessary for every dentist. It is
difficult to comprehend conditions observed in adults
without understanding the developmental processes
that produced these problems.
It is also important to distinguish normal variation
from the effects of abnormal or pathologic process.
Since dentists are heavily involved in the
development of not just the dentition but the entire
dentofacial complex, a through understanding of not
only the pattern of normal growth but also of the
mechanisms that underlie it is very essential
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. DEFINITIONS OF GROWTH
“Growth refers to increase in size” - Todd.
“Growth usually refers to an increase in size
and number” – Proffit.
“Change in any morphological parameter which is
measurable”- Moss
“Self multiplication of living substance”-
J.S.Huxley.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. DEFINITIONS OF DEVELOPMENT
Development is a progress towards maturity”
– Todd
“Development refers to all naturally occurring
progressive, unidirectional, sequential changes in
the life of an individual from it’s existence as a
single cell to it’s elaboration as a multifunctional
unit terminating in death” – Moyers
www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. Importance of growth and
development :
To determine the growth deviation of particular individual, we
study normal health variations.
In order to make accurate description of growth observations,
corresponding precise information about the normal state
must be available.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. Changes in the pattern of growth that occur over a
period of time within representative samples of
population are valuable indicators of changes in
general health and nutritional status of the
populations.
It would not be possible to design and conduct
investigation regarding control mechanism of growth,
if no precise data were available describing the
resultant somatic effect.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
8. MECHANISMS OF BONE
GROWTH
Cortical drift : It is the
growth movement (relocation
or shifting) of an enlarging
portion of a bone by the
remodeling action of its
osteogenic tissues towards
the depository surface.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. Displacement : It is the movement of the whole
bone as a unit. Displacement can be of two types.
Primary displacement : If a bone gets displaced
as a result of its own growth, it is called primary
displacement.
Secondary displacement : If the bone gets
displaced as a result and growth and enlargement of
an adjacent bone, it is called secondary displacement
www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. INTRAMEMBRANEOUS
OSSIFICATION
At site of bone formation mesenchymal cells become
aggregated
Mesenchymal cells lay down bundles of collagen
fibres
At initial site of ossification mesenchymal cells
differentiate into osteoblasts
Osteoblasts deposit osteoid
By deposition of calcium salts osteoid converts into
bony lamella(primary trabecular bone)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
Formed by transformation of cartilage “bone models.”
Mesenchymal condensation –some differentiated
cells become chondroblasts and lays down
cartilage,cells on surface of cartilage form
perichondrium.
Intercellular substance surrounding cartilage calcify ,
nutrition cut off , cells die ,PRIMARY AREOLAE.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. Periosteal bud eats away the
calcified matrix- large cavities –
SECONDARY AREOLAE.
Osteogenic cells become
osteoblasts , lay down osteoid.
Bone deposited– lamellar bone
– primary ossification centre.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. THEORIES OF GROWTH
Genetic theory :Brodie in 1941 This theory states
that all growth is controlled by genetic influence and is
pre-planned. This is one of the earliest theories put
forward.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. Sicher’s hyposthesis of sutural dominance :
(Sicher in 1947) Sicher deduced from the many
studies using vital dyes that the sutures were causing
most of the growth. The primary event in sutural
growth is the proliferation of the connective tissue
between the two bones.
If the sutural connective tissue proliferates, it creates
the space for oppositional growth at the borders of
the two bones. Replacement of the proliferating
connective tissue was necessary for functional
maintenance of the bones.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18. Scott’s Hypothesis of nasal septum :
(Cartilaginous theory) (Scott in 1948)
According to scott, intrinsic growth controlling
factors are present in cartilage and periosteum with
sutures being only secondary. He viewed the
cartilaginous sites throughout the skull as primary
centres of growth.
Ex : Growth of the maxilla is attributed to the nasal
septal cartilage. According to scott, the nasal septal
cartilage is the pacemaker for growth of the entire
naso – maxillary complex.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
19. Moss Hypothesis of functional matrix :
(Melvin Moss in 1960)
Most felt that bone and cartilage lack growth
determination and growth in response to intrinsic
growth of the associated tissues, noting that the
genetic coding for craniofacial skeletal growth is
outside the bony skeleton. He terms the associated
tissues “functional matrices”
Moss argues the skeletal tissues grow only in
response to soft tissue growth. The effect is a
passive translation of skeletal components in
space.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
20. Van Limborgh’s Theory (1970) : A multi-
factorial theory was put forward by van limborgh he
explains the process of growth and development in
a review that combines all the 3 existing theories,
the functional matrix theory of moss, sichers theory
and Genetic theory.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
21. PRENATAL GROWTH OF
MAXILLA
Around the 4th
week of
intrauterine life a shallow
depression corresponds to
future mouth appears –
stomodeum.
Five branchial arches form in
region of future head and neck.
1st
branchial arch is called the
mandibular arch and place an
important role in development
of naso-maxillary region.
Stomodeum is overlapped
superiorly by frontonasal
process.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
22. The mandibular arches of both sides form lateral
walls of stomodium.
Mandibular arch gives off a bud from its dorsal end
called maxillary process.
Maxillary process grows ventro-medio-cranial to
mandibular arch to form mandibular process.
The mandibular process grow medially and fuse to
form the lower lip and lower jaw.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. DEVELOPMENT OF PALATE
Palate is formed by contribution of –
1. Maxillary process.
2. Palatal shelves given off by maxillary process.
3. Frontonasal process
www.indiandentalacademy.com
24. POSTNATAL GROWTH OF
MAXILLA
Post – natal growth of maxilla :
the growth of the naso-maxillary complex is
produced by the following mechanisms
Displacement
Growth at sutures
Surface remodeling
www.indiandentalacademy.com
25. Primary displacement
A primary type of
displacement is seen in a
forward direction by growth of
the maxillary tuberosity in a
posterior direction. This results
in the whole maxilla being
carried anteriorly. The amount
of this forward displacement
equals the amount of posterior
lengthening. This is a primary
type of displacement as the
bone is displaced by its own
enlargement.www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. A passive or secondary
displacement of the naso-
maxillary complex occurs in a
downward and forward direction
as the cranial base grows. The
nasomaxillary complex is simply
moved anteriorly as the middle
cranial fossa grows in that
direction.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
27. GROWTH AT SUTURES
The maxilla is connected to the cranium
and cranial base by a number sutures which
include
Fronto – nasal suture
Fronto – maxillary suture
Zygomatico – temporal suture
Zygomatico – maxillary suture
Pterygo – palatine suture
www.indiandentalacademy.com
28. These sutures are all oblique and more or less
parallel to each other. This allows the downward and
forward repositioning of the maxilla as growth occurs
at these sutures.
As growth of the surrounding soft tissue occurs,
the maxilla is carried downwards and forwards. This
leads to opening up of space at the sutural
attachments. New bone is formed on either side of
the suture. Thus the overall size of the bones on
either side increases. Hence a tension related bone
formation occurs at the sutures
www.indiandentalacademy.com
29. SURFACE REMODELLING
In addition to the growth occurring at the sutures
massive remodeling by bone deposition and
resorption occurs to bring about
Increase in size
Change in shape of bone
Change in functional relationship
www.indiandentalacademy.com
30. BONE REMODELLING CHANGES SEEN
IN THE NASO MAXILLARY COMPLEX
The floor of the orbit faces
superiorly, laterally and
anterioirly . surface
deposition occurs here
resulting in growth in a
superior, lateral and
anterior direction.
Bone deposition occurs
along the posterior margin
of the maxillary tuberosity
causing lengthening of the
dental arch and
enlargement of the A-P
dimension of the entire
maxillary body. This helps
in accommodating the
erupting molar.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. Bone resorption
occurs on the lateral
wall of the nose
leading to an
increase in size of
the nasal cavity.
Bone resorption is
seen on the floor of
the nasal cavity. To
compensate this,
there is bone
deposition on the
palatal side. Thus a
net downward shift
www.indiandentalacademy.com
32. The zygomatic bone
moves in a posterior
direction. This is achieved
by resorption on the
anterior surface and
deposition on the
posterior surface.
The face enlarges in
width by bone formation
on the lateral surface of
the zygomatic arch and
resorption on its medial
surface. www.indiandentalacademy.com
33. As the teeth starts erupting, bone deposition
occurs at the alveolar margins which increases the
maxillary height and the depth of the palate.
The entire wall of the sinus except the mesial wall
undergoes resorption, resulting in increase in size
of the maxillary antrum.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
34. AGE CHANGES IN MAXILLA
At birth
The transverse and sagital maxillary dimension
are greater than the vertical
The frontal process is prominent
The body consists of little more than alveolar
process, its alveoli reaching almost to the orbital
floor
Maxillary sinus is a mere furrow on the lateral
nasal wall.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
35. In Adults : The vertical diameter is greatest owing
to the development of the alveolar process and
enlargement of the sinus
In the old age
If all teeth are lost, the bone reverts to the infantile
shape. Its height diminishes, the alveolar process is
absorbed and lower parts of the bone contracted and
reduced in thickness at the expense of the labial wall
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36. GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT OF THE
MANDIBLE
PRE NATAL GROWTH
POST NATAL GROWTH
ANOMALIES OF
DEVELOPMENT
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42. 10 week - condylar cartilage
Appears in the Ramal region
Endochondral bone
(14 week)
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43. Condylar Cartilage
Serves as a growth site
Brings changes in the mandibular position and form
Growth increases during puberty
Peak 12 – 14 years
Ceases by 20 years
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44. 7 th
month IUL
1 or 2 small cartilages appear in the future mental
region
Mental ossicles
Incorporated into the intramembranous bone of
symphsis
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45. Ascending Ramus low and wide
Large Coronoid process
Body – open shell containing tooth buds and partially
formed deciduous teeth
Mandibular canal that runs low in the body
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52. Mental Protuberance
Formed by mental ossicles from accessory
cartilage and ventral end of Meckel’s cartilage
Poorly developed in infants
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53. Mental Protruberance
Forms by osseous
deposition during
childhood
Prominence is
accentuated by
bone resorption
above it
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54. Mental Protuberance
Reversal between 2 growth
fields
Concave convex
Reversal line could be High
or low
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55. Alveolar process
Adds to the height and
thickness of the
mandibular body
Teeth absent
fails to develop
Teeth extracted
resorbs
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56. Alveolar process
Acts as buffer zone
Maintains vertical height
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57. Condylar cartilage
Secondary cartilage
Important contribution to the overall
length of the mandible
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58. Lingual Tuberosity
Grows posterior
and medial by
deposition
Resorptive field
below-
Lingual fossa
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59. Coronoid Process
Lingual surface
Follows ‘v’ principle
POSTERIOR
SUPERIOR
MEDIALLY
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60.
‘ v ‘
principle of
Enlow
CORONOID PROCESS
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64. Ramus
Superior part of
ramus below sigmoid
notch
Lower part of ramus
below the Coronoid
process
BUCCAL -
DEPOSITION
LINGUAL -
RESORPTION
LINGUAL
-DEPOSITION
BUCCAL -
RESORPTION
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66. Posterior border of Ramus
Depository and keeps pace
with condylar growth
Angle of growth
Posterior margin below
condyle --resorptive field
vertical horizontal
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69. Ramus corpus junction
Inferior Border of
junction - resorption
Forms Antegonial
notch
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70. Mandibular foramen
Ramus -- posterior and
superior direction
Mandibular foramen
drifts in backward &
upward direction
Maintains constant
position -[A-P]
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71. Ramal growth
Backward transportation of entire ramus –
elongation of mandibular body
Displacement of corpus –anterior direction
Vertical lengthening of ramus as mandible is
displaced
Movable articulation during various growth
changes
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72. Role of muscles in
Mandibular growth
CORONOID Temporalis
RAMUS and
GONIAL ANGLE Masseter & Medial
pterygoid
CONDYLE internal pterygoid
Tongue, perioral muscles --- Over all growth
MOSS
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74. Role of muscles in Mandibular
growth
Decrease muscle activity
Flattening of
Gonial angle
Reduction of
Coronoid process
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75. AGE CHANGES IN
MANDIBLE
AT BIRTH :
The two halves of the mandible are united by a
fibrous symphysis menti.
At this stage the body is a mere shell, enclosing
imperfectly separated sockets of deciduous teeth.
The mandibular canal is near the lower border
The mental foramen opens below the first deciduous
molar and is directed forwards.
The coronoid process projects above the condyle
The angle of the mandible is obtuse (above
140degrees or more) because the head is in line with
the body.
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76. IN ADULTS :
The mental foramen opens midway between the
upper and lower borders as the alveolar and sub-
alveolar regions are about equal in depth.
The mandibular canal nearly parallels the mylohyoid
line
The angle between the lower border of the body and
a plane touching the posterior surface of the condyle
above and ramus below diminishes as ramal height
increases with age (about 110 –120degrees)
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77. In OLD AGE :
Bone is reduced in size as teeth are lost and alveolar
region resorbed
The mandibular canal and the mental foramen are
nearer the superior border
The ramus becomes oblique as angle becomes
obtuse (140degrees) and the neck inclined
backwards.
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78. Developmental disturbances
of the jaws
Agnathia : Agnathia is an extremely rare
congenital defect characterized by absence of
the maxilla or mandible. More commonly only a
portion of one jaw is missing.
Micrognathia : It likely means a small jaw.
Many cases of apparent micrognathia are due
not to an abnormally small jaw in terms of
absolute size, but rather to an abnormal
positioning or an abnormal relation of one jaw to
the other or to the skull which produces the
illusion of micrognathia.
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79. Macrognathia : It refers to the condition of
abnormally large jaws. It may be associated with
Pagets disease
Acromegaly
Leontiasis ossea, a form of fibrous dysplasia.
Facial hemihypertrophy :- Here there is a very mild
degree of facial asymmetry. The etiology is
unknown, but it may be due to
Hormonal imbalance
Incomplete twinning
Chromosomal abnormalities
Vascular abnormalities and
Neurogenic abnormalities
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80. Here there is enlargement of one half of the head.
This disproportion may be seen with birth and may be
maintained throughout life.
The dentition of the hypertrophic side, is abnormal in
three respects.
Crown size
Root size and shape
Rate of development
There is no specific treatment except for cosmetic
repair.
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81. Facial hemiatrophy : (Parry-Romberg syndrome;
romberg syndrome; Hemifacial atrophy)
It is a progressive atrophy of some or all of the
tissues on one side of the face, occasionally
extending to other parts of the body. The etiology is
unknown.
As the dental effects the hemiatrophy of the lips
and the tongue is reported, the roots of the teeth may
exhibit deficiency of root development and reduced
growth of the jaws on the affected side. Eruption of
teeth on the affected side may also be retarded.
There is no specific treatment.
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82. Cleft lip and cleft palate
cleft lip occurs due to failure of fusion of maxillary
process with the medial and lateral nasal process.
cleft palate is due to failure of fusion between
maxillary process and frontonasal process.
they can be treated by surgical management or by
fabrication of passive obturator.
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83. PROSTHODONTIC
CONSIDERATIONS
BOUCHER :
During 1st year after extraction, the reduction of
residual ridge height in the midsagittal plane is about
2-3 mm for maxilla and 4-5 mm for mandible. After
healing resorption continues but with decreased
intensity. Rate of reduction in maxilla annually is
generally 4 times less than mandibular (about 0.1-0.2
mm).
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84. One of the dental problem in an aged is excessive
bone resorption. The supporting bony tissue
undergoes resorption to a greater or lesser degree.
The crest of the residual alveolar ridge is usually
found to be concave or flat and can terminate in a
knife edge. In extreme cases the layer of bone
overlying mandibular canal may be resorbed
completely leaving a thin layer of oral epithelium as
the only protection to the exposed canal.
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85. A potential source of discomfort in marked senile
atrophy is compression of nerve ending between
sharp vertical bony projections & thin mucosal
covering by a hard denture base particularly in the
anterior mandibular region. The soft tissue is unable
to distribute forces during mastication.
The presence of denture on an exposed mental
nerve emerging form mental foramen can cause pain
and paresthesia of lower lip and chin. Pressure on
mandibular canal by a prosthesis can also be most
annoying to the patient. Best treatment is careful
relief.
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86. A case report presented at the university of pittsburgh
where dental treatment of 4year old boy included
extraction of deciduous teeth and construction of
immediate complete denture. absence of primary
teeth effected the development of jaws.
During three years edentulous period general growth
pattern of facial component was within normal limits.
By end of edentulous period both jaws demonstrated
deficiency in the growth in vertical plane. mandible
appeared to be prognathic and longer antero-
posteriorly .
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87. Reduced height of face was attributed to the
presence of complete denture which resulted in
certain amount of resorption or lack of alveolar
growth.
So this case report support that the dynamic
equilibrium of the patients bones, joints and muscles
have established and it should not be violated
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88. CONCLUSION
“Life is change; for when you are through changing,
you are through” – BRUCE BARTON
As moyers defined growth as the normal
changes in the amount of living substance and
development as the normal sequential events that
encompass between fertilization and death. A
knowledge of growth and development is the
precious key to grasp and the form and direction of
anatomical structures. It is a vital key to the mastery
of the aberrant as well as the normal.
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