The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Recent advances in Orthodontic archwiresmohan prasath
1. Recent advances in orthodontic archwires include multistranded wires, titanium alloys like titanium niobium, and nickel titanium alloys with varying properties like bioforce wires.
2. Newer archwire materials aim to deliver gentle controlled forces for improved patient comfort while achieving effective tooth movement.
3. Combination archwires incorporate sections of different materials like titanium and steel to provide flexibility in some areas and rigidity in others for better control of tooth alignment and anchorage.
Role of hormones n vitamins in craniofacial growth n develpomentIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses growth and development of the cranium. It covers bone growth mechanisms including endochondral and intramembranous ossification. It describes synchondroses and sutures, which allow growth of the cranial bones. Prenatal growth results in a cartilaginous cranium at birth that has several fontanels. Postnatal growth involves expansion of the cranial base and brain case. Several theories of cranial growth are reviewed, including the functional matrix theory proposing that soft tissue growth guides bone formation.
This document discusses the three orders of tooth movement that can be achieved through bending orthodontic archwires: first, second, and third order bends. First order bends move teeth inwards/outwards and can be used for derotation. Second order bends tip teeth vertically and are used for anchorage. Third order bends torque individual teeth by twisting the wire. Special pliers can help perform specific bends, like step pliers for first order bends and rose pliers for third order torque bends. Proper bending technique is important to avoid wire fractures.
Nickel titanium (NiTi) alloy was discovered in the 1960s by William Buehler at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. It was found to exhibit shape memory properties when heated after deformation. The key discovery occurred in 1962 when an alloy of equiatomic nickel and titanium showed large recoverable strain. NiTi alloys have since found widespread use in applications that require flexible metal parts, including orthodontic wires. The first NiTi orthodontic alloy was developed in 1972. NiTi exhibits properties of shape memory and superelasticity due to a reversible phase transformation between austenite and martensite phases.
Growth rotations /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Recent advances in Orthodontic archwiresmohan prasath
1. Recent advances in orthodontic archwires include multistranded wires, titanium alloys like titanium niobium, and nickel titanium alloys with varying properties like bioforce wires.
2. Newer archwire materials aim to deliver gentle controlled forces for improved patient comfort while achieving effective tooth movement.
3. Combination archwires incorporate sections of different materials like titanium and steel to provide flexibility in some areas and rigidity in others for better control of tooth alignment and anchorage.
Role of hormones n vitamins in craniofacial growth n develpomentIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses growth and development of the cranium. It covers bone growth mechanisms including endochondral and intramembranous ossification. It describes synchondroses and sutures, which allow growth of the cranial bones. Prenatal growth results in a cartilaginous cranium at birth that has several fontanels. Postnatal growth involves expansion of the cranial base and brain case. Several theories of cranial growth are reviewed, including the functional matrix theory proposing that soft tissue growth guides bone formation.
This document discusses the three orders of tooth movement that can be achieved through bending orthodontic archwires: first, second, and third order bends. First order bends move teeth inwards/outwards and can be used for derotation. Second order bends tip teeth vertically and are used for anchorage. Third order bends torque individual teeth by twisting the wire. Special pliers can help perform specific bends, like step pliers for first order bends and rose pliers for third order torque bends. Proper bending technique is important to avoid wire fractures.
Nickel titanium (NiTi) alloy was discovered in the 1960s by William Buehler at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. It was found to exhibit shape memory properties when heated after deformation. The key discovery occurred in 1962 when an alloy of equiatomic nickel and titanium showed large recoverable strain. NiTi alloys have since found widespread use in applications that require flexible metal parts, including orthodontic wires. The first NiTi orthodontic alloy was developed in 1972. NiTi exhibits properties of shape memory and superelasticity due to a reversible phase transformation between austenite and martensite phases.
Growth rotations /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses the properties and characteristics of orthodontic archwires. It describes the mechanical properties such as stress, strain, stiffness, strength and load deflection rate. It discusses different types of archwire materials including gold, stainless steel, nickel-titanium alloys, beta titanium, and cobalt chromium alloys. It also covers characteristics such as formability, resilience, biocompatibility and friction for orthodontic archwires. The document provides details on various generations of nickel-titanium alloys and their properties like shape memory effect and super elasticity.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Slow maxillary expansion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses various methods for predicting facial growth, including cephalometric methods like Moorrees mesh, Johnston's transformation grid, and Rickett's arcial growth prediction of the mandible. Non-cephalometric methods discussed include logarithmic spiral, Hirschfield and Moyers, and Todd's equation. The need for growth prediction in orthodontic treatment planning and challenges with accuracy are also addressed. The conclusion is that while various methods have been proposed, growth prediction is most reasonable for "average growers" but not "abnormal growers," and an orthodontist's experience is an important additional factor.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document summarizes Nance appliances, transpalatal arches, and quad helix appliances. It describes the design, indications, and disadvantages of each appliance. For transpalatal arches, it notes they are used to prevent mesial migration of upper first molars and can provide anchorage, arch width stabilization, and be used as a retainer. Quad helix appliances are used to expand arches and derotate molars through a fan-like sweeping action. Nance appliances maintain posterior tooth positions and can be modified to provide an anterior bite plane.
1. The document describes the Begg orthodontic appliance and treatment methodology. It discusses the history and philosophy of Begg, the features of the appliance, and outlines the objectives and mechanics of the three stages of Begg treatment.
2. Stage I focuses on intra-arch alignment and leveling as well as overcorrection of overbite and overjet. Light class II elastics are used. Stage II aims to maintain stage I results while closing extraction spaces and correcting dental asymmetries using heavier elastics.
3. Stage III involves uprighting and torquing springs to correct tipping and torque. Uprighting springs may be needed to prevent opening of extraction spaces during torqueing. Finishing
This document discusses post-natal growth of the maxilla and mandible. It describes how the maxilla grows through primary and secondary translation at sutures, through surface bone remodeling, and through palatal remodeling which follows the 'V' principle. The mandible grows most during the post-natal period through growth at the condylar cartilage which pushes the mandible downward and forward. Both bones exhibit growth changes with age and can be affected by various developmental anomalies. Understanding their normal and abnormal growth is important for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
Management of Deep Bite _ Dr. Nabil Al-ZubairNabil Al-Zubair
Deep bite, also known as vertical overlap, is an excessive overlapping of the front upper teeth over the lower teeth. It can be caused by over-eruption of the front teeth, infra-occlusion of the back teeth, or skeletal factors. Treatment depends on the cause and may involve intrusion of the front teeth using appliances, extrusion of the back teeth, or a combination approach. Successful correction requires a thorough examination and analysis to determine the right treatment plan along with proper retention afterwards to ensure stability of results.
This document discusses various methods and appliances for distalizing maxillary molars, including removable and fixed options. Removable appliances discussed include extraoral traction using headgear as well as removable appliances with finger springs or sliding jigs. Fixed appliances discussed include intramaxillary devices like Wilson's 3D appliance as well as intermaxillary appliances like Herbst or Jasper Jumper. Factors like the presence of second molars, skeletal pattern, and growth prognosis must be considered when determining whether molar distalization is indicated.
The document discusses various concepts related to mandibular growth rotations proposed by different orthodontic researchers over time. It begins by introducing Arne Bjork who first described growth rotations in 1955. It then covers Enlow's concept of remodeling and displacement rotations. Bjork's 1969 classification of forward and backward mandibular rotations is described, including his identification of three types of forward and two types of backward rotations based on their center of rotation. The document also discusses concepts by Bjork and Skieller on total, matrix, and intramatrix rotations. Fred Schudy's concept relating rotation to the disharmony between vertical, anteroposterior and horizontal growth is summarized. Finally, Dibbets' re
Introduction
History
Indications and contraindications
Timing of distalization
Second molar extraction
Mandibular molar distalization
Rickett’s criterion
Classification and various distalization appliances
References
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
1. The document discusses several theories of craniofacial growth including the bone remodeling theory, genetic theory, sutural dominance theory, cartilaginous theory, and functional matrix hypothesis.
2. The functional matrix hypothesis proposed by Melvin Moss claims that craniofacial growth is mediated by functional demands and neurotrophic control, rather than by structures like periosteum or cartilage. It involves microskeletal and macroskeletal growth units associated with functional matrices.
3. The document also discusses theories related to specific structures, such as nasal septal cartilage theory proposed by James Scott, which claims the nasal septum is the primary driver of maxillary growth. However, many theories of craniofacial growth
This document discusses growth rotations of the maxilla and mandible. It defines various types of rotations that can occur, including forward and backward rotations. Forward rotation of the mandible is classified into three types (A, B, C) based on the center of rotation. Implant radiography techniques are used to measure and classify rotations by observing changes in implant positioning over time. Rotations influence tooth eruption and the ultimate positioning of teeth, which impacts orthodontic treatment planning.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses Bjork's concept of jaw rotation during growth. It summarizes Bjork's landmark longitudinal study from 1951-1969 that used metal implants to track sites of growth and resorption in the mandible. Bjork observed that the mandible undergoes a downward and backward rotation during growth, with greater growth occurring posteriorly than anteriorly. He classified mandibular rotation patterns into forward and backward types based on the center of rotation. The study provided insights into mandibular growth mechanisms and implications for orthodontic treatment planning.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth and development of cranium and faceRajesh Bariker
The document discusses prenatal human growth and development, beginning with definitions of growth and development and covering topics such as critical periods, signaling growth factors, prenatal development including pre-implantation, embryonic, and fetal periods, postnatal development, osteogenesis, basic growth movements, theories of growth, and normal and abnormal development. It provides details on the derivation and development of structures from the germ layers and pharyngeal arches during important periods such as pre-somite, somite, and post-somite.
The document discusses the properties and characteristics of orthodontic archwires. It describes the mechanical properties such as stress, strain, stiffness, strength and load deflection rate. It discusses different types of archwire materials including gold, stainless steel, nickel-titanium alloys, beta titanium, and cobalt chromium alloys. It also covers characteristics such as formability, resilience, biocompatibility and friction for orthodontic archwires. The document provides details on various generations of nickel-titanium alloys and their properties like shape memory effect and super elasticity.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Slow maxillary expansion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses various methods for predicting facial growth, including cephalometric methods like Moorrees mesh, Johnston's transformation grid, and Rickett's arcial growth prediction of the mandible. Non-cephalometric methods discussed include logarithmic spiral, Hirschfield and Moyers, and Todd's equation. The need for growth prediction in orthodontic treatment planning and challenges with accuracy are also addressed. The conclusion is that while various methods have been proposed, growth prediction is most reasonable for "average growers" but not "abnormal growers," and an orthodontist's experience is an important additional factor.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document summarizes Nance appliances, transpalatal arches, and quad helix appliances. It describes the design, indications, and disadvantages of each appliance. For transpalatal arches, it notes they are used to prevent mesial migration of upper first molars and can provide anchorage, arch width stabilization, and be used as a retainer. Quad helix appliances are used to expand arches and derotate molars through a fan-like sweeping action. Nance appliances maintain posterior tooth positions and can be modified to provide an anterior bite plane.
1. The document describes the Begg orthodontic appliance and treatment methodology. It discusses the history and philosophy of Begg, the features of the appliance, and outlines the objectives and mechanics of the three stages of Begg treatment.
2. Stage I focuses on intra-arch alignment and leveling as well as overcorrection of overbite and overjet. Light class II elastics are used. Stage II aims to maintain stage I results while closing extraction spaces and correcting dental asymmetries using heavier elastics.
3. Stage III involves uprighting and torquing springs to correct tipping and torque. Uprighting springs may be needed to prevent opening of extraction spaces during torqueing. Finishing
This document discusses post-natal growth of the maxilla and mandible. It describes how the maxilla grows through primary and secondary translation at sutures, through surface bone remodeling, and through palatal remodeling which follows the 'V' principle. The mandible grows most during the post-natal period through growth at the condylar cartilage which pushes the mandible downward and forward. Both bones exhibit growth changes with age and can be affected by various developmental anomalies. Understanding their normal and abnormal growth is important for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
Management of Deep Bite _ Dr. Nabil Al-ZubairNabil Al-Zubair
Deep bite, also known as vertical overlap, is an excessive overlapping of the front upper teeth over the lower teeth. It can be caused by over-eruption of the front teeth, infra-occlusion of the back teeth, or skeletal factors. Treatment depends on the cause and may involve intrusion of the front teeth using appliances, extrusion of the back teeth, or a combination approach. Successful correction requires a thorough examination and analysis to determine the right treatment plan along with proper retention afterwards to ensure stability of results.
This document discusses various methods and appliances for distalizing maxillary molars, including removable and fixed options. Removable appliances discussed include extraoral traction using headgear as well as removable appliances with finger springs or sliding jigs. Fixed appliances discussed include intramaxillary devices like Wilson's 3D appliance as well as intermaxillary appliances like Herbst or Jasper Jumper. Factors like the presence of second molars, skeletal pattern, and growth prognosis must be considered when determining whether molar distalization is indicated.
The document discusses various concepts related to mandibular growth rotations proposed by different orthodontic researchers over time. It begins by introducing Arne Bjork who first described growth rotations in 1955. It then covers Enlow's concept of remodeling and displacement rotations. Bjork's 1969 classification of forward and backward mandibular rotations is described, including his identification of three types of forward and two types of backward rotations based on their center of rotation. The document also discusses concepts by Bjork and Skieller on total, matrix, and intramatrix rotations. Fred Schudy's concept relating rotation to the disharmony between vertical, anteroposterior and horizontal growth is summarized. Finally, Dibbets' re
Introduction
History
Indications and contraindications
Timing of distalization
Second molar extraction
Mandibular molar distalization
Rickett’s criterion
Classification and various distalization appliances
References
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
1. The document discusses several theories of craniofacial growth including the bone remodeling theory, genetic theory, sutural dominance theory, cartilaginous theory, and functional matrix hypothesis.
2. The functional matrix hypothesis proposed by Melvin Moss claims that craniofacial growth is mediated by functional demands and neurotrophic control, rather than by structures like periosteum or cartilage. It involves microskeletal and macroskeletal growth units associated with functional matrices.
3. The document also discusses theories related to specific structures, such as nasal septal cartilage theory proposed by James Scott, which claims the nasal septum is the primary driver of maxillary growth. However, many theories of craniofacial growth
This document discusses growth rotations of the maxilla and mandible. It defines various types of rotations that can occur, including forward and backward rotations. Forward rotation of the mandible is classified into three types (A, B, C) based on the center of rotation. Implant radiography techniques are used to measure and classify rotations by observing changes in implant positioning over time. Rotations influence tooth eruption and the ultimate positioning of teeth, which impacts orthodontic treatment planning.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses Bjork's concept of jaw rotation during growth. It summarizes Bjork's landmark longitudinal study from 1951-1969 that used metal implants to track sites of growth and resorption in the mandible. Bjork observed that the mandible undergoes a downward and backward rotation during growth, with greater growth occurring posteriorly than anteriorly. He classified mandibular rotation patterns into forward and backward types based on the center of rotation. The study provided insights into mandibular growth mechanisms and implications for orthodontic treatment planning.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth and development of cranium and faceRajesh Bariker
The document discusses prenatal human growth and development, beginning with definitions of growth and development and covering topics such as critical periods, signaling growth factors, prenatal development including pre-implantation, embryonic, and fetal periods, postnatal development, osteogenesis, basic growth movements, theories of growth, and normal and abnormal development. It provides details on the derivation and development of structures from the germ layers and pharyngeal arches during important periods such as pre-somite, somite, and post-somite.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth of maxilla and cranium /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Growth and development /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Growth&development /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth of maxilla /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Basic mechanism of craniofacial growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses b...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The skull is divided into two parts: the neurocranium, which forms a protective case around the brain, and the viscerocranium, which forms the skeleton of the face. The neurocranium consists of membranous bones that surround the brain and cartilaginous bones that form the base of the skull. At birth, the flat bones of the skull are separated by sutures and fontanelles, which allow the bones to overlap during birth and gradually close over the first few years of life. The viscerocranium develops from the first two pharyngeal arches and includes bones such as the maxilla, mandible, and middle ear ossicles.
The document discusses the evolution of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in vertebrates from early jaw joints to the modern mammalian TMJ. It traces how the jaw joint evolved from a simple hinge to allow for specialized functions like tearing, grinding, and cutting foods. The development of the dentary bone forming a joint with the skull created the mammalian TMJ. Variations in the TMJ adapted it for different feeding mechanisms in herbivores, carnivores, and rodents. Prenatal and postnatal growth of the condyle and temporal tubercle shape the modern human TMJ.
Growth &development of cranial vault & base /fixed orthodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Theories of cranio facial growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Cybernetic theory of craniofacial growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Cybernetic theory of craniofacial /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document provides an overview of maxilla anatomy and development. It discusses:
- The development of the maxilla from the first branchial arch during weeks 4-8 of gestation, including how the maxillary process, palatal shelves, and tongue form.
- Features of the adult maxilla, including its four surfaces and processes. It houses the maxillary sinus and articulates with several cranial bones.
- Age-related changes like a more vertical diameter in adults and absorption in older individuals.
- Considerations for periodontal and implant procedures related to anatomical structures like nerves, vessels and muscle attachments in the maxilla.
Development and anatomy of temporomandibular jointIsmail Qamar
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is formed by the mandibular condyle articulating with the temporal bone. It contains an articular disc that divides the joint into two compartments. The TMJ allows for rotational and translational movements of the mandible and is supplied by nerves, blood vessels, and contains four types of receptors. Dysfunctions of the TMJ can cause pain and limited movement.
C r growth ash /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth of maxilla /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Copy of growth and development of the mandible1/certified fixed orthodontic c...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth and development of maxilla and mandible/endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses growth and development of the maxilla from prenatal to postnatal periods. It describes how the maxilla develops from maxillary processes in the embryo. During prenatal growth, the maxilla is displaced downward and forward as the cranial base grows. Postnatally, the maxilla grows through bone deposition, remodeling at sutures, and expansion of the maxillary sinus. The primary palate develops early from the median palatine process, while the secondary palate forms from the palatine shelves fusing in the midline.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cranial vault development /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The mandible develops from the first pharyngeal arch. Meckel's cartilage appears around the 6th week as a template for mandibular development. Ossification begins in membrane covering Meckel's cartilage, forming the body of the mandible around the mental and incisive nerves. Endochondral ossification forms the condylar process, mental region, and coronoid process. Postnatally, the mandible undergoes significant growth mediated by genetic and functional factors to accommodate the dentition and masticatory muscles.
Anatomy and dev of occlusion /orthodontic courses training by indian dental a...Indian dental academy
This document discusses the anatomy and development of occlusion. It begins by defining occlusion and describing the skeletal, joint, muscle and dental components involved in occlusion. It then explains the development of teeth from the dental lamina and describes the stages of tooth development from bud to bell stage. It also provides an overview of the anatomical features of individual tooth groups, including the permanent incisors. The document is an educational resource for understanding occlusion and tooth development.
The document discusses the growth and development of the mandible. It begins with an overview of the prenatal development, including how the mandibular arch forms from the pharyngeal arches and contains Meckel's cartilage. Meckel's cartilage provides a template for the mandible to develop around it through intramembranous ossification beginning in the 7th week of prenatal development. The mandible continues developing and forming after birth through both intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
The document discusses prenatal and postnatal growth and development of the skull. It notes that at birth, the skull consists of 45 bony elements that fuse into 22 bones in adults. Prenatal growth involves intramembranous bone formation in the cranial vault from mesenchymal cells. At birth, the cranial bones are separated by fontanelles and sutures that gradually close during postnatal growth and development as the brain and skull expand.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Similar to Growth & development of cranium /fixed orthodontic courses (20)
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Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
2. INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. Introduction
Bone growth
Synchondroses
Sutures
Prenatal growth of cranium
Cranium at birth
Postnatal growth of cranium
Theories of growth
Anomalies of development
Clinical significance
Conclusion
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. Robert E Moyer's has defined growth as normal
changes occurring in amount of the living
substances. According to him, growth is the
quantitative aspect of biologic development.
Development: It refers to all the naturally
occurring unidirectional changes in the life of an
individual from its existence as a single cell to its
elaborations as a multifunctional unit terminating to
death.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. We can put this in the formula of
Development
growth + differentiation +
translocation.
Differentiation: it is the change for
generalized cells or tissues to more
specialized kinds during development and
translocation in change in position.
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6. According to Todd – Growth is an increase in
size and development is progress towards
maturity
According to J.S. Huxley – Growth is self-
multiplication of living substance.
According to Krogmen – Growth is increase
in size, change in proportion and progressive
complexity.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. At the time of birth there are 45 bony elements
separated by cartilage.
At the end of one year, it is decreased to 22 after the
completion of ossification.
14 of these bones are in the face and the remaining
8 form the cranium.
The reduction in the number is due to growth and
union at various sutures and endochondral junctions.
At the time of birth, the cranium is 8-9 times larger
than the facial portion.
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8. Within one year it becomes twice the
size of face
Development of skull, comprising both
the cranium and mandible, is a blend of
morphogenesis and the growth of 3
main skull entities arising from
→ neural crest and
→paraxial mesoderm tissues
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. Skull entities is composed of
Neurocranium
Calvaria (desmocranium)
Cranial base (Chondrocranium)
Face
Masticatory apparatus.
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11. Before we study the growth of the
various parts of craniofacial complex,
it is important to know how the bone
grows. Bone is always connective
tissue
The terms cartilaginous or
endochondral and membranous
or intramembranous identify the
type of connective tissue.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. Bone is composed of two entities
- Osteocytes
Intercellular substance
Osteocytes are two types
Osteoblasts – bone forming cells
Osteoclasts – bone resorbing
cells.
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13. Endochondral bone formation
At the site where the bone is to be formed,
the mesenchymal cells become closely
packed
to
form
a
mesenchymal
condensation.
Some
mesenchymal
cells
become
chondroblasts and lay down hyaline
cartilage.
Mesenchymal cells on the
surface of the cartilage form a membrane
called the perichondrium. This membrane
is vascular and contains osteogenic cells.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. The cells of the cartilage are at first small
and irregularly arranged.. however in the
area where bone formation is to begin, the
cells enlarge considerably.
The intercellular substance between the
enlarged cartilage cells becomes calcified
under the influence of an enzyme called
alkaline phosphatase, which secreted by the
cartilage cells. The nutrition to the cells is
thus cut off and they die, leaving behind
empty spaces called primary areolae.
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15. Some blood vessels of the perichondrium
now invade the calcified cartilaginous
matrix.
They are accompanied by osteogenic
cells. This mass of vessels and cells is
called the periosteal bud. It eats away
much of the calcified matrix forming the
walls of the primary areolae, and thus
creates large cavities called secondary
areolae. Thus formation of cartilaginous
model takes place.
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16. The walls of the secondary areolae are
formed by thin layers of calcified matrix
that have not been dissolved.
The
osteogenic cells become osteoblasts and
arrange themselves along the surfaces of
these bars, or plates, of calcified
cartilaginous matrix.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
19. INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
These osteoblasts now lay down a layer of
ossein fibrils embedded in a gelatinous
intercellular matrix. This material is called
osteoid. It is calcified and a lamellus of
bone is formed.
The osteoblasts now lay down another layer
of osteoid over the first lamellus. This is
also calcified. Thus two lamellae of bone are
formed. Some osteoblasts that get caught
between the lamellae form osteocytes. As
more lamellae are laid down, bony trabeculae
are formed.
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22. The cartilage junctions between
two bones are called
synchondroses.
They are important growth sites
cranial base.
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23. Synchondroses found in cranial
base are
1. Spheno - occipital
2. spheno – ethmoidal
3. inter- sphenoidal
4. intra- occipital
www.indiandentalacademy.com
24. Spheno- occipital – it is the cartilaginous
junction between the sphenoid and the
occipital bones. It is active up to the age of
12-15 years. The sphenoid and the occipital
segments then become fused in the midline
area by 20 years of age.
spheno- ethmoid - this is a cartilaginous
band between the sphenoid and ethmoid
bones. It ossifies at 8 to 25 years of age
www.indiandentalacademy.com
25. Inter sphenoid - it is a
cartilaginous band between the
2 parts of the sphenoid bone. It
is believed to ossify at birth.
Intra occipital: - this ossifies by 35 years of age.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
29. They are fibrous joints
comprised of sheets of dense
connective tissue that
separate the bones of calvaria
The sutures help the calvaria
to change shape during birth
www.indiandentalacademy.com
30. Types of sutures
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
coronal sutures - it is present between
posterior border of frontal bone and anterior border
of parietal bone
Saggital sutures - it is present between upper
borders of parietal bones in the median plane
lambdoid sutures – it is present between posterior
borders of parietal bones and upper border of
occipital bone
parieto mastoid stutures - it is present between
free upper border of mastoid part of temporal bone
and posterior part of parietal bone.
occipito mastoid sutures – it is present between
posterior border of mastoid part of temporal bone
and squamous part of occipital bone.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
33. Cranial base growth is due to proliferation of
cartilage and its replacement by bone, primarily
at synchodroses.
Cranial vault or desmocranium growth
is accomplished by proliferation of connective
tissue between the sutures and its replacement
by bone. The periosteum also grows, but it is a
limiting membrane determining the size and
shape changes. Despite the rapid ossification
of the cranial vault in the terminal stages of fetal
life, the bones of desmocranium are separated
from each other by the fontanels when the child
is born.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
35. At birth, bones of face and jaws are underdeveloped
The ratio between cranium and face is 8:1 at birth,
later the ratio
decreases to 2:1 in the adult.
Bones of cranial vault do not complete their
growth during fetal life.
The point where more than 2 bones meet the sutures
are wide open are called Fontanelle (soft spots).
Fontanelle are regions of dense connective tissue
where sutures joins.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
36. Types of Fontanelle
Anterior Fontanelle
It is the largest
It is seen at the junction of sagittal, coronal and frontal
suture.
It is diamond shaped.
It ossifies between 1 ½ to 2 years of age posterior
Posterior Fontanelle
It is triangular in shape and located at the function of
sagittal
and lambdoid suture.
It ossifies 2 to 3 months after birth
www.indiandentalacademy.com
37. Antero lateral Fontanelle (Sphenoidal)
2 pairs
It ossifies 2 to 3 month after birth
Postero lateral Fontanelle (Mastoid)
2 pairs
Ossifies at 1 to 2 year of birth
www.indiandentalacademy.com
40. It is divided into
Brain case
Cranial base.
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41. Growth of cranial base
Cranial base grows by cartilage growth in the
sphenoethmoidal, inter sphenoethmoidal, spheno
occipital, and intra occipital synchondroses.
It follows a neural growth curve, but partially the
general growth curve.
Activity at the inter sphenoidal synchondroses
disappears at birth.
Intra occipital synchondrosis closes in the third to
fifth year of life.
Spheno occipital synchondrosis is a major
contributor.
Endochondral ossification does not stop here
until twentieth year of life.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
44. Growth of brain case
The cranium grows because the brain grows.
By the end of fifth year of life, over 90% of the growth of
the brain capsule or brain vault has been achieved.
This increased in size is achieved by proliferation and
ossification of sutural connective tissue and by
appositional growth of individual bones that make up the
cranial vault.
Apposition can be seen on both the internal and external
tables of the cranial bones as they become thicker.
.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
45. The cranial vault increases in width by “fill in”
ossification of proliferating connective tissues in the
coronal lambdoidal, interparetal, parieto shpenoidal
and parictotemporal sutures.
The mid sagittal sutures between the
parietal bones does not close until the middle of the
3rd decade of life.
Increase in length of brain may be
primarily due to the growth of cranial base with
active response at the coronal suture.
The brain case grows in height with
active response at parietal sutures along with the
occipital, temporal, and sphenoidal contiguous
osseous structures
www.indiandentalacademy.com
47. CHONDROCRANIAL OSSIFICATION
Approximately 110 ossification centers
appear in the embryonic human skull.
Many of these centers fuse to produce 45
bones in the neonatal skull. In the young
adult, 22 skull bones are recognized.
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48. Cartilage Dominance theory – By James
Scott,
According to the theory the genetic control is
expressed at cartilage
Scott said that the cartilaginous sites through out
the skull are primary growth centers.
The nasal septal cartilage is the pacemaker for
growth of the entire nasomaxillary complex.
The mandible is considered as a long bone bent into
a horseshoe shape with the epiphysis removed, so
that the cartilage contributes help and epiphyseal
plate at the ends, which are represented by
condyles.
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49. FUNCTIONAL MATRIX THEORY – BY
MELVIN MOSS, 1960, 1962, 1997
Moss’s idea of growth control is that the growth
control lies in adjacent soft tissues and cartilage
bones are just sites.
The growth of the face occurs as a response to
functional needs and is mediated by the soft
tissues conceptually the soft tissues growth,
bone, and cartilage reacts to it.
A number of relatively independent functions are
carried out in the craniofacial regions or the
human body like, respiration, olfaction, vision,
hearing, balance, chewing digestion, swallowing
speech and neural integration.
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51. Skeletal Unit
:
The skeletal tissues associated with
a single function are called “the
skeletal unit”. It is comprises of
bone, cartilage and tendinous
tissues.
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52. functional matrix
The consists of muscles, glands, nerves, vessels,
fat, teeth and the functional spaces
Periosteal matrix
Their action is directly and actively upon the
related skeletal units, alternations in their
functional demands produce a secondary
compensatory translation of size or shape of their
skeletal units. Such processes are brought about
by the inter related process of bone deposition
and resorption eg. Muscles, blood vessels,
nerves glands etc.
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53. Capsular Matrix
They act directly and passively on their related skeletal units
producing secondary compensatory translation in space.
These alterations in spatial position of skeletal units are
brought by expansion of the orofacial capsule within which the facial
bones arise, grow and are maintained.
The facial skeletal units are passively and secondarily moved
in space as their enveloping capsule is expanded.
Deposition and resorption do not bring about this kind of
translative growth.
The neurocranial capsule and the oro-facial capsule are
examples of capsular matrices.
Each of the capsules is an envelope, which contains a series
of functional cranial components (skeletal units), which as a whole
are sandwiched in between two covering layers.
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54. In Neuro cranial capsule, the cover is skin
and duramater and in oro-facial capsule, the
skin and mucosa forms the covering.
The neurocranial capsule
surrounds and protects the neurocranial
capsular functional matrix, which is the
brain, leptomeninges and CSF.
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55. The neuro cranial capsule is made up
of skin,connective tissue aponeurotic
layer; loose connective layer,
periosteum, base of skull and layers of
duramater
The orofacial capsule surrounds and
protects the oro-naso-pharyngeal spaces,
which constitute the matrix. The growth
of the facial skull is influenced by the
volume and potency of the spaces.
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56. Van Limborgh’s theory, 1970
Limborgh explains the process of growth and
development in the view that combines all the
major theories.
He supports the Moss’s functional Matrix
Theory
Acknowledges certain concepts of Sicher’s
Theory
Never did he rule out the genetic theory.
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57. Unloaded Nerve theory – by Melvin
Moss
The skeletal units and growth field fulfills the
demands for protection of the mandibular
nerve by formation of bone around .
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58. Sero system theory – By petrovic
and stutzmann 1980
the theory states that the influence of somatotropic
complex is STH- Somatomedin hormones, sexual
hormones and thyroniel hormones on the primary
cartilage (epiphyseal cartilages of long bones,
cartilages of the nasal septum and sphenoid etc)
has the “Cybernetic” form of common.
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59. Enlow’s counterpart principle
The growth of any given facial or cranial part relates
specifically to another structural and geometric
counterparts of the face and cranium.
This counterpart principle explains the balanced
growth between different regions of the cranium
even thought they have different growth rates .
Different cranial base parts and their
counterparts.
Anterior base and naso- maxillary complex.
Middle cranial fossa and horizontal pharyngeal
space dimensions.
Middle cranial fossa and breadth of the ramus.
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61. The calvaria is particularly susceptible to a number of
congenital defects ranging from chromosomal to hormonal in
their etiology.
The time of closure of the sutures is altered in many
of these afflictions, leading to variable distortion of skull shape
In conditions such as cretinism, progeria, trisomy21
and cleidocranial dysostosis there is delayed midline
ossification of frontal and saggital sutures of the calvaria, so
that anterior fontenelle may remain open into adult life.
The resulting brachycephalic skull results in a bossed
forehead of highly curved frontal and parietal bones and
hypertalorism, partly obscuring the smaller brain case.
Another abnormality is premature fusion of sutures
(craniosynostosis)
Encephaloceles are defects in closure of the foramen
caecum at the ethmoid frontal suture allowing hernation of the
cranial contents into the face
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62. In anencephaly absence of the calvaria results in
craniosehisis, characterized by short narrow
chondrocranium.
Afflication of cartilage growth produce a
reduced cranial base, with increased angulation due to
loss of flattening effect of growth of spheno occipital
synchondroses.
This results in dished deformity of middle
1/3rd of facial skeleton accentuated by a bulging of
neurocranium.
Achondroplasia, cretinism and Down’s
syndrome all produce a similar characteristic facial
deformity by their inhibiting effect on chondrocranial
growth.
Certain forms of dental malocclusion may
be related to defects of the chondrocranium that minimize
the space available for the maxillary dentition.
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63. VARIOUS SYNDROMES AND
DEFECTIVEDEVELOPMENTAL
CONDITIONS
SYNDROME 13 TRISOMY–
EXTRA CHROMOSOME 13 IS PRESENT.
CHARACTERIZED BY CLEFT LIP AND PALATE,
MICROPTHALMIA (SMALL EYES), MICROCEPHALY WITH
SEVERE BRAIN MALFORMATION, CONGENITAL HEART
DEFECTS, POLYDACTILY (EXTRA DIGITS) AND A HOST OF
OTHER ANOMALIES.
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64. Trisomy 18 syndrome (Edwards
syndrome)
Most cases of this trisomy result into
spontaneous abortion
It occurs 1 in 6500 population
Early death is the characteristic feature
Retarded growth and development
Prominent large forehead (occiput )
Small chin
Heart defects are commonly seen
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65. APERT SYNDROME:
IS A SINGLE GENE DISORDER,
CHARACTERIZED BY PREMATURE FUSION
OF CRANIAL SUTURES, BIZARRE
CRANIOFACIAL APPEARANCE, HIGHLY
ARCHED PALATE, SYNDACTYLY (FUSION
OF DIGITS) AND VARIOUS OTHER
ABNORMALITIES OCCASIONALLY
INCLUDING CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS.
THE PATIENT HAS BIZARRE PHYSICAL
APPEARANCE AND MENTAL RETARDATION
UNLIKELY TO MARRY AND HAVE CHILDREN.
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66. Craniosynstosis –
It is a condition resulting from premature fusion of
the cranial sutures like Apert syndrome.
In this, head shape depends on which sutures are
prematurely synostosed, the order in which they
synostose and timing at which they synostose.
This condition may be prenatal or perinatal in
onset or may occur later during infancy or
childhood.
The earlier the synostoses occur, the more
dramatic is the affect on subsequent cranial
growth and development.
The later synostosis occurs, the less is the effect
on the cranial growth and development.
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67. The various shapes of the calvaria when
various sutures are prematurely fused are
Normocephaly – is the normal head shape
Dolicocephaly – if the saggital suture is
prematurely synostosed, the calvaria is restricted in
its lateral growth and compensates by permitting
more passive growth to occur at the coronal and
lambdoidal sutures.
Brachycephaly – if the cornonal suture is
prematurely synostosed, growth is arrested in an
antero posterior direction, compensatory growth
occurring laterally at the patient saggital suture.
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68. Plagiocephaly – is an asymmetric skull
shape. This may be produced by
unilateral closure of the coronal suture
or unilateral closure of the lamboidal
suture.
Trigonocephaly – if the metopic suture
closes prematurely a triangular
calvaria results known as
Trigonocepyhaly.
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70. Achondroplasia
Characterized by unusual crainio facial
configuration and disproportional short
stature.
Chromosomal disorder (autosomal dominant)
Enlarged calvaria, frontal bossing, large
frontal sinus, occipital prominence, normal
anterior cranial base length, shortened
posterior cranial base length, shortened
posterior cranial base length, short upper
facial height, short nasal bone, short upper
facial height, short maxilla, posterior tilt of
nasal floor.
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71. Prognathic mandible that is anteriorly placed
but of normal size, normal gonial angle and
high coronoid process.
In achondroplasia bone preformed
in cartilage is affected
Membrane bones are not affected.
The condition is due to abnormal
endochondral bone formation on the
development of skull as a whole.
The mandible is normal in length because
growth a condylar cartilage is appositional.
In achondroplasia only interstitially
growing cartilage is affected.
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72. Marfan’s syndrome
Hereditary disease.
Basically defect of connective tissue
related to defective organization of
collagen.
Shape of face is long and narrow.
High arched palate.
Also seen are excessive length of tubular
bones and arachnodactaly or spidery
fingers.
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73. Down’s syndrome
Flat face .
Large anterior fontanelle, open suture,
small slanting eyes with epicanthal folds,
open mouth, frequent prognathism
Sexual underdevelopment, cardiac
abnormality and hypermobility of jaws.
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74. Hyperthyroidism
Under functioning of thyroid gland due to failure of
pituitary gland or atrophy or destruction of the
thyroid gland.
Decreased ability of the thyroid gland to produce
sufficient hormone.
Here base of the skull is shortened leading to
retraction of the bridge of the nose with flaring.
The face is wide failing to develop in the
longitudinal direction .
The mandible is underdeveloped and the maxilla is
overdeveloped .
Mental retardation.
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75. Cleidocranial dysplasia: It is a disease of unknown etiology, often hereditary.
Characterized by abnormalities of the skull, teeth,
jaws and shoulder girdle and stunting of long bones.
In the skull the fontanells remain open or at least
show delayed closure
The sagittal suture is characteristically sunken
giving the skull a flat appearance.
Shoulder meets in midline.
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77. Craniofacial skeletal growth is very important in
orthodontics since craniofacial morphology are the
source of serious malocclusions.
The configuration of the basicranium determines a
person’s head form type, which in turn sets up many
proportionate features characterizing facial type.
If the basicranium is long and narrow, this result in
dolicochphalic facial type, which will result anterioposteriorly and vertically, elongated facial profile and this
will result in mandibular retrusion.
If the basicranium is round, this will result in
brachycephalic facial type, this will result in anterioposteriorly and vertically shorter facial profile. This will
result in either mandibular protrusion or bimaxillary
protrusion.
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78. The growth of the cranium also has direct
effect on the placement of maxilla and
mandible.
The mandible is attached to mid cranial fossa
through the condyles.
Thus ramus place the mandibular arch in occlusion
with the maxillary arch following a pattern set up by
the basicranium.
Similarly, the nasomaxillary complex is suspended
from the anterior cranial fossa. So the configuration
of the palate and maxillary arch is thus established
by the basicranium
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80. CONCLUSION
A thorough background in craniofacial growth is necessary for
every orthodontist.
Even for those who never work with
children, it is difficult to comprehend conditions observed in
adults without understanding the development processes that
produced these problems.
Craniofacial skeletal growth is very important in orthodontics,
since variations in craniofacial morphology are the source of
most serious malocclusions and clinical damages.
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