The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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The document discusses growth and development of the cranium. It covers bone growth mechanisms including endochondral and intramembranous ossification. It describes synchondroses and sutures, which allow growth of the cranial bones. Prenatal growth results in a cartilaginous cranium at birth that has several fontanels. Postnatal growth involves expansion of the cranial base and brain case. Several theories of cranial growth are reviewed, including the functional matrix theory proposing that soft tissue growth guides bone formation.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses growth and development of the cranium. It covers bone growth mechanisms including endochondral and intramembranous ossification. It describes synchondroses and sutures, which allow growth of the cranial bones. Prenatal growth results in a cartilaginous cranium at birth that has several fontanels. Postnatal growth involves expansion of the cranial base and brain case. Several theories of cranial growth are reviewed, including the functional matrix theory proposing that soft tissue growth guides bone formation.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Development of cranial vault & base /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Basic mechanism of craniofacial growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses b...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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Growth and development nasomaxillary complex/ dental implant coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10.08.08: Histology - Cartilage/Mature Bone Open.Michigan
This document provides information about cartilage, including its composition, types, structure, and function. It describes cartilage as a firm connective tissue composed of cells and an extracellular matrix containing fibers and ground substance. There are three main types of cartilage: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is further discussed, noting its presence in places like articular surfaces, trachea, and as a template for bone formation. The structure and composition of cartilage matrix is also summarized.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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• Osseous tissue, a specialised form of dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes)• Embedded in a matrix of calcified intercelluarsubstance• Bone matrix contains collagen fibres and the minerals calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
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Growth &development of cranial vault & base /fixed orthodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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Prenatal development of skeletal systemAhmed Hammad
- During the first trimester, the embryo forms three germ layers including the mesoderm which begins forming the foundation for bones. By week 9, bones start developing in the arms and legs.
- In the second trimester, bone tissue develops around the head by week 13. By week 15, the skeleton rapidly develops and grows, with the skull becoming more prominent.
- In the third trimester, most bones are developed although growth continues until birth, with the skeleton becoming harder in preparation for birth.
The document discusses various principles and theories of craniofacial growth and development. It defines key terms like growth, development, differentiation, etc. It describes basic principles such as ossification, growth fields, centers and sites, bone remodeling, drift, displacement, etc. It discusses major regions and principles of craniofacial growth like the cephalocaudal gradient and Scammon's curve. It also covers controlling factors and changing paradigms in understanding growth. Various theories of growth are explained, such as the bone remodeling theory, genetic theory, sutural hypothesis, cartilaginous theory, functional matrix theory, and others.
Growth theories /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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Theories of craniofacial growth in the postgenomic era123 /certified fixed or...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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G & d of tmj /orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses growth and development of the maxilla from prenatal to postnatal periods. It describes how the maxilla develops from maxillary processes in the embryo. During prenatal growth, the maxilla is displaced downward and forward as the cranial base grows. Postnatally, the maxilla grows through bone deposition, remodeling at sutures, and expansion of the maxillary sinus. The primary palate develops early from the median palatine process, while the secondary palate forms from the palatine shelves fusing in the midline.
Theories of cranio facial growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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The document discusses the growth and development of the mandible from prenatal through postnatal stages. Prenatally, the mandible develops from mesenchymal condensation in the first branchial arch. Postnatally, the mandible grows primarily through apposition during the first year. After the first year, mandibular growth occurs through remodeling, particularly of the ramus, to position the lower dental arch and accommodate occlusion with the maxilla. Key sites of remodeling include the lingual tuberosity, antegonial notch, and mandibular foramen.
Cartilage is a firm but flexible connective tissue found in many areas of the body, including joints, ribs, spine, ears and nose. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic. Hyaline cartilage is the most common and is found at bone joints and in embryonic skeletons. It provides smooth surfaces and flexibility. Fibrocartilage is strong and found in joints like the meniscus. Elastic cartilage is yellow and found in ears and the epiglottis, providing shape and support to these structures.
This letter provides a recommendation for Ms. Alkisti Volonasi for graduate school. The writer worked with Alkisti for two months and found her to be exceptionally polite, considerate, friendly, and a very quick learner. Alkisti is also highly motivated, a hard worker, self-disciplined, and asks thoughtful questions. She is willing to take on projects without hesitation and delivers above expectations. The writer gives her the highest recommendation and believes she will greatly benefit from her studies.
Este documento describe un plan para enseñar historia de manera interactiva utilizando recursos en línea y las redes sociales. Los estudiantes investigarán temas históricos en grupos pequeños y crearán una página web para compartir lo que aprendieron. Luego, cada estudiante podrá crear su propio blog como portafolio, donde podrán mostrar sus trabajos y desarrollar habilidades como buscar información, comunicarse y pensar de manera crítica.
Development of cranial vault & base /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Basic mechanism of craniofacial growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses b...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Growth and development nasomaxillary complex/ dental implant coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10.08.08: Histology - Cartilage/Mature Bone Open.Michigan
This document provides information about cartilage, including its composition, types, structure, and function. It describes cartilage as a firm connective tissue composed of cells and an extracellular matrix containing fibers and ground substance. There are three main types of cartilage: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is further discussed, noting its presence in places like articular surfaces, trachea, and as a template for bone formation. The structure and composition of cartilage matrix is also summarized.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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• Osseous tissue, a specialised form of dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes)• Embedded in a matrix of calcified intercelluarsubstance• Bone matrix contains collagen fibres and the minerals calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Growth &development of cranial vault & base /fixed orthodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Prenatal development of skeletal systemAhmed Hammad
- During the first trimester, the embryo forms three germ layers including the mesoderm which begins forming the foundation for bones. By week 9, bones start developing in the arms and legs.
- In the second trimester, bone tissue develops around the head by week 13. By week 15, the skeleton rapidly develops and grows, with the skull becoming more prominent.
- In the third trimester, most bones are developed although growth continues until birth, with the skeleton becoming harder in preparation for birth.
The document discusses various principles and theories of craniofacial growth and development. It defines key terms like growth, development, differentiation, etc. It describes basic principles such as ossification, growth fields, centers and sites, bone remodeling, drift, displacement, etc. It discusses major regions and principles of craniofacial growth like the cephalocaudal gradient and Scammon's curve. It also covers controlling factors and changing paradigms in understanding growth. Various theories of growth are explained, such as the bone remodeling theory, genetic theory, sutural hypothesis, cartilaginous theory, functional matrix theory, and others.
Growth theories /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Theories of craniofacial growth in the postgenomic era123 /certified fixed or...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
G & d of tmj /orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses growth and development of the maxilla from prenatal to postnatal periods. It describes how the maxilla develops from maxillary processes in the embryo. During prenatal growth, the maxilla is displaced downward and forward as the cranial base grows. Postnatally, the maxilla grows through bone deposition, remodeling at sutures, and expansion of the maxillary sinus. The primary palate develops early from the median palatine process, while the secondary palate forms from the palatine shelves fusing in the midline.
Theories of cranio facial growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document discusses the growth and development of the mandible from prenatal through postnatal stages. Prenatally, the mandible develops from mesenchymal condensation in the first branchial arch. Postnatally, the mandible grows primarily through apposition during the first year. After the first year, mandibular growth occurs through remodeling, particularly of the ramus, to position the lower dental arch and accommodate occlusion with the maxilla. Key sites of remodeling include the lingual tuberosity, antegonial notch, and mandibular foramen.
Cartilage is a firm but flexible connective tissue found in many areas of the body, including joints, ribs, spine, ears and nose. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic. Hyaline cartilage is the most common and is found at bone joints and in embryonic skeletons. It provides smooth surfaces and flexibility. Fibrocartilage is strong and found in joints like the meniscus. Elastic cartilage is yellow and found in ears and the epiglottis, providing shape and support to these structures.
This letter provides a recommendation for Ms. Alkisti Volonasi for graduate school. The writer worked with Alkisti for two months and found her to be exceptionally polite, considerate, friendly, and a very quick learner. Alkisti is also highly motivated, a hard worker, self-disciplined, and asks thoughtful questions. She is willing to take on projects without hesitation and delivers above expectations. The writer gives her the highest recommendation and believes she will greatly benefit from her studies.
Este documento describe un plan para enseñar historia de manera interactiva utilizando recursos en línea y las redes sociales. Los estudiantes investigarán temas históricos en grupos pequeños y crearán una página web para compartir lo que aprendieron. Luego, cada estudiante podrá crear su propio blog como portafolio, donde podrán mostrar sus trabajos y desarrollar habilidades como buscar información, comunicarse y pensar de manera crítica.
Lasers in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Este documento presenta un mapa conceptual de diferentes métodos filosóficos. Describe brevemente el método mayéutico de Sócrates que usa el diálogo para descubrir la verdad. También explica los métodos deductivo, inductivo, comparativo genético, morfológico, dialéctico, evolutivo, fenomenológico y racional.
El documento describe la organización del Estado colombiano, que se divide en tres ramas de poder público (legislativa, judicial y ejecutiva) y órganos de control. También discute los derechos de los ciudadanos colombianos y cómo estos se han desarrollado a lo largo de la historia, así como los deberes que la constitución establece para los colombianos. Finalmente, aborda el sistema educativo nacional de Colombia y los derechos de los trabajadores.
A autora processou os Correios alegando danos morais decorrentes de assaltos ocorridos em agências postais. A juíza rejeitou a preliminar de ilegitimidade passiva dos Correios e entendeu ser cabível responsabilização da empresa pelos danos, uma vez que o trabalho envolve risco e a segurança não foi garantida de forma adequada, mesmo com investimentos da ré. Foi julgado procedente o pedido de indenização.
Growth of mandible /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The document discusses prenatal and postnatal growth of the mandible. Prenatally, the mandible develops through intramembranous and endochondral bone formation from mesenchymal condensations in the pharyngeal arches. Specific regions like the condyle, coronoid process and mental region form through endochondral ossification of cartilage models. Postnatally, the mandible continues growing through apposition at the condyle, ramus borders and alveolar process to accommodate the permanent teeth and maintain jaw dimensions and shape under muscular influences. Growth patterns differ between males and females, with more prominent chin development in males near maturity.
Este documento presenta un mapa conceptual de diferentes métodos filosóficos. Describe brevemente el método mayéutico de Sócrates que usa el diálogo para descubrir la verdad. También explica los métodos deductivo, inductivo, comparativo genético, morfológico, dialéctico, evolutivo, fenomenológico y racional.
This document provides an overview and configuration guide for Enterprise Buildings Integrator (EBI). It describes building and customizing stations, controllers, points, alarms, and other aspects of an EBI system. The guide covers topics such as planning and building a facility model, configuring printers, setting up the EBI web server, and collecting and archiving history data. It provides information on EBI's configuration tools and environment as well as tutorials for basic configuration tasks.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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La inteligencia artificial (IA) es el estudio y desarrollo de sistemas computacionales capaces de simular funciones cognitivas humanas como el aprendizaje y la resolución de problemas. La IA tiene el objetivo último de crear robots conscientes con sentimientos similares a los humanos. Alan Turing es considerado el padre de la IA y propuso la prueba de Turing para evaluar la inteligencia de una máquina.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth of maxilla /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Growth and development of maxilla and mandible/endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
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Copy of growth and development of the mandible1/certified fixed orthodontic c...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The document discusses the growth and development of the mandible. It begins with an overview of the prenatal development, including how the mandibular arch forms from the pharyngeal arches and contains Meckel's cartilage. Meckel's cartilage provides a template for the mandible to develop around it through intramembranous ossification beginning in the 7th week of prenatal development. The mandible continues developing and forming after birth through both intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
The mandible develops from the first pharyngeal arch. Meckel's cartilage appears around the 6th week as a template for mandibular development. Ossification begins in membrane covering Meckel's cartilage, forming the body of the mandible around the mental and incisive nerves. Endochondral ossification forms the condylar process, mental region, and coronoid process. Postnatally, the mandible undergoes significant growth mediated by genetic and functional factors to accommodate the dentition and masticatory muscles.
Cranial vault development /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document discusses prenatal and postnatal growth and development of the skull. It notes that at birth, the skull consists of 45 bony elements that fuse into 22 bones in adults. Prenatal growth involves intramembranous bone formation in the cranial vault from mesenchymal cells. At birth, the cranial bones are separated by fontanelles and sutures that gradually close during postnatal growth and development as the brain and skull expand.
Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and store minerals. There are several bone types classified by shape. Long bones have a shaft and two ends, while short, flat, and irregular bones vary in shape. Bone tissue contains cells, water, collagen fibers, and minerals. Growth and remodeling is regulated by hormones and nutrients. Bones develop from cartilage templates in a multi-step process beginning before birth and continuing into early adulthood.
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Ossification is the process where connective tissue is replaced by bone tissue. There are two types of ossification: intramembranous and endochondral. Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones directly from mesenchymal tissue without a cartilage model, occurring in four stages: formation of ossification centers, calcification, formation of trabeculae, and formation of periosteum. Endochondral ossification forms long bones through a cartilage model, occurring in six stages: formation and growth of the cartilage model, formation of a periosteal bone collar, calcification of cartilage in the diaphysis, formation of the primary ossification center, and formation of secondary ossification centers in the
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Growth and development /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The document discusses prenatal and postnatal growth of the mandible. It describes how the mandible develops from mesenchymal condensations in the pharyngeal arches during prenatal development. It forms through both intramembranous and endochondral ossification. The condyle, coronoid process, and mental region develop through endochondral ossification of cartilage models. Postnatally, the mandible grows downward and forward through appositional bone growth at the condyle, ramus, and alveolar processes to accommodate the permanent dentition. The chin develops through periosteal bone apposition on the lingual surface in males during late growth.
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This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
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This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
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During the budget session of 2024-25, the finance minister, Nirmala Sitharaman, introduced the “solar Rooftop scheme,” also known as “PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana.” It is a subsidy offered to those who wish to put up solar panels in their homes using domestic power systems. Additionally, adopting photovoltaic technology at home allows you to lower your monthly electricity expenses. Today in this blog we will talk all about what is the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana. How does it work? Who is eligible for this yojana and all the other things related to this scheme?
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2. Introduction
Bone growth
Synchondroses
Sutures
Prenatal growth of cranium
Cranium at birth
Postnatal growth of cranium
Theories of growth
Anomalies of development
Clinical significance
Conclusion
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3. Robert E Moyer's has defined growth as normal
changes occurring in amount of the living
substances. According to him, growth is the
quantitative aspect of biologic development.
Development: It refers to all the naturally
occurring unidirectional changes in the life of an
individual from its existence as a single cell to its
elaborations as a multifunctional unit terminating to
death.
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4. We can put this in the formula of
Development
growth + differentiation +
translocation.
Differentiation: it is the change for
generalized cells or tissues to more
specialized kinds during development and
translocation in change in position.
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5. According to Todd – Growth is an increase in
size and development is progress towards
maturity
According to J.S. Huxley – Growth is self-
multiplication of living substance.
According to Krogmen – Growth is increase
in size, change in proportion and progressive
complexity.
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6. At the time of birth there are 45 bony elements
separated by cartilage.
At the end of one year, it is decreased to 22 after the
completion of ossification.
14 of these bones are in the face and the remaining
8 form the cranium.
The reduction in the number is due to growth and
union at various sutures and endochondral junctions.
At the time of birth, the cranium is 8-9 times larger
than the facial portion.
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7. Within one year it becomes twice the
size of face
Development of skull, comprising both
the cranium and mandible, is a blend of
morphogenesis and the growth of 3
main skull entities arising from
→ neural crest and
→paraxial mesoderm tissues
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8. Skull entities is composed of
Neurocranium
Calvaria (desmocranium)
Cranial base (Chondrocranium)
Face
Masticatory apparatus.
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10. Before we study the growth of the
various parts of craniofacial complex,
it is important to know how the bone
grows. Bone is always connective
tissue
The terms cartilaginous or
endochondral and membranous
or intramembranous identify the
type of connective tissue.
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11. Bone is composed of two entities
- Osteocytes
Intercellular substance
Osteocytes are two types
Osteoblasts – bone forming cells
Osteoclasts – bone resorbing
cells.
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12. Endochondral bone formation
At the site where the bone is to be formed,
the mesenchymal cells become closely
packed
to
form
a
mesenchymal
condensation.
Some
mesenchymal
cells
become
chondroblasts and lay down hyaline
cartilage.
Mesenchymal cells on the
surface of the cartilage form a membrane
called the perichondrium. This membrane
is vascular and contains osteogenic cells.
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13. The cells of the cartilage are at first small
and irregularly arranged.. however in the
area where bone formation is to begin, the
cells enlarge considerably.
The intercellular substance between the
enlarged cartilage cells becomes calcified
under the influence of an enzyme called
alkaline phosphatase, which secreted by the
cartilage cells. The nutrition to the cells is
thus cut off and they die, leaving behind
empty spaces called primary areolae.
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14. Some blood vessels of the perichondrium
now invade the calcified cartilaginous
matrix.
They are accompanied by osteogenic
cells. This mass of vessels and cells is
called the periosteal bud. It eats away
much of the calcified matrix forming the
walls of the primary areolae, and thus
creates large cavities called secondary
areolae. Thus formation of cartilaginous
model takes place.
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15. The walls of the secondary areolae are
formed by thin layers of calcified matrix
that have not been dissolved.
The
osteogenic cells become osteoblasts and
arrange themselves along the surfaces of
these bars, or plates, of calcified
cartilaginous matrix.
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18. INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
These osteoblasts now lay down a layer of
ossein fibrils embedded in a gelatinous
intercellular matrix. This material is called
osteoid. It is calcified and a lamellus of
bone is formed.
The osteoblasts now lay down another layer
of osteoid over the first lamellus. This is
also calcified. Thus two lamellae of bone are
formed. Some osteoblasts that get caught
between the lamellae form osteocytes. As
more lamellae are laid down, bony trabeculae
are formed.
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21. The cartilage junctions between
two bones are called
synchondroses.
They are important growth sites
cranial base.
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22. Synchondroses found in cranial
base are
1. Spheno - occipital
2. spheno – ethmoidal
3. inter- sphenoidal
4. intra- occipital
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23. Spheno- occipital – it is the cartilaginous
junction between the sphenoid and the
occipital bones. It is active up to the age of
12-15 years. The sphenoid and the occipital
segments then become fused in the midline
area by 20 years of age.
spheno- ethmoid - this is a cartilaginous
band between the sphenoid and ethmoid
bones. It ossifies at 8 to 25 years of age
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24. Inter sphenoid - it is a
cartilaginous band between the
2 parts of the sphenoid bone. It
is believed to ossify at birth.
Intra occipital: - this ossifies by 35 years of age.
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28. They are fibrous joints
comprised of sheets of dense
connective tissue that
separate the bones of calvaria
The sutures help the calvaria
to change shape during birth
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29. Types of sutures
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
coronal sutures - it is present between
posterior border of frontal bone and anterior border
of parietal bone
Saggital sutures - it is present between upper
borders of parietal bones in the median plane
lambdoid sutures – it is present between posterior
borders of parietal bones and upper border of
occipital bone
parieto mastoid stutures - it is present between
free upper border of mastoid part of temporal bone
and posterior part of parietal bone.
occipito mastoid sutures – it is present between
posterior border of mastoid part of temporal bone
and squamous part of occipital bone.
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32. Cranial base growth is due to proliferation of
cartilage and its replacement by bone, primarily
at synchodroses.
Cranial vault or desmocranium growth
is accomplished by proliferation of connective
tissue between the sutures and its replacement
by bone. The periosteum also grows, but it is a
limiting membrane determining the size and
shape changes. Despite the rapid ossification
of the cranial vault in the terminal stages of fetal
life, the bones of desmocranium are separated
from each other by the fontanels when the child
is born.
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34. At birth, bones of face and jaws are underdeveloped
The ratio between cranium and face is 8:1 at birth,
later the ratio
decreases to 2:1 in the adult.
Bones of cranial vault do not complete their
growth during fetal life.
The point where more than 2 bones meet the sutures
are wide open are called Fontanelle (soft spots).
Fontanelle are regions of dense connective tissue
where sutures joins.
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35. Types of Fontanelle
Anterior Fontanelle
It is the largest
It is seen at the junction of sagittal, coronal and frontal
suture.
It is diamond shaped.
It ossifies between 1 ½ to 2 years of age posterior
Posterior Fontanelle
It is triangular in shape and located at the function of
sagittal
and lambdoid suture.
It ossifies 2 to 3 months after birth
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36. Antero lateral Fontanelle (Sphenoidal)
2 pairs
It ossifies 2 to 3 month after birth
Postero lateral Fontanelle (Mastoid)
2 pairs
Ossifies at 1 to 2 year of birth
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39. It is divided into
Brain case
Cranial base.
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40. Growth of cranial base
Cranial base grows by cartilage growth in the
sphenoethmoidal, inter sphenoethmoidal, spheno
occipital, and intra occipital synchondroses.
It follows a neural growth curve, but partially the
general growth curve.
Activity at the inter sphenoidal synchondroses
disappears at birth.
Intra occipital synchondrosis closes in the third to
fifth year of life.
Spheno occipital synchondrosis is a major
contributor.
Endochondral ossification does not stop here
until twentieth year of life.
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43. Growth of brain case
The cranium grows because the brain grows.
By the end of fifth year of life, over 90% of the growth of
the brain capsule or brain vault has been achieved.
This increased in size is achieved by proliferation and
ossification of sutural connective tissue and by
appositional growth of individual bones that make up the
cranial vault.
Apposition can be seen on both the internal and external
tables of the cranial bones as they become thicker.
.
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44. The cranial vault increases in width by “fill in”
ossification of proliferating connective tissues in the
coronal lambdoidal, interparetal, parieto shpenoidal
and parictotemporal sutures.
The mid sagittal sutures between the
parietal bones does not close until the middle of the
3rd decade of life.
Increase in length of brain may be
primarily due to the growth of cranial base with
active response at the coronal suture.
The brain case grows in height with
active response at parietal sutures along with the
occipital, temporal, and sphenoidal contiguous
osseous structures
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46. CHONDROCRANIAL OSSIFICATION
Approximately 110 ossification centers
appear in the embryonic human skull.
Many of these centers fuse to produce 45
bones in the neonatal skull. In the young
adult, 22 skull bones are recognized.
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47. Cartilage Dominance theory – By James
Scott,
According to the theory the genetic control is
expressed at cartilage
Scott said that the cartilaginous sites through out
the skull are primary growth centers.
The nasal septal cartilage is the pacemaker for
growth of the entire nasomaxillary complex.
The mandible is considered as a long bone bent into
a horseshoe shape with the epiphysis removed, so
that the cartilage contributes help and epiphyseal
plate at the ends, which are represented by
condyles.
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48. FUNCTIONAL MATRIX THEORY – BY
MELVIN MOSS, 1960, 1962, 1997
Moss’s idea of growth control is that the growth
control lies in adjacent soft tissues and cartilage
bones are just sites.
The growth of the face occurs as a response to
functional needs and is mediated by the soft
tissues conceptually the soft tissues growth,
bone, and cartilage reacts to it.
A number of relatively independent functions are
carried out in the craniofacial regions or the
human body like, respiration, olfaction, vision,
hearing, balance, chewing digestion, swallowing
speech and neural integration.
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50. Skeletal Unit
:
The skeletal tissues associated with
a single function are called “the
skeletal unit”. It is comprises of
bone, cartilage and tendinous
tissues.
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51. functional matrix
The consists of muscles, glands, nerves, vessels,
fat, teeth and the functional spaces
Periosteal matrix
Their action is directly and actively upon the
related skeletal units, alternations in their
functional demands produce a secondary
compensatory translation of size or shape of their
skeletal units. Such processes are brought about
by the inter related process of bone deposition
and resorption eg. Muscles, blood vessels,
nerves glands etc.
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52. Capsular Matrix
They act directly and passively on their related skeletal units
producing secondary compensatory translation in space.
These alterations in spatial position of skeletal units are
brought by expansion of the orofacial capsule within which the facial
bones arise, grow and are maintained.
The facial skeletal units are passively and secondarily moved
in space as their enveloping capsule is expanded.
Deposition and resorption do not bring about this kind of
translative growth.
The neurocranial capsule and the oro-facial capsule are
examples of capsular matrices.
Each of the capsules is an envelope, which contains a series
of functional cranial components (skeletal units), which as a whole
are sandwiched in between two covering layers.
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53. In Neuro cranial capsule, the cover is skin
and duramater and in oro-facial capsule, the
skin and mucosa forms the covering.
The neurocranial capsule
surrounds and protects the neurocranial
capsular functional matrix, which is the
brain, leptomeninges and CSF.
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54. The neuro cranial capsule is made up
of skin,connective tissue aponeurotic
layer; loose connective layer,
periosteum, base of skull and layers of
duramater
The orofacial capsule surrounds and
protects the oro-naso-pharyngeal spaces,
which constitute the matrix. The growth
of the facial skull is influenced by the
volume and potency of the spaces.
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55. Van Limborgh’s theory, 1970
Limborgh explains the process of growth and
development in the view that combines all the
major theories.
He supports the Moss’s functional Matrix
Theory
Acknowledges certain concepts of Sicher’s
Theory
Never did he rule out the genetic theory.
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56. Unloaded Nerve theory – by Melvin
Moss
The skeletal units and growth field fulfills the
demands for protection of the mandibular
nerve by formation of bone around .
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57. Sero system theory – By petrovic
and stutzmann 1980
the theory states that the influence of somatotropic
complex is STH- Somatomedin hormones, sexual
hormones and thyroniel hormones on the primary
cartilage (epiphyseal cartilages of long bones,
cartilages of the nasal septum and sphenoid etc)
has the “Cybernetic” form of common.
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58. Enlow’s counterpart principle
The growth of any given facial or cranial part relates
specifically to another structural and geometric
counterparts of the face and cranium.
This counterpart principle explains the balanced
growth between different regions of the cranium
even thought they have different growth rates .
Different cranial base parts and their
counterparts.
Anterior base and naso- maxillary complex.
Middle cranial fossa and horizontal pharyngeal
space dimensions.
Middle cranial fossa and breadth of the ramus.
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60. The calvaria is particularly susceptible to a number of
congenital defects ranging from chromosomal to hormonal in
their etiology.
The time of closure of the sutures is altered in many
of these afflictions, leading to variable distortion of skull shape
In conditions such as cretinism, progeria, trisomy21
and cleidocranial dysostosis there is delayed midline
ossification of frontal and saggital sutures of the calvaria, so
that anterior fontenelle may remain open into adult life.
The resulting brachycephalic skull results in a bossed
forehead of highly curved frontal and parietal bones and
hypertalorism, partly obscuring the smaller brain case.
Another abnormality is premature fusion of sutures
(craniosynostosis)
Encephaloceles are defects in closure of the foramen
caecum at the ethmoid frontal suture allowing hernation of the
cranial contents into the face
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61. In anencephaly absence of the calvaria results in
craniosehisis, characterized by short narrow
chondrocranium.
Afflication of cartilage growth produce a
reduced cranial base, with increased angulation due to
loss of flattening effect of growth of spheno occipital
synchondroses.
This results in dished deformity of middle
1/3rd of facial skeleton accentuated by a bulging of
neurocranium.
Achondroplasia, cretinism and Down’s
syndrome all produce a similar characteristic facial
deformity by their inhibiting effect on chondrocranial
growth.
Certain forms of dental malocclusion may
be related to defects of the chondrocranium that minimize
the space available for the maxillary dentition.
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62. VARIOUS SYNDROMES AND
DEFECTIVEDEVELOPMENTAL
CONDITIONS
SYNDROME 13 TRISOMY–
EXTRA CHROMOSOME 13 IS PRESENT.
CHARACTERIZED BY CLEFT LIP AND PALATE,
MICROPTHALMIA (SMALL EYES), MICROCEPHALY WITH
SEVERE BRAIN MALFORMATION, CONGENITAL HEART
DEFECTS, POLYDACTILY (EXTRA DIGITS) AND A HOST OF
OTHER ANOMALIES.
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63. Trisomy 18 syndrome (Edwards
syndrome)
Most cases of this trisomy result into
spontaneous abortion
It occurs 1 in 6500 population
Early death is the characteristic feature
Retarded growth and development
Prominent large forehead (occiput )
Small chin
Heart defects are commonly seen
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64. APERT SYNDROME:
IS A SINGLE GENE DISORDER,
CHARACTERIZED BY PREMATURE FUSION
OF CRANIAL SUTURES, BIZARRE
CRANIOFACIAL APPEARANCE, HIGHLY
ARCHED PALATE, SYNDACTYLY (FUSION
OF DIGITS) AND VARIOUS OTHER
ABNORMALITIES OCCASIONALLY
INCLUDING CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS.
THE PATIENT HAS BIZARRE PHYSICAL
APPEARANCE AND MENTAL RETARDATION
UNLIKELY TO MARRY AND HAVE CHILDREN.
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65. Craniosynstosis –
It is a condition resulting from premature fusion of
the cranial sutures like Apert syndrome.
In this, head shape depends on which sutures are
prematurely synostosed, the order in which they
synostose and timing at which they synostose.
This condition may be prenatal or perinatal in
onset or may occur later during infancy or
childhood.
The earlier the synostoses occur, the more
dramatic is the affect on subsequent cranial
growth and development.
The later synostosis occurs, the less is the effect
on the cranial growth and development.
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66. The various shapes of the calvaria when
various sutures are prematurely fused are
Normocephaly – is the normal head shape
Dolicocephaly – if the saggital suture is
prematurely synostosed, the calvaria is restricted in
its lateral growth and compensates by permitting
more passive growth to occur at the coronal and
lambdoidal sutures.
Brachycephaly – if the cornonal suture is
prematurely synostosed, growth is arrested in an
antero posterior direction, compensatory growth
occurring laterally at the patient saggital suture.
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67. Plagiocephaly – is an asymmetric skull
shape. This may be produced by
unilateral closure of the coronal suture
or unilateral closure of the lamboidal
suture.
Trigonocephaly – if the metopic suture
closes prematurely a triangular
calvaria results known as
Trigonocepyhaly.
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69. Achondroplasia
Characterized by unusual crainio facial
configuration and disproportional short
stature.
Chromosomal disorder (autosomal dominant)
Enlarged calvaria, frontal bossing, large
frontal sinus, occipital prominence, normal
anterior cranial base length, shortened
posterior cranial base length, shortened
posterior cranial base length, short upper
facial height, short nasal bone, short upper
facial height, short maxilla, posterior tilt of
nasal floor.
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70. Prognathic mandible that is anteriorly placed
but of normal size, normal gonial angle and
high coronoid process.
In achondroplasia bone preformed
in cartilage is affected
Membrane bones are not affected.
The condition is due to abnormal
endochondral bone formation on the
development of skull as a whole.
The mandible is normal in length because
growth a condylar cartilage is appositional.
In achondroplasia only interstitially
growing cartilage is affected.
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71. Marfan’s syndrome
Hereditary disease.
Basically defect of connective tissue
related to defective organization of
collagen.
Shape of face is long and narrow.
High arched palate.
Also seen are excessive length of tubular
bones and arachnodactaly or spidery
fingers.
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72. Down’s syndrome
Flat face .
Large anterior fontanelle, open suture,
small slanting eyes with epicanthal folds,
open mouth, frequent prognathism
Sexual underdevelopment, cardiac
abnormality and hypermobility of jaws.
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73. Hyperthyroidism
Under functioning of thyroid gland due to failure of
pituitary gland or atrophy or destruction of the
thyroid gland.
Decreased ability of the thyroid gland to produce
sufficient hormone.
Here base of the skull is shortened leading to
retraction of the bridge of the nose with flaring.
The face is wide failing to develop in the
longitudinal direction .
The mandible is underdeveloped and the maxilla is
overdeveloped .
Mental retardation.
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74. Cleidocranial dysplasia: It is a disease of unknown etiology, often hereditary.
Characterized by abnormalities of the skull, teeth,
jaws and shoulder girdle and stunting of long bones.
In the skull the fontanells remain open or at least
show delayed closure
The sagittal suture is characteristically sunken
giving the skull a flat appearance.
Shoulder meets in midline.
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76. Craniofacial skeletal growth is very important in
orthodontics since craniofacial morphology are the
source of serious malocclusions.
The configuration of the basicranium determines a
person’s head form type, which in turn sets up many
proportionate features characterizing facial type.
If the basicranium is long and narrow, this result in
dolicochphalic facial type, which will result anterioposteriorly and vertically, elongated facial profile and this
will result in mandibular retrusion.
If the basicranium is round, this will result in
brachycephalic facial type, this will result in anterioposteriorly and vertically shorter facial profile. This will
result in either mandibular protrusion or bimaxillary
protrusion.
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77. The growth of the cranium also has direct
effect on the placement of maxilla and
mandible.
The mandible is attached to mid cranial fossa
through the condyles.
Thus ramus place the mandibular arch in occlusion
with the maxillary arch following a pattern set up by
the basicranium.
Similarly, the nasomaxillary complex is suspended
from the anterior cranial fossa. So the configuration
of the palate and maxillary arch is thus established
by the basicranium
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79. CONCLUSION
A thorough background in craniofacial growth is necessary for
every orthodontist.
Even for those who never work with
children, it is difficult to comprehend conditions observed in
adults without understanding the development processes that
produced these problems.
Craniofacial skeletal growth is very important in orthodontics,
since variations in craniofacial morphology are the source of
most serious malocclusions and clinical damages.
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80. Thank you
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