The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of cranial and facial development from prenatal through postnatal periods. It discusses how the cranium develops from both membranous and cartilaginous components, and how growth occurs after birth through processes like sutural growth, cortical drift and synchondrosis elongation. Premature fusion of sutures or synchondroses can lead to craniosynostosis and impact midfacial development and dental alignment. Genetic syndromes associated with abnormal skull growth are also mentioned.
Bone physiologynew /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Growth and development basic concepts /certified fixed orthodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
This document discusses concepts related to growth and development. It defines growth, development, and differentiation according to various scholars. It also describes the fields that study growth and development, including molecular biology, developmental biology, developmental oral biology, physical growth, and behavioral development. The document further discusses growth patterns, variability, timing, and factors that influence physical growth such as heredity, nutrition, illness, race, climate, socioeconomic status, and psychological disturbance. Methods for gathering and evaluating growth data are also outlined.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
prenatal and post natal growth of mandiblemahesh kumar
The document discusses the prenatal and postnatal development of the mandible. Key points include:
1) The mandible initially develops from Meckel's cartilage during prenatal development and undergoes intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
2) Postnatally, the mandible grows at the condylar cartilage, posterior border of the ramus, and alveolar ridges. Growth occurs through remodeling and apposition of bone.
3) Mandibular growth is influenced by functional matrices like muscles and teeth which cause regional changes through resorption and displacement as the mandible grows in a downward and forward direction like an "expanding V".
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Bite registration /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of cranial and facial development from prenatal through postnatal periods. It discusses how the cranium develops from both membranous and cartilaginous components, and how growth occurs after birth through processes like sutural growth, cortical drift and synchondrosis elongation. Premature fusion of sutures or synchondroses can lead to craniosynostosis and impact midfacial development and dental alignment. Genetic syndromes associated with abnormal skull growth are also mentioned.
Bone physiologynew /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Growth and development basic concepts /certified fixed orthodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
This document discusses concepts related to growth and development. It defines growth, development, and differentiation according to various scholars. It also describes the fields that study growth and development, including molecular biology, developmental biology, developmental oral biology, physical growth, and behavioral development. The document further discusses growth patterns, variability, timing, and factors that influence physical growth such as heredity, nutrition, illness, race, climate, socioeconomic status, and psychological disturbance. Methods for gathering and evaluating growth data are also outlined.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
prenatal and post natal growth of mandiblemahesh kumar
The document discusses the prenatal and postnatal development of the mandible. Key points include:
1) The mandible initially develops from Meckel's cartilage during prenatal development and undergoes intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
2) Postnatally, the mandible grows at the condylar cartilage, posterior border of the ramus, and alveolar ridges. Growth occurs through remodeling and apposition of bone.
3) Mandibular growth is influenced by functional matrices like muscles and teeth which cause regional changes through resorption and displacement as the mandible grows in a downward and forward direction like an "expanding V".
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Bite registration /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Prenatal growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Muscles of mastication /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses the development of the maxilla from prenatal to postnatal stages. Prenatally, the maxilla develops through intramembranous ossification beginning around the 8th week. The palate forms from the fusion of two palatal shelves. Postnatally, the maxilla grows through translation (displacement) and transposition (remodeling of surfaces), with various theories proposed to explain its downward and forward growth. The midpalatal suture mediates widening of the palate between 1-2 years of age through growth.
The document discusses the growth and development of the cranial vault and base. It begins with the anatomy and functions, then covers prenatal and postnatal growth. Prenatally, the cranial vault develops through intramembranous ossification, while the cranial base develops through endochondral ossification from cartilaginous precursors. Multiple sutures and fontanelles are present at birth that gradually close during postnatal growth through remodeling and sutural growth.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses various methods for predicting facial growth, including cephalometric methods like Moorrees mesh, Johnston's transformation grid, and Rickett's arcial growth prediction of the mandible. Non-cephalometric methods discussed include logarithmic spiral, Hirschfield and Moyers, and Todd's equation. The need for growth prediction in orthodontic treatment planning and challenges with accuracy are also addressed. The conclusion is that while various methods have been proposed, growth prediction is most reasonable for "average growers" but not "abnormal growers," and an orthodontist's experience is an important additional factor.
The mandible develops bilaterally from the first branchial arch and grows through intramembranous ossification rather than endochondral ossification. Important prenatal development includes the formation of Meckel's cartilage, secondary cartilages including the condylar cartilage which facilitates mandibular growth, and remodeling guided by tooth bud development. Postnatally, the mandible grows primarily in a posterior direction through growth of the condylar head, with forward and downward displacement of the body. The condylar cartilage serves both articular and growth functions through endochondral and membranous mechanisms.
prenatal and post natal development of maxillaNoufal Tk
This document discusses the prenatal and postnatal growth and development of the maxilla. It begins with definitions of growth and development, then describes the anatomy and embryology of the maxilla. Prenatally, the maxilla develops from the first pharyngeal arch. Postnatally, it grows through endochondral ossification, displacement due to cranial base growth, growth at sutures, and surface remodeling. Key factors in maxillary growth include the lacrimal suture, maxillary tuberosity, tooth drift, and expansion of the nasal airway and palate. Orthodontic appliances like headgear and face masks can be used to influence maxillary growth.
Ricketts analysis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document summarizes the development of the palate and its anomalies. It begins by describing how the face develops from structures around the stomodeum, including the frontonasal process and first pharyngeal arches. It then explains palate development in detail, from the primitive palate formed by the frontonasal process to the definitive palate formed by fusion of the palatine shelves. It classifies palate anomalies and describes cleft lip and cleft palate. It concludes by outlining treatment for cleft palate including surgical management and use of palatal obturators.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth and development of mandible /certified fixed orthodontic courses by ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses various concepts related to mandibular growth rotations proposed by different orthodontic researchers over time. It begins by introducing Arne Bjork who first described growth rotations in 1955. It then covers Enlow's concept of remodeling and displacement rotations. Bjork's 1969 classification of forward and backward mandibular rotations is described, including his identification of three types of forward and two types of backward rotations based on their center of rotation. The document also discusses concepts by Bjork and Skieller on total, matrix, and intramatrix rotations. Fred Schudy's concept relating rotation to the disharmony between vertical, anteroposterior and horizontal growth is summarized. Finally, Dibbets' re
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses the development of the mandible from early gestation through adulthood. It begins with the formation of pharyngeal arches in the embryo and the development of Meckel's cartilage as the primary cartilage. Intramembranous and endochondral ossification then form the mandibular bone, guided by secondary cartilages like the condylar and coronoid cartilages. Postnatally, the mandible grows through remodeling and positional changes driven by functional needs. Several theories of mandibular growth are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of cephalometrics including:
- Definitions of cephalometrics as the scientific measurement of the bones of the cranium and face using lateral radiographs.
- The goals of cephalometrics which are to evaluate relationships between the five major facial components.
- Types of cephalometric landmarks including anatomical, derived, hard tissue, and soft tissue landmarks.
- Examples of important cephalometric landmarks such as nasion, orbitale, pogonion, sella, point A, and point B.
- Classification of cephalometric lines and planes as horizontal or vertical including planes such as the SN plane, Frankfort horizontal, and mandibular plane.
Growth and development of cranium and faceRajesh Bariker
The document discusses prenatal human growth and development, beginning with definitions of growth and development and covering topics such as critical periods, signaling growth factors, prenatal development including pre-implantation, embryonic, and fetal periods, postnatal development, osteogenesis, basic growth movements, theories of growth, and normal and abnormal development. It provides details on the derivation and development of structures from the germ layers and pharyngeal arches during important periods such as pre-somite, somite, and post-somite.
The skull is divided into two parts: the neurocranium, which forms a protective case around the brain, and the viscerocranium, which forms the skeleton of the face. The neurocranium consists of membranous bones that surround the brain and cartilaginous bones that form the base of the skull. At birth, the flat bones of the skull are separated by sutures and fontanelles, which allow the bones to overlap during birth and gradually close over the first few years of life. The viscerocranium develops from the first two pharyngeal arches and includes bones such as the maxilla, mandible, and middle ear ossicles.
Prenatal growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Muscles of mastication /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses the development of the maxilla from prenatal to postnatal stages. Prenatally, the maxilla develops through intramembranous ossification beginning around the 8th week. The palate forms from the fusion of two palatal shelves. Postnatally, the maxilla grows through translation (displacement) and transposition (remodeling of surfaces), with various theories proposed to explain its downward and forward growth. The midpalatal suture mediates widening of the palate between 1-2 years of age through growth.
The document discusses the growth and development of the cranial vault and base. It begins with the anatomy and functions, then covers prenatal and postnatal growth. Prenatally, the cranial vault develops through intramembranous ossification, while the cranial base develops through endochondral ossification from cartilaginous precursors. Multiple sutures and fontanelles are present at birth that gradually close during postnatal growth through remodeling and sutural growth.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses various methods for predicting facial growth, including cephalometric methods like Moorrees mesh, Johnston's transformation grid, and Rickett's arcial growth prediction of the mandible. Non-cephalometric methods discussed include logarithmic spiral, Hirschfield and Moyers, and Todd's equation. The need for growth prediction in orthodontic treatment planning and challenges with accuracy are also addressed. The conclusion is that while various methods have been proposed, growth prediction is most reasonable for "average growers" but not "abnormal growers," and an orthodontist's experience is an important additional factor.
The mandible develops bilaterally from the first branchial arch and grows through intramembranous ossification rather than endochondral ossification. Important prenatal development includes the formation of Meckel's cartilage, secondary cartilages including the condylar cartilage which facilitates mandibular growth, and remodeling guided by tooth bud development. Postnatally, the mandible grows primarily in a posterior direction through growth of the condylar head, with forward and downward displacement of the body. The condylar cartilage serves both articular and growth functions through endochondral and membranous mechanisms.
prenatal and post natal development of maxillaNoufal Tk
This document discusses the prenatal and postnatal growth and development of the maxilla. It begins with definitions of growth and development, then describes the anatomy and embryology of the maxilla. Prenatally, the maxilla develops from the first pharyngeal arch. Postnatally, it grows through endochondral ossification, displacement due to cranial base growth, growth at sutures, and surface remodeling. Key factors in maxillary growth include the lacrimal suture, maxillary tuberosity, tooth drift, and expansion of the nasal airway and palate. Orthodontic appliances like headgear and face masks can be used to influence maxillary growth.
Ricketts analysis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document summarizes the development of the palate and its anomalies. It begins by describing how the face develops from structures around the stomodeum, including the frontonasal process and first pharyngeal arches. It then explains palate development in detail, from the primitive palate formed by the frontonasal process to the definitive palate formed by fusion of the palatine shelves. It classifies palate anomalies and describes cleft lip and cleft palate. It concludes by outlining treatment for cleft palate including surgical management and use of palatal obturators.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth and development of mandible /certified fixed orthodontic courses by ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses various concepts related to mandibular growth rotations proposed by different orthodontic researchers over time. It begins by introducing Arne Bjork who first described growth rotations in 1955. It then covers Enlow's concept of remodeling and displacement rotations. Bjork's 1969 classification of forward and backward mandibular rotations is described, including his identification of three types of forward and two types of backward rotations based on their center of rotation. The document also discusses concepts by Bjork and Skieller on total, matrix, and intramatrix rotations. Fred Schudy's concept relating rotation to the disharmony between vertical, anteroposterior and horizontal growth is summarized. Finally, Dibbets' re
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses the development of the mandible from early gestation through adulthood. It begins with the formation of pharyngeal arches in the embryo and the development of Meckel's cartilage as the primary cartilage. Intramembranous and endochondral ossification then form the mandibular bone, guided by secondary cartilages like the condylar and coronoid cartilages. Postnatally, the mandible grows through remodeling and positional changes driven by functional needs. Several theories of mandibular growth are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of cephalometrics including:
- Definitions of cephalometrics as the scientific measurement of the bones of the cranium and face using lateral radiographs.
- The goals of cephalometrics which are to evaluate relationships between the five major facial components.
- Types of cephalometric landmarks including anatomical, derived, hard tissue, and soft tissue landmarks.
- Examples of important cephalometric landmarks such as nasion, orbitale, pogonion, sella, point A, and point B.
- Classification of cephalometric lines and planes as horizontal or vertical including planes such as the SN plane, Frankfort horizontal, and mandibular plane.
Growth and development of cranium and faceRajesh Bariker
The document discusses prenatal human growth and development, beginning with definitions of growth and development and covering topics such as critical periods, signaling growth factors, prenatal development including pre-implantation, embryonic, and fetal periods, postnatal development, osteogenesis, basic growth movements, theories of growth, and normal and abnormal development. It provides details on the derivation and development of structures from the germ layers and pharyngeal arches during important periods such as pre-somite, somite, and post-somite.
The skull is divided into two parts: the neurocranium, which forms a protective case around the brain, and the viscerocranium, which forms the skeleton of the face. The neurocranium consists of membranous bones that surround the brain and cartilaginous bones that form the base of the skull. At birth, the flat bones of the skull are separated by sutures and fontanelles, which allow the bones to overlap during birth and gradually close over the first few years of life. The viscerocranium develops from the first two pharyngeal arches and includes bones such as the maxilla, mandible, and middle ear ossicles.
Growth and Development of Craniofacial Complex IIAU Dent
This document summarizes a lecture on craniofacial growth and development. It discusses how the cranium and face grow, defining growth and development. Growth occurs through intramembranous bone formation or endochondral bone formation at sutures and synchondroses. Factors like bone growth, soft tissues, occlusion forces, and skeletal patterns influence occlusion development. The cranial vault completes growth by age 8 while the cranial base continues growing into the 20s. The face grows rapidly in depth initially and its growth is mostly complete by ages 16-18 for the upper face and 20-25 for the mandible.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Development of cranial vault & base /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Growth &development of cranial vault & base /fixed orthodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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Growth Development Of Face And Oral Cavityshabeel pn
The document summarizes concepts related to human growth and development from conception through early embryogenesis. It discusses how the embryo forms from the fertilized egg and progresses through stages such as the morula, blastocyst, and implantation. It describes the formation and differentiation of the three germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. It also summarizes the development of key structures like the nervous system, branchial arches, and blood supply to the face.
Growth & development of maxilla and mandibleRajesh Bariker
The document discusses the pre-natal and post-natal growth and development of the maxilla and mandible. It describes how the maxilla forms from embryonic development and ossification centers. It grows through displacement, remodeling at sutures, and increases in height, width and length. The mandible develops from Meckel's cartilage and also grows through remodeling at sites of growth. The palate develops from primary and secondary palatal shelves fusing in the midline. Post-natally, the maxilla grows through apposition at sutures and displacement downward and forward from cranial base growth. The mandible grows through remodeling at sites like the ramus and condyle.
Growth & development of maxilla and mandiblePiyush Verma
The document summarizes the growth and development of the maxilla and mandible. It discusses the prenatal growth of the maxilla, including how the maxillary process develops from the first branchial arch and fuses with other structures to form the primitive palate. It also describes the development of the primary and secondary palate, with the palatal shelves growing horizontally to fuse and form the completed palate. The prenatal growth of the mandible is also discussed briefly.
The document provides an overview of endocrinology and summarizes key endocrine glands and hormones. It discusses the pituitary gland and hormones including growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, prolactin, and ADH/vasopressin and oxytocin. It also summarizes the thyroid gland, thyroid hormones T3 and T4, and disorders like hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The document further discusses the endocrine functions of the pancreas including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide and types of diabetes mellitus.
The document summarizes the growth of the skull and jaws through endochondral and intramembranous ossification. Key points include:
- The skull grows through a combination of general influences like hormones and local effects like muscle attachments.
- Bones like the cranial vault form through intramembranous ossification while bones like the cranial base form through endochondral ossification.
- Growth sites like the spheno-occipital and spheno-ethmoidal synchondroses allow elongation of the cranial base through childhood.
- The mandible grows from ossification centers with the condylar cartilage enabling growth of the ramus until maturity.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Oral Manifestations of Endocrinal Disorders / dental crown & bridge coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJDs). It describes common symptoms such as headaches, ear pain, sounds from the joint, and limited jaw movement. Diagnosis involves patient history, clinical examination including palpation of the jaw and muscles, and sometimes imaging tests. TMJDs can be classified as muscle disorders, joint disorders, or a combination. Treatment depends on the specific disorder but may include education, behavior modification, physical therapy, medications, and dental appliances.
Growth and Development of Craniofacial ComplexIAU Dent
The document discusses craniofacial growth and development. It describes how the maxilla and mandible grow, including through apposition of bone at sutures for the maxilla and condylar growth and surface remodeling for the mandible. It also discusses assessing growth through hand-wrist radiographs and cephalograms, and the importance of understanding growth for orthodontic treatment planning. Key topics covered include intramembranous vs. endochondrial bone formation, sites of skull growth, growth of the upper face and mandible, and how growth is evaluated.
Growth and development of maxilla and mandible/endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Dr. Ulf Posselt first described the envelope of motion in 1952 as a 3D concept to illustrate the possible movements of the mandible in all three planes of movement - sagittal, horizontal, and frontal. The envelope differs between individuals but maintains the same characteristic shape, with the superior surface determined by tooth contacts and the borders primarily determined by the TMJ anatomy and ligaments. The document then discusses reference positions like centric relation and maximum intercuspation, as well as types of mandibular movement including hinge, translational, and rotational. Border movements in the sagittal and horizontal planes are mapped out, illustrating positions like centric relation, maximum opening, and lateral excursions.
Growth &Development of Cranial base /certified fixed orthodontic courses by ...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
C r growth ash /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Basic mechanism of craniofacial growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses b...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document discusses growth and development of the maxilla from prenatal to postnatal periods. It describes how the maxilla develops from maxillary processes in the embryo. During prenatal growth, the maxilla is displaced downward and forward as the cranial base grows. Postnatally, the maxilla grows through bone deposition, remodeling at sutures, and expansion of the maxillary sinus. The primary palate develops early from the median palatine process, while the secondary palate forms from the palatine shelves fusing in the midline.
Growth of maxilla /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Copy of growth and development of the mandible1/certified fixed orthodontic c...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses the growth and development of the mandible. It begins with an overview of the prenatal development, including how the mandibular arch forms from the pharyngeal arches and contains Meckel's cartilage. Meckel's cartilage provides a template for the mandible to develop around it through intramembranous ossification beginning in the 7th week of prenatal development. The mandible continues developing and forming after birth through both intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
The mandible develops from the first pharyngeal arch. Meckel's cartilage appears around the 6th week as a template for mandibular development. Ossification begins in membrane covering Meckel's cartilage, forming the body of the mandible around the mental and incisive nerves. Endochondral ossification forms the condylar process, mental region, and coronoid process. Postnatally, the mandible undergoes significant growth mediated by genetic and functional factors to accommodate the dentition and masticatory muscles.
Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and store minerals. There are several bone types classified by shape. Long bones have a shaft and two ends, while short, flat, and irregular bones vary in shape. Bone tissue contains cells, water, collagen fibers, and minerals. Growth and remodeling is regulated by hormones and nutrients. Bones develop from cartilage templates in a multi-step process beginning before birth and continuing into early adulthood.
The document discusses prenatal and postnatal growth and development of the skull. It notes that at birth, the skull consists of 45 bony elements that fuse into 22 bones in adults. Prenatal growth involves intramembranous bone formation in the cranial vault from mesenchymal cells. At birth, the cranial bones are separated by fontanelles and sutures that gradually close during postnatal growth and development as the brain and skull expand.
Ossification is the process where connective tissue is replaced by bone tissue. There are two types of ossification: intramembranous and endochondral. Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones directly from mesenchymal tissue without a cartilage model, occurring in four stages: formation of ossification centers, calcification, formation of trabeculae, and formation of periosteum. Endochondral ossification forms long bones through a cartilage model, occurring in six stages: formation and growth of the cartilage model, formation of a periosteal bone collar, calcification of cartilage in the diaphysis, formation of the primary ossification center, and formation of secondary ossification centers in the
The document discusses prenatal and postnatal growth of the mandible. It describes how the mandible develops from mesenchymal condensations in the pharyngeal arches during prenatal development. It forms through both intramembranous and endochondral ossification. The condyle, coronoid process, and mental region develop through endochondral ossification of cartilage models. Postnatally, the mandible grows downward and forward through appositional bone growth at the condyle, ramus, and alveolar processes to accommodate the permanent dentition. The chin develops through periosteal bone apposition on the lingual surface in males during late growth.
Cranial vault development /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The skeletal system develops from mesoderm and neural crest cells. Paraxial mesoderm forms somites which differentiate into sclerotome and dermomyotome. Sclerotome cells form the mesenchyme which can become bone, cartilage or connective tissue. Bones form through intramembranous or endochondral ossification, where cartilage templates are replaced by bone. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum, while the appendicular skeleton comprises the shoulder and pelvic girdles and limb bones.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth of mandible /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The document discusses prenatal and postnatal growth of the mandible. Prenatally, the mandible develops through intramembranous and endochondral bone formation from mesenchymal condensations in the pharyngeal arches. Specific regions like the condyle, coronoid process and mental region form through endochondral ossification of cartilage models. Postnatally, the mandible continues growing through apposition at the condyle, ramus borders and alveolar process to accommodate the permanent teeth and maintain jaw dimensions and shape under muscular influences. Growth patterns differ between males and females, with more prominent chin development in males near maturity.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
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4.Demo on Models
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6. subtitles in your own language
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For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
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Thanks & Regards
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--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
2. Introduction
Bone growth
Synchondroses
Sutures
Prenatal growth of cranium
Cranium at birth
Postnatal growth of cranium
Theories of growth
Anomalies of development
Clinical significance
Conclusion
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. Robert E Moyer's has defined growth as normal
changes occurring in amount of the living
substances. According to him, growth is the
quantitative aspect of biologic development.
Development: It refers to all the naturally
occurring unidirectional changes in the life of an
individual from its existence as a single cell to its
elaborations as a multifunctional unit terminating to
death.
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4. We can put this in the formula of
Development growth + differentiation +
translocation.
Differentiation: it is the change for
generalized cells or tissues to more
specialized kinds during development and
translocation in change in position.
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5. According to Todd – Growth is an increase in
size and development is progress towards
maturity
According to J.S. Huxley – Growth is self-
multiplication of living substance.
According to Krogmen – Growth is increase
in size, change in proportion and progressive
complexity.
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6. At the time of birth there are 45 bony elements
separated by cartilage.
At the end of one year, it is decreased to 22 after the
completion of ossification.
14 of these bones are in the face and the remaining
8 form the cranium.
The reduction in the number is due to growth and
union at various sutures and endochondral junctions.
At the time of birth, the cranium is 8-9 times larger
than the facial portion.
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7. Within one year it becomes twice the
size of face
Development of skull, comprising both
the cranium and mandible, is a blend of
morphogenesis and the growth of 3
main skull entities arising from
→ neural crest and
→paraxial mesoderm tissues
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8. Skull entities is composed of
Neurocranium
Calvaria (desmocranium)
Cranial base (Chondrocranium)
Face
Masticatory apparatus.
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10. Before we study the growth of the
various parts of craniofacial complex,
it is important to know how the bone
grows. Bone is always connective
tissue
The terms cartilaginous or
endochondral and membranous
or intramembranous identify the
type of connective tissue.
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11. Bone is composed of two entities
- Osteocytes
Intercellular substance
Osteocytes are two types
Osteoblasts – bone forming cells
Osteoclasts – bone resorbing
cells.
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12. Endochondral bone formation
At the site where the bone is to be formed,
the mesenchymal cells become closely
packed to form a mesenchymal
condensation.
Some mesenchymal cells become
chondroblasts and lay down hyaline
cartilage. Mesenchymal cells on the
surface of the cartilage form a membrane
called the perichondrium. This membrane
is vascular and contains osteogenic cells.
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13. The cells of the cartilage are at first small
and irregularly arranged.. however in the
area where bone formation is to begin, the
cells enlarge considerably.
The intercellular substance between the
enlarged cartilage cells becomes calcified
under the influence of an enzyme called
alkaline phosphatase, which secreted by the
cartilage cells. The nutrition to the cells is
thus cut off and they die, leaving behind
empty spaces called primary areolae.
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14. Some blood vessels of the perichondrium
now invade the calcified cartilaginous
matrix.
They are accompanied by osteogenic
cells. This mass of vessels and cells is
called the periosteal bud. It eats away
much of the calcified matrix forming the
walls of the primary areolae, and thus
creates large cavities called secondary
areolae. Thus formation of cartilaginous
model takes place.
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15. The walls of the secondary areolae are
formed by thin layers of calcified matrix
that have not been dissolved. The
osteogenic cells become osteoblasts and
arrange themselves along the surfaces of
these bars, or plates, of calcified
cartilaginous matrix.
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18. INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
These osteoblasts now lay down a layer of
ossein fibrils embedded in a gelatinous
intercellular matrix. This material is called
osteoid. It is calcified and a lamellus of
bone is formed.
The osteoblasts now lay down another layer
of osteoid over the first lamellus. This is
also calcified. Thus two lamellae of bone are
formed. Some osteoblasts that get caught
between the lamellae form osteocytes. As
more lamellae are laid down, bony trabeculae
are formed.
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21. The cartilage junctions between
two bones are called
synchondroses.
They are important growth sites
cranial base.
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22. Synchondroses found in cranial
base are
1. Spheno - occipital
2. spheno – ethmoidal
3. inter- sphenoidal
4. intra- occipital
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23. Spheno- occipital – it is the cartilaginous
junction between the sphenoid and the
occipital bones. It is active up to the age of
12-15 years. The sphenoid and the occipital
segments then become fused in the midline
area by 20 years of age.
spheno- ethmoid - this is a cartilaginous
band between the sphenoid and ethmoid
bones. It ossifies at 8 to 25 years of age
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24. Inter sphenoid - it is a
cartilaginous band between the
2 parts of the sphenoid bone. It
is believed to ossify at birth.
Intra occipital: - this ossifies by 3-
5 years of age.
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28. They are fibrous joints
comprised of sheets of dense
connective tissue that
separate the bones of calvaria
The sutures help the calvaria
to change shape during birth
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29. Types of sutures
1. coronal sutures - it is present between
posterior border of frontal bone and anterior border
of parietal bone
2. Saggital sutures - it is present between upper
borders of parietal bones in the median plane
3. lambdoid sutures – it is present between posterior
borders of parietal bones and upper border of
occipital bone
4. parieto mastoid stutures - it is present between
free upper border of mastoid part of temporal bone
and posterior part of parietal bone.
5. occipito mastoid sutures – it is present between
posterior border of mastoid part of temporal bone
and squamous part of occipital bone.www.indiandentalacademy.com
32. Cranial base growth is due to proliferation of
cartilage and its replacement by bone, primarily
at synchodroses.
Cranial vault or desmocranium growth
is accomplished by proliferation of connective
tissue between the sutures and its replacement
by bone. The periosteum also grows, but it is a
limiting membrane determining the size and
shape changes. Despite the rapid ossification
of the cranial vault in the terminal stages of fetal
life, the bones of desmocranium are separated
from each other by the fontanels when the child
is born.
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34. At birth, bones of face and jaws are underdeveloped
The ratio between cranium and face is 8:1 at birth,
later the ratio
decreases to 2:1 in the adult.
Bones of cranial vault do not complete their
growth during fetal life.
The point where more than 2 bones meet the sutures
are wide open are called Fontanelle (soft spots).
Fontanelle are regions of dense connective tissue
where sutures joins.
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35. Types of Fontanelle
Anterior Fontanelle
It is the largest
It is seen at the junction of sagittal, coronal and frontal
suture.
It is diamond shaped.
It ossifies between 1 ½ to 2 years of age posterior
Posterior Fontanelle
It is triangular in shape and located at the function of
sagittal
and lambdoid suture.
It ossifies 2 to 3 months after birth
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36. Antero lateral Fontanelle (Sphenoidal)
2 pairs
It ossifies 2 to 3 month after birth
Postero lateral Fontanelle (Mastoid)
2 pairs
Ossifies at 1 to 2 year of birth
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39. It is divided into
Brain case
Cranial base.
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40. Growth of cranial base
Cranial base grows by cartilage growth in the
sphenoethmoidal, inter sphenoethmoidal, spheno
occipital, and intra occipital synchondroses.
It follows a neural growth curve, but partially the
general growth curve.
Activity at the inter sphenoidal synchondroses
disappears at birth.
Intra occipital synchondrosis closes in the third to
fifth year of life.
Spheno occipital synchondrosis is a major
contributor.
Endochondral ossification does not stop here
until twentieth year of life.
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43. Growth of brain case
The cranium grows because the brain grows.
By the end of fifth year of life, over 90% of the growth of
the brain capsule or brain vault has been achieved.
This increased in size is achieved by proliferation and
ossification of sutural connective tissue and by
appositional growth of individual bones that make up the
cranial vault.
Apposition can be seen on both the internal and external
tables of the cranial bones as they become thicker.
.
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44. The cranial vault increases in width by “fill in”
ossification of proliferating connective tissues in the
coronal lambdoidal, interparetal, parieto shpenoidal
and parictotemporal sutures.
The mid sagittal sutures between the
parietal bones does not close until the middle of the
3rd decade of life.
Increase in length of brain may be
primarily due to the growth of cranial base with
active response at the coronal suture.
The brain case grows in height with
active response at parietal sutures along with the
occipital, temporal, and sphenoidal contiguous
osseous structures
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46. CHONDROCRANIAL OSSIFICATION
Approximately 110 ossification centers
appear in the embryonic human skull.
Many of these centers fuse to produce 45
bones in the neonatal skull. In the young
adult, 22 skull bones are recognized.
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47. Cartilage Dominance theory – By James
Scott,
According to the theory the genetic control is
expressed at cartilage
Scott said that the cartilaginous sites through out
the skull are primary growth centers.
The nasal septal cartilage is the pacemaker for
growth of the entire nasomaxillary complex.
The mandible is considered as a long bone bent into
a horseshoe shape with the epiphysis removed, so
that the cartilage contributes help and epiphyseal
plate at the ends, which are represented by
condyles.
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48. FUNCTIONAL MATRIX THEORY – BY
MELVIN MOSS, 1960, 1962, 1997
Moss’s idea of growth control is that the growth
control lies in adjacent soft tissues and cartilage
bones are just sites.
The growth of the face occurs as a response to
functional needs and is mediated by the soft
tissues conceptually the soft tissues growth,
bone, and cartilage reacts to it.
A number of relatively independent functions are
carried out in the craniofacial regions or the
human body like, respiration, olfaction, vision,
hearing, balance, chewing digestion, swallowing
speech and neural integration.
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50. Skeletal Unit:
The skeletal tissues associated with
a single function are called “the
skeletal unit”. It is comprises of
bone, cartilage and tendinous
tissues.
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51. functional matrix
The consists of muscles, glands, nerves, vessels,
fat, teeth and the functional spaces
Periosteal matrix
Their action is directly and actively upon the
related skeletal units, alternations in their
functional demands produce a secondary
compensatory translation of size or shape of their
skeletal units. Such processes are brought about
by the inter related process of bone deposition
and resorption eg. Muscles, blood vessels,
nerves glands etc.
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52. Capsular Matrix
They act directly and passively on their related skeletal units
producing secondary compensatory translation in space.
These alterations in spatial position of skeletal units are
brought by expansion of the orofacial capsule within which the facial
bones arise, grow and are maintained.
The facial skeletal units are passively and secondarily moved
in space as their enveloping capsule is expanded.
Deposition and resorption do not bring about this kind of
translative growth.
The neurocranial capsule and the oro-facial capsule are
examples of capsular matrices.
Each of the capsules is an envelope, which contains a series
of functional cranial components (skeletal units), which as a whole
are sandwiched in between two covering layers.
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53. In Neuro cranial capsule, the cover is skin
and duramater and in oro-facial capsule, the
skin and mucosa forms the covering.
The neurocranial capsule
surrounds and protects the neurocranial
capsular functional matrix, which is the
brain, leptomeninges and CSF.
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54. The neuro cranial capsule is made up
of skin,connective tissue aponeurotic
layer; loose connective layer,
periosteum, base of skull and layers of
duramater
The orofacial capsule surrounds and
protects the oro-naso-pharyngeal spaces,
which constitute the matrix. The growth
of the facial skull is influenced by the
volume and potency of the spaces.
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55. Van Limborgh’s theory, 1970
Limborgh explains the process of growth and
development in the view that combines all the
major theories.
He supports the Moss’s functional Matrix
Theory
Acknowledges certain concepts of Sicher’s
Theory
Never did he rule out the genetic theory.
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56. Unloaded Nerve theory – by Melvin
Moss
The skeletal units and growth field fulfills the
demands for protection of the mandibular
nerve by formation of bone around.
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57. Sero system theory – By petrovic
and stutzmann 1980
the theory states that the influence of somatotropic
complex is STH- Somatomedin hormones, sexual
hormones and thyroniel hormones on the primary
cartilage (epiphyseal cartilages of long bones,
cartilages of the nasal septum and sphenoid etc)
has the “Cybernetic” form of common.
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58. Enlow’s counterpart principle
The growth of any given facial or cranial part relates
specifically to another structural and geometric
counterparts of the face and cranium.
This counterpart principle explains the balanced
growth between different regions of the cranium
even thought they have different growth rates.
Different cranial base parts and their
counterparts.
Anterior base and naso- maxillary complex.
Middle cranial fossa and horizontal pharyngeal
space dimensions.
Middle cranial fossa and breadth of the ramus.
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60. The calvaria is particularly susceptible to a number of
congenital defects ranging from chromosomal to hormonal in
their etiology.
The time of closure of the sutures is altered in many
of these afflictions, leading to variable distortion of skull shape
In conditions such as cretinism, progeria, trisomy21
and cleidocranial dysostosis there is delayed midline
ossification of frontal and saggital sutures of the calvaria, so
that anterior fontenelle may remain open into adult life.
The resulting brachycephalic skull results in a bossed
forehead of highly curved frontal and parietal bones and
hypertalorism, partly obscuring the smaller brain case.
Another abnormality is premature fusion of sutures
(craniosynostosis)
Encephaloceles are defects in closure of the foramen
caecum at the ethmoid frontal suture allowing hernation of the
cranial contents into the face
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61. In anencephaly absence of the calvaria results in
craniosehisis, characterized by short narrow
chondrocranium.
Afflication of cartilage growth produce a
reduced cranial base, with increased angulation due to
loss of flattening effect of growth of spheno occipital
synchondroses.
This results in dished deformity of middle
1/3rd of facial skeleton accentuated by a bulging of
neurocranium.
Achondroplasia, cretinism and Down’s
syndrome all produce a similar characteristic facial
deformity by their inhibiting effect on chondrocranial
growth.
Certain forms of dental malocclusion may
be related to defects of the chondrocranium that minimize
the space available for the maxillary dentition.
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62. VARIOUS SYNDROMES AND
DEFECTIVEDEVELOPMENTAL
CONDITIONS
SYNDROME 13 TRISOMY–
EXTRA CHROMOSOME 13 IS PRESENT.
CHARACTERIZED BY CLEFT LIP AND PALATE,
MICROPTHALMIA (SMALL EYES), MICROCEPHALY WITH
SEVERE BRAIN MALFORMATION, CONGENITAL HEART
DEFECTS, POLYDACTILY (EXTRA DIGITS) AND A HOST OF
OTHER ANOMALIES.
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63. Trisomy 18 syndrome (Edwards
syndrome)
Most cases of this trisomy result into
spontaneous abortion
It occurs 1 in 6500 population
Early death is the characteristic feature
Retarded growth and development
Prominent large forehead (occiput )
Small chin
Heart defects are commonly seen
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64. APERT SYNDROME:
IS A SINGLE GENE DISORDER,
CHARACTERIZED BY PREMATURE FUSION
OF CRANIAL SUTURES, BIZARRE
CRANIOFACIAL APPEARANCE, HIGHLY
ARCHED PALATE, SYNDACTYLY (FUSION
OF DIGITS) AND VARIOUS OTHER
ABNORMALITIES OCCASIONALLY
INCLUDING CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS.
THE PATIENT HAS BIZARRE PHYSICAL
APPEARANCE AND MENTAL RETARDATION
UNLIKELY TO MARRY AND HAVE CHILDREN.
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65. Craniosynstosis –
It is a condition resulting from premature fusion of
the cranial sutures like Apert syndrome.
In this, head shape depends on which sutures are
prematurely synostosed, the order in which they
synostose and timing at which they synostose.
This condition may be prenatal or perinatal in
onset or may occur later during infancy or
childhood.
The earlier the synostoses occur, the more
dramatic is the affect on subsequent cranial
growth and development.
The later synostosis occurs, the less is the effect
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66. The various shapes of the calvaria when
various sutures are prematurely fused are
Normocephaly – is the normal head shape
Dolicocephaly – if the saggital suture is
prematurely synostosed, the calvaria is restricted in
its lateral growth and compensates by permitting
more passive growth to occur at the coronal and
lambdoidal sutures.
Brachycephaly – if the cornonal suture is
prematurely synostosed, growth is arrested in an
antero posterior direction, compensatory growth
occurring laterally at the patient saggital suture.
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67. Plagiocephaly – is an asymmetric skull
shape. This may be produced by
unilateral closure of the coronal suture
or unilateral closure of the lamboidal
suture.
Trigonocephaly – if the metopic suture
closes prematurely a triangular
calvaria results known as
Trigonocepyhaly.
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69. Achondroplasia
Characterized by unusual crainio facial
configuration and disproportional short
stature.
Chromosomal disorder (autosomal dominant)
Enlarged calvaria, frontal bossing, large
frontal sinus, occipital prominence, normal
anterior cranial base length, shortened
posterior cranial base length, shortened
posterior cranial base length, short upper
facial height, short nasal bone, short upper
facial height, short maxilla, posterior tilt of
nasal floor.
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70. Prognathic mandible that is anteriorly placed
but of normal size, normal gonial angle and
high coronoid process.
In achondroplasia bone preformed
in cartilage is affected
Membrane bones are not affected.
The condition is due to abnormal
endochondral bone formation on the
development of skull as a whole.
The mandible is normal in length because
growth a condylar cartilage is appositional.
In achondroplasia only interstitially
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71. Marfan’s syndrome
Hereditary disease.
Basically defect of connective tissue
related to defective organization of
collagen.
Shape of face is long and narrow.
High arched palate.
Also seen are excessive length of tubular
bones and arachnodactaly or spidery
fingers.
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72. Down’s syndrome
Flat face .
Large anterior fontanelle, open suture,
small slanting eyes with epicanthal folds,
open mouth, frequent prognathism
Sexual underdevelopment, cardiac
abnormality and hypermobility of jaws.
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73. Hyperthyroidism
Under functioning of thyroid gland due to failure of
pituitary gland or atrophy or destruction of the
thyroid gland.
Decreased ability of the thyroid gland to produce
sufficient hormone.
Here base of the skull is shortened leading to
retraction of the bridge of the nose with flaring.
The face is wide failing to develop in the
longitudinal direction .
The mandible is underdeveloped and the maxilla is
overdeveloped .
Mental retardation.
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74. Cleidocranial dysplasia: -
It is a disease of unknown etiology, often hereditary.
Characterized by abnormalities of the skull, teeth,
jaws and shoulder girdle and stunting of long bones.
In the skull the fontanells remain open or at least
show delayed closure
The sagittal suture is characteristically sunken
giving the skull a flat appearance.
Shoulder meets in midline.
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76. Craniofacial skeletal growth is very important in
orthodontics since craniofacial morphology are the
source of serious malocclusions.
The configuration of the basicranium determines a
person’s head form type, which in turn sets up many
proportionate features characterizing facial type.
If the basicranium is long and narrow, this result in
dolicochphalic facial type, which will result anterio-
posteriorly and vertically, elongated facial profile and this
will result in mandibular retrusion.
If the basicranium is round, this will result in
brachycephalic facial type, this will result in anterio-
posteriorly and vertically shorter facial profile. This will
result in either mandibular protrusion or bimaxillary
protrusion.
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77. The growth of the cranium also has direct
effect on the placement of maxilla and
mandible.
The mandible is attached to mid cranial fossa
through the condyles.
Thus ramus place the mandibular arch in occlusion
with the maxillary arch following a pattern set up by
the basicranium.
Similarly, the nasomaxillary complex is suspended
from the anterior cranial fossa. So the configuration
of the palate and maxillary arch is thus established
by the basicranium
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79. CONCLUSION
A thorough background in craniofacial growth is necessary for
every orthodontist. Even for those who never work with
children, it is difficult to comprehend conditions observed in
adults without understanding the development processes that
produced these problems.
Craniofacial skeletal growth is very important in orthodontics,
since variations in craniofacial morphology are the source of
most serious malocclusions and clinical damages.
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