The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses various principles and theories of craniofacial growth and development. It defines key terms like growth, development, differentiation, etc. It describes basic principles such as ossification, growth fields, centers and sites, bone remodeling, drift, displacement, etc. It discusses major regions and principles of craniofacial growth like the cephalocaudal gradient and Scammon's curve. It also covers controlling factors and changing paradigms in understanding growth. Various theories of growth are explained, such as the bone remodeling theory, genetic theory, sutural hypothesis, cartilaginous theory, functional matrix theory, and others.
Dr. James McNamara developed a cephalometric analysis method in 1984 to evaluate orthodontic and orthognathic surgery patients. The analysis divides the craniofacial skeleton into five sections - maxilla to cranial base, maxilla to mandible, mandible to cranial base, dentition, and airway. Linear measurements of landmarks and planes are compared to normative standards to assess relationships. Advantages include using primarily linear measurements, being more sensitive to vertical changes, and providing growth guidelines that are easily explained.
Functional matrix Hypothesis- RevisitedDr Susna Paul
The document summarizes the functional matrix hypothesis, which proposes that craniofacial bone growth is in response to mechanical stimuli from surrounding soft tissues. It revisits the hypothesis by incorporating recent understandings of mechanotransduction, the connected cellular network of bone cells, and the interplay between genetic and epigenetic factors. Specifically, it describes how mechanical loads are sensed by bone cells and transmitted through the cellular network to regulate gene expression and bone formation. It presents the original genomic thesis of bone development being controlled by genes alone, the epigenetic antithesis of multiple developmental processes, and a resolution synthesizing both genetic and epigenetic influences.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses several orthodontic appliances including the Nance appliance, transpalatal arch, quad helix, lip bumper, and tongue crib. It provides details on the design, indications, mechanisms of action, advantages and disadvantages of each appliance. The document is intended as an educational guide for orthodontic residents, as it is presented by several orthodontists and covers the key aspects of these common fixed functional appliances.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
BURSTONE ANALYSIS : C.O.G.S ( HARD & SOFT TISSUE) DrFirdoshRozy
This document summarizes various cephalometric analyses used to evaluate hard and soft tissues of the craniofacial structures. It describes key landmarks, reference planes, linear and angular measurements taken, along with their clinical significance. The analyses described include horizontal skeletal analysis, vertical skeletal analysis, dental analysis, soft tissue facial form analysis, and lip position/form analysis. Standard values are provided for each measurement for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses various principles and theories of craniofacial growth and development. It defines key terms like growth, development, differentiation, etc. It describes basic principles such as ossification, growth fields, centers and sites, bone remodeling, drift, displacement, etc. It discusses major regions and principles of craniofacial growth like the cephalocaudal gradient and Scammon's curve. It also covers controlling factors and changing paradigms in understanding growth. Various theories of growth are explained, such as the bone remodeling theory, genetic theory, sutural hypothesis, cartilaginous theory, functional matrix theory, and others.
Dr. James McNamara developed a cephalometric analysis method in 1984 to evaluate orthodontic and orthognathic surgery patients. The analysis divides the craniofacial skeleton into five sections - maxilla to cranial base, maxilla to mandible, mandible to cranial base, dentition, and airway. Linear measurements of landmarks and planes are compared to normative standards to assess relationships. Advantages include using primarily linear measurements, being more sensitive to vertical changes, and providing growth guidelines that are easily explained.
Functional matrix Hypothesis- RevisitedDr Susna Paul
The document summarizes the functional matrix hypothesis, which proposes that craniofacial bone growth is in response to mechanical stimuli from surrounding soft tissues. It revisits the hypothesis by incorporating recent understandings of mechanotransduction, the connected cellular network of bone cells, and the interplay between genetic and epigenetic factors. Specifically, it describes how mechanical loads are sensed by bone cells and transmitted through the cellular network to regulate gene expression and bone formation. It presents the original genomic thesis of bone development being controlled by genes alone, the epigenetic antithesis of multiple developmental processes, and a resolution synthesizing both genetic and epigenetic influences.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses several orthodontic appliances including the Nance appliance, transpalatal arch, quad helix, lip bumper, and tongue crib. It provides details on the design, indications, mechanisms of action, advantages and disadvantages of each appliance. The document is intended as an educational guide for orthodontic residents, as it is presented by several orthodontists and covers the key aspects of these common fixed functional appliances.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
BURSTONE ANALYSIS : C.O.G.S ( HARD & SOFT TISSUE) DrFirdoshRozy
This document summarizes various cephalometric analyses used to evaluate hard and soft tissues of the craniofacial structures. It describes key landmarks, reference planes, linear and angular measurements taken, along with their clinical significance. The analyses described include horizontal skeletal analysis, vertical skeletal analysis, dental analysis, soft tissue facial form analysis, and lip position/form analysis. Standard values are provided for each measurement for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses several theories of craniofacial growth including remodeling theory, genetic theory, sutural theory, nasal septum theory, and the functional matrix hypothesis. It provides details on the key concepts and inconsistencies of each theory. The remodeling theory proposed that growth occurs through bone deposition and resorption at surfaces. The sutural theory emphasized the role of sutures and cartilage in driving growth. The nasal septum theory proposed the nasal septum cartilage pushes the midface forward during growth. The functional matrix hypothesis views the skull as comprising functional units that drive skeletal growth.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document describes Dr. Duane Grummons' posteroanterior (PA) cephalometric analysis for evaluating facial asymmetry. The analysis involves constructing reference lines and planes to compare bilateral landmarks and structures. Measurements are made of linear distances, angles, ratios and volumetric comparisons. The comprehensive analysis evaluates multiple structures and parameters while the summary analysis focuses on key dental and skeletal factors. The analysis is useful for orthodontic-surgical treatment planning to determine the extent and location of asymmetries and surgical corrections needed.
This document discusses molar distalization, which is an alternative method for gaining space when treating orthodontic patients with space deficiencies. It provides the history of molar distalization, indications and contraindications for its use, different appliance options, and considerations for appliance selection. Molar distalization involves using orthodontic appliances to distalize or move the molars backwards in the dental arch in order to gain space.
Orthodontic Diagnosis And Treatment In Transverse Dimension
• In orthodontics, among the three planes of space - sagittal, vertical, and
transverse, the transverse is the least studied.
• The transverse facial growth normally completes before the sagittal and
vertical growth.
• Understanding the transverse growth is important in making proper
diagnosis and treatment planning of the transverse problems.
This document provides an overview of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in orthodontics. It discusses the history of RME dating back to 1860. It also covers anatomy related to RME, including the midpalatal suture. Key topics covered include indications and contraindications for RME, types of expansion screws used, jackscrew turn schedules, and different types of RME appliances such as the Haas expander and Hyrax expander. The document is an educational resource on the clinical use and mechanics of RME.
Rakosi's analysis is an important diagnostic tool for planning functional appliance therapy. It involves analyzing three divisions: 1) the facial skeleton, 2) the jaw bones, and 3) the dentoalveolar relationship. Key measurements of the facial skeleton include saddle, articular, and gonial angles which provide information about cranial base orientation and mandibular positioning. Measurements of the jaw bones like SNA, SNB, and inclination angle describe the maxillary and mandibular skeletal bases. Dentoalveolar measurements such as upper and lower incisor angles indicate incisor inclinations. Rakosi's analysis provides a comprehensive evaluation of skeletal, dental, and soft tissue structures for orthodontic
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of principles of facial growth and development, with a focus on mandibular growth rotations. It discusses key concepts such as the amount and timing of growth, assessment of growth, growth of the mandible, and mechanisms of mandibular rotation. Several studies on mandibular growth rotations are summarized, including the seminal work by Bjork in the 1950s using metal implants to track growth sites and directions. Bjork identified seven structural signs that can indicate the direction of mandibular growth. The document also briefly discusses the work of Bjork and Skieller, Proffit, Schudy, and Isaacson related to mandibular growth rotations.
This document discusses growth spurts and their significance in orthodontics. It begins by defining growth and development, and describing the major developmental growth periods. It then discusses methods for studying growth, including longitudinal, cross-sectional, and semi-longitudinal studies. Key factors that influence growth and maturation are genetic, hormonal, nutritional, environmental and socioeconomic factors. The document explores concepts of growth including normality, growth rhythms, differential growth, and growth spurts. It concludes by noting the significance of growth spurts is important for orthodontic treatment planning.
This document discusses various methods for predicting facial growth, including cephalometric methods like Moorrees mesh, Johnston's transformation grid, and Rickett's arcial growth prediction of the mandible. Non-cephalometric methods discussed include logarithmic spiral, Hirschfield and Moyers, and Todd's equation. The need for growth prediction in orthodontic treatment planning and challenges with accuracy are also addressed. The conclusion is that while various methods have been proposed, growth prediction is most reasonable for "average growers" but not "abnormal growers," and an orthodontist's experience is an important additional factor.
This document discusses growth rotations of the maxilla and mandible. It defines various types of rotations that can occur, including forward and backward rotations. Forward rotation of the mandible is classified into three types (A, B, C) based on the center of rotation. Implant radiography techniques are used to measure and classify rotations by observing changes in implant positioning over time. Rotations influence tooth eruption and the ultimate positioning of teeth, which impacts orthodontic treatment planning.
Clinical implications of growth and development /certified fixed orthodontic ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Functional malocclusion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
This document contains information about Holdaway's soft tissue analysis. It lists various soft tissue landmarks and measurements used to analyze the facial profile, including the facial angle, nose prominence, lip thickness, H-angle, and chin thickness. The table compares the patient's measurements to normal ranges and indicates inferences, such as a slightly retrognathic lower jaw and increased upper lip thickness. An ideal facial profile according to Holdaway is described, with measurements within normal ranges and no lip strain on closure. The document sources are listed as papers by Holdaway and Athanasiou on soft tissue cephalometric analysis.
Twin studies seminar1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses natural head position (NHP) in cephalometric radiography. It outlines limitations of traditional reference planes like sella-nasion and discusses how NHP provides a more reproducible and clinically relevant orientation. NHP is defined as the small range of positions where the subject looks at a distant eye-level point with relaxed posture. Several methods are described for standardizing and measuring NHP, including the use of mirrors, fluid levels, and inclinometers. Maintaining NHP is important because variations can influence the appearance and measurements of craniofacial structures.
Growth &development of cranial vault & base /fixed orthodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth and development /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses several theories of craniofacial growth including remodeling theory, genetic theory, sutural theory, nasal septum theory, and the functional matrix hypothesis. It provides details on the key concepts and inconsistencies of each theory. The remodeling theory proposed that growth occurs through bone deposition and resorption at surfaces. The sutural theory emphasized the role of sutures and cartilage in driving growth. The nasal septum theory proposed the nasal septum cartilage pushes the midface forward during growth. The functional matrix hypothesis views the skull as comprising functional units that drive skeletal growth.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document describes Dr. Duane Grummons' posteroanterior (PA) cephalometric analysis for evaluating facial asymmetry. The analysis involves constructing reference lines and planes to compare bilateral landmarks and structures. Measurements are made of linear distances, angles, ratios and volumetric comparisons. The comprehensive analysis evaluates multiple structures and parameters while the summary analysis focuses on key dental and skeletal factors. The analysis is useful for orthodontic-surgical treatment planning to determine the extent and location of asymmetries and surgical corrections needed.
This document discusses molar distalization, which is an alternative method for gaining space when treating orthodontic patients with space deficiencies. It provides the history of molar distalization, indications and contraindications for its use, different appliance options, and considerations for appliance selection. Molar distalization involves using orthodontic appliances to distalize or move the molars backwards in the dental arch in order to gain space.
Orthodontic Diagnosis And Treatment In Transverse Dimension
• In orthodontics, among the three planes of space - sagittal, vertical, and
transverse, the transverse is the least studied.
• The transverse facial growth normally completes before the sagittal and
vertical growth.
• Understanding the transverse growth is important in making proper
diagnosis and treatment planning of the transverse problems.
This document provides an overview of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in orthodontics. It discusses the history of RME dating back to 1860. It also covers anatomy related to RME, including the midpalatal suture. Key topics covered include indications and contraindications for RME, types of expansion screws used, jackscrew turn schedules, and different types of RME appliances such as the Haas expander and Hyrax expander. The document is an educational resource on the clinical use and mechanics of RME.
Rakosi's analysis is an important diagnostic tool for planning functional appliance therapy. It involves analyzing three divisions: 1) the facial skeleton, 2) the jaw bones, and 3) the dentoalveolar relationship. Key measurements of the facial skeleton include saddle, articular, and gonial angles which provide information about cranial base orientation and mandibular positioning. Measurements of the jaw bones like SNA, SNB, and inclination angle describe the maxillary and mandibular skeletal bases. Dentoalveolar measurements such as upper and lower incisor angles indicate incisor inclinations. Rakosi's analysis provides a comprehensive evaluation of skeletal, dental, and soft tissue structures for orthodontic
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of principles of facial growth and development, with a focus on mandibular growth rotations. It discusses key concepts such as the amount and timing of growth, assessment of growth, growth of the mandible, and mechanisms of mandibular rotation. Several studies on mandibular growth rotations are summarized, including the seminal work by Bjork in the 1950s using metal implants to track growth sites and directions. Bjork identified seven structural signs that can indicate the direction of mandibular growth. The document also briefly discusses the work of Bjork and Skieller, Proffit, Schudy, and Isaacson related to mandibular growth rotations.
This document discusses growth spurts and their significance in orthodontics. It begins by defining growth and development, and describing the major developmental growth periods. It then discusses methods for studying growth, including longitudinal, cross-sectional, and semi-longitudinal studies. Key factors that influence growth and maturation are genetic, hormonal, nutritional, environmental and socioeconomic factors. The document explores concepts of growth including normality, growth rhythms, differential growth, and growth spurts. It concludes by noting the significance of growth spurts is important for orthodontic treatment planning.
This document discusses various methods for predicting facial growth, including cephalometric methods like Moorrees mesh, Johnston's transformation grid, and Rickett's arcial growth prediction of the mandible. Non-cephalometric methods discussed include logarithmic spiral, Hirschfield and Moyers, and Todd's equation. The need for growth prediction in orthodontic treatment planning and challenges with accuracy are also addressed. The conclusion is that while various methods have been proposed, growth prediction is most reasonable for "average growers" but not "abnormal growers," and an orthodontist's experience is an important additional factor.
This document discusses growth rotations of the maxilla and mandible. It defines various types of rotations that can occur, including forward and backward rotations. Forward rotation of the mandible is classified into three types (A, B, C) based on the center of rotation. Implant radiography techniques are used to measure and classify rotations by observing changes in implant positioning over time. Rotations influence tooth eruption and the ultimate positioning of teeth, which impacts orthodontic treatment planning.
Clinical implications of growth and development /certified fixed orthodontic ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Functional malocclusion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
This document contains information about Holdaway's soft tissue analysis. It lists various soft tissue landmarks and measurements used to analyze the facial profile, including the facial angle, nose prominence, lip thickness, H-angle, and chin thickness. The table compares the patient's measurements to normal ranges and indicates inferences, such as a slightly retrognathic lower jaw and increased upper lip thickness. An ideal facial profile according to Holdaway is described, with measurements within normal ranges and no lip strain on closure. The document sources are listed as papers by Holdaway and Athanasiou on soft tissue cephalometric analysis.
Twin studies seminar1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses natural head position (NHP) in cephalometric radiography. It outlines limitations of traditional reference planes like sella-nasion and discusses how NHP provides a more reproducible and clinically relevant orientation. NHP is defined as the small range of positions where the subject looks at a distant eye-level point with relaxed posture. Several methods are described for standardizing and measuring NHP, including the use of mirrors, fluid levels, and inclinometers. Maintaining NHP is important because variations can influence the appearance and measurements of craniofacial structures.
Growth &development of cranial vault & base /fixed orthodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth and development /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Growth and development /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Copy of growth and development of the mandible1/certified fixed orthodontic c...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth and development of maxilla and mandible/endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth & development /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental a...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The document discusses several theories of craniofacial growth including:
1. Sutural dominance theory which posits that sutures are the primary drivers of growth. However, evidence shows sutures are growth sites not centers and respond to external stimuli.
2. Cartilaginous theory which argues growth centers are cartilages like the nasal septum and condylar cartilage. Removal of cranial base synchondroses arrests cranial base growth.
3. Functional matrix theory suggests soft tissues play a role through their response to functional forces during development. No single theory alone can fully explain craniofacial growth.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
1. The document discusses several theories of craniofacial growth including the genetic theory, sutural theory, cartilaginous theory, functional matrix theory, Van Limborgh's multifactorial theory, Enlow's expanding "V" principle, counterpart principle, neurotrophic theory, and servo system theory.
2. The functional matrix theory proposes that bone growth is influenced primarily by function, with soft tissues growing first and bone adapting in response.
3. Van Limborgh's multifactorial theory suggests six factors control growth including intrinsic and epigenetic genetic factors as well as local and general environmental factors.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth&dev ii /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Growth rotations /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Growth & development /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Growth is a complex process and is not supported by a single theory but is based to a large extent on evolving concepts concerning the biological mechanisms of craniofacial development
According to J.S. HUXLEY:
“The self multiplication of living substance”
*According to KROGMAN:
Increase in size, change in proportion, and progressive complexity”
*According to TODD:
“An increase in size
Acoording to MERIDITH”
“Entire series of sequential anatomic and physiological changes taking place from the beginning of prenatal life to selenity”
*According to MOYERS:
“Quantitative aspect of biologic development per unit of time”
*According to MOSS:
“Change in any morphological parameter which is measurable”
According to TODD:
“ Development is progress towards maturity”
According to MOYERS:
“ All the naturally occurring unidirectional changes in the life of an individual from its existence as a single cell to its elaboration as a multifunctional unit terminating into death”
Growth is basically an anatomic phenomenon and is quantitative in nature.
Development is basically a physiologic phenomenon and is qualitative in nature.
It can be co-related as:
DEVELOPMENT= GROWTH + DIFFERENTIATION+ TRANSLOACTION
PATTERN: it reflects proportionality, i.e. physical arrangement of the body at any one time is a pattern of spatially proportioned parts.
# arrangement of parts, values, events, or relations among measurements.
* Growth trends
* Cephalocaudal gradient
VARIABILITY: Is the law of nature.
* Normality
* Differential growth
TIMING: Is variable and is concerned with rate and division of growth.
* Growth spurts
It is an axis of increased growth extending from the head towards the feet
A comparison of body proportion between prenatal and post- natal life reveals that postnatal growth of regions of the body that are away from the hypophysis is more.
Normal refers to that which is usually expected, or is ordinarily seen, or is typical.
Normal: range & ideal: fixed value
On comparison with normal, a variable can be measured.
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS:
* Diagnosis of gross variations from central tendency of pathological condition or gross abnormal pattern of growth.
Not all the tissue systems in the body grow at the same rate, i.e. different tissues and in term different organs grow at different rates. This process is called differential growth.
Just before the birth
One year after the birth
Mixed dentition growth spurt:
BOYS: 8-11 years
GIRLS: 7-9 years
Pre-pubertal growth spurt:
BOYS: 14-16 years
GIRLS: 11-13 years
Pubertal growth spurt:
BOYS: till 25 years
GIRLS: 18-20 years
Growth spurts are an excellent indicator for the timing of orthodontic treatment.
Correlation of :
* Skeletal age
* Dental age
* Chronological age
with onset of puberty.
Pubertal increments offers the best time for determining the predictability, growth direction, patient management and total treatment t
Basic mechanism of craniofacial growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses b...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Growth and development are complex processes involving both quantitative and qualitative changes over time from conception to maturity. Several theories attempt to explain the factors influencing craniofacial growth, including genetic determinism, functional matrix theory, and neurotrophic influences. Prenatal growth involves defined periods of ovum, embryo, and fetus development, characterized by formation of germ layers and organogenesis. Postnatal growth includes bone growth through intramembranous or endochondral ossification, influenced by sutural growth, remodeling, and displacement of facial structures.
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
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3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
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Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
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3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
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Thanks & Regards
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--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
2. INTRODUCTION
Every orthodontist should keep in mind
that the patient on whom he/she
works are in the state of growth and
development, which is a dynamic and
continuously changing process.
He/she almost never find a static
picture in an orthodontic patient
unless it’s a adult patient.www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. So a thorough understanding of
complex craniofacial growth is of
great importance for us.
Understanding of developing
craniofacial skeleton represents,
sum of growth of its separate parts
in which growth is highly
differentiated and occurs in and at
different rates, dimensions and
time. www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. Growth and development can be seen
in three aspects
a) Change in dimension
b) Change in proportion
c) Maturation
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. DEFINITION OF GROWTH
STEWERT (1982)STEWERT (1982):: Growth is increase in
mass and physical size of cell, tissues,
organ, or organisms as a whole.
PROFFIT (1986):PROFFIT (1986): Growth refers to
increase in size or number.
MOYERS (1988)MOYERS (1988) :Growth is normal change
in the amount of living substance.
PINKHAM (1994)PINKHAM (1994) :Growth is increase
expansion or extension of any given
tissue. www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. DEFINATION OF
DEVELOPMENT
MOYER(1988)MOYER(1988) ::Development is the
unidirectional change in the life of an
individual from its existence as a single
cell to terminating in depth .
PINKHAM(1994)PINKHAM(1994) ::Development addresses
the progressive evolution of a tissue.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
8. DIFFERENTIATIONDIFFERENTIATION ::The change from a
generalized cell to one that is more
specialized .It is change in quality and
kind .
growth and development are used
synonymously, but they are not.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. Growth is increase in size or number of
things .It is numerical .can be easily
measured with a specified scale.
Ex. Height , weight of persons.
*Development is increase in skill and
complexity of function.
But, practically growth and development
are inseparable entities and are
simultaneous on going process which
go hand in hand
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. GENETIC GROWTH
(Brodie)
• It says, growth is cantrolled by
genetic influence in all aspect. But it
cannot be accepted in all cases. As it
has been shown that the external
factor have significant modifying
effect on growth
•
www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. SUTURAL THEORY
(sicher)
• It says that the proliferation of sutural
mesanchyme causes apposition of bone .
It is seen in membranous bone.
• Limitation :- lack of growth of suture if it
is transplanted .
• gowth occurs in cleft lip and cleft palate
pts.even if suture not present
• Suture also respond to external influence
•
www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. CARTILAGENOUS THEORY
(James Scott) :
• It says that cartilage acts as primary
growth center and has a innate growth
potential
• Ex ; condylar cartilage for mandible
• Nasal cartilage for maxilla
(nasomaxillary complex)
• If it is transplanted it grows
independently
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. FUNCTIONAL MATRIX THEORY
(Melvin Moss –1968)
• It says that body has two element
• a) skeletal element
b) functional matrix
• functional matrix comprised of
• 1)periosteal camponent
• 2)capsural camponent
• (neuro cranial),(orofacial)
• functional matrix has primary control on
growth of skeletal unit and bone respond
in passive manner
• but it can not explain all
aspects of growth
www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. MULTY FACTORIAL THEORY
(Van Limborgh)
• It says bone growth is controlled by
• a) intrinsic genetic factor
• b) local epigenetic factor (nerves,
brain )
– C)general epigenetic factor (harmones,
secondary messengers )
– d) local environmental factor (habit,
muscular force )
– e) general environmental factor
( oxygen, nitrogen)
• It is most satisfactory theory that
explains all aspect
• It says growth is polygenic
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. NEUROTROPISM
(recent theory )
• It includes epithelial , visceral , muscular
component for these component nerve
impulses which are transmitted has
growth potential for bone .It also has
indirect effect by influencing soft tissue
growth
• but by experiments it has proved that
neurotropism has negligible effec
www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. PETROVICS HYPOTHESIS
• It says that the interaction of
serves of casual changes and
feedback mechanism which
determines craniofacial growth
• ie brain---- cranium.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
19. ENLOWS EXPANDING “V”
PRINCPLE
• It says that most of craniofacial bones
especially intramembranous have v
shape eg:maxilla , mandible , palate
,nasal etc.
• And growth movement occurs
towards wide end of V deposition of
bone is seen in inner side and
resorption is seen in outer surface.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
20. ENLOWS COUNTERPART
PRINCIPLE
• It explains that, growth of one bone
has influence on its adjuvant bone
which is called counter part, and
this controls the growth and
proportional relationship with its
counterpart.
• E.g.:- nasomaxillary complex—
cranialfossa
• Maxilla ----------mandible
• Tuberosity areas of upper/lower
jaw Pharyngeal space
www.indiandentalacademy.com
22. characteristic properties
of growth
• concept of normality
• growth states are
always accessed in normality value
ie. in range but can not be explained
as ideal with a definite value
• Normality differs from age to
age
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. • Different growth :
• Different organs grow
at different rate , different amount,
and different time .
• It can be best
explained by SCAMMONS GROWTH
CURVE
www.indiandentalacademy.com
24. • CEPHALOCUADAL GRADIENT OF
GROWTH
• Axis of growth increases
extending from head to feet
• ie. 3 months intra uterine life head size---
50%, birth head size---30%, adult head
size---12% of whole body
•
• Cranial growth 70% completed at birth to
1st
year
• limbs 3month IUL-1% by birth-50% of
body
www.indiandentalacademy.com
25. GROWTH SPURTS
• Despite growth being a continuous process,
there occurs a period when a sudden
acceleration of growth occurs called growth
spurts.
• It is due to physiological alteration in hormonal
secretion.
• They differ in boys and girls.
• This period is good for functional and orthodontic
appliance use.
• Surgical correction involving jaws should be
carried out after cessation of growth spurts .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. Timings of growth spurts
A) just before birth
B) one year after birth
C) mixed dentition
girl—7-9yrs
boys- 8-11yrs
D) pre pubertal
girls ----11-13 yrs
boys -----14-16yrswww.indiandentalacademy.com
27. METHODS OF STUDING
GROWTH
a) measurement approach
bimanual test height and weight
b) experiment al approach :-
vital staining- alzirine blue
alzirine red
lead acetate
Radioisotopes- te 33, Ca*45,
K*32 injected in bone
c) implants
d) radiographs.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
28. Mechanism of bone
development
• 1)endochondral bone
• 2)intramemebranes
• endochondral bone this type of bone is
proceded by formation of cartilaginous
model
• intramembranes bone – bone is directly
laiddown in fibrous membrane
www.indiandentalacademy.com
29. Prenatal growth
{day1 to 266 day}
It is divided into 3 periods
1) period of ovum (ferti. to 14th
day)
2) period of embryo (14th
day to 56th
day)
3) period of fetus (56th
day to birth)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
30. PERIOD OF OVUM(fertilization to 14th
day)
• In this period, oocyte get fertilized with
spermatozoa to form zygote which is a
diploid cell. After this process cell division
starts within 24 to36 hours. Cleavage
continues to form 2,4,8,cells. In 8th
cell stage
process of compaction occurs to get 1st
embryo shape. 16th
cell stage called morula.
Next stage called blastula which is 150 cells
stage. It is of 1.5mm in length and 3 to 5
days old it has inner cell mass which forms
fetus & outer cell mass which forms yolk
sack. On 5th
day blastocyte starts
penetrating endometrium & at 14th
day it get
implanted it self into uterine wall.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
35. PERIOD OF EMBRYO(14th
day to 56th
day)
• It is the period where major development of
organ specifically craniofacial structure occur. On
17th
day process of gastrulation occurs to form
different germ layers. Ectoderm above notochord
thickens to form neural plate which forms
nervous system . On 21st
day embryo is of 3mm
now primordial of brain eye are seen in
prosenceophalon. On 3rd
day otic &optic plocodes
are seen. In the same period most inferior part
of prosencephalon starts growing to from front
nasal process which overhangs future oral
cavity which is wide & shallow.www.indiandentalacademy.com
38. On 3-4week oral groove starts deepening.
At the same time buds for max. and mand.
processes show their presence lateral to
oral groove. Deepened oral cavity is now
called stomodium and is separated by hind
gut with a membranes formed by
endoderm and ectoderm called
buccopharyngeal membranes. On 4th
week
the embryo is 5mm. Now frontal elevation
shows some ectodermal proliferation which
form future nasal placode and olfactory
epithelium. Optic placodes which are
formed are placed very widely apartwww.indiandentalacademy.com
41. • Front nasal process show more growth
mesially than laterally which forms medial
nasal process. As medial nasal process
grows faster, in future it unites with
maxillary process to form part of upper lip
specifically along line of philtrum. Lateral
nasal process mainly contribute formation
of columella. On 5th
week caudal to fronto
nasal and maxillary process brachial arches
show their development they are totally six
with 5th
one turning to be rudimentary. 2nd
brachial arch develop faster than other and
covers other brachial arches
www.indiandentalacademy.com
46. Same time between and around primordial of
brian and eye Mesenchymal condensation
appears which gives a shape of skull.
Mesenchyma of brachial arch also appears by
5th
week. 1st
brachial grows faster to become
distant. In 6th
week mandibular arch show
accentuated growth to divide in maxillary
and mandibular process both process
grows medially. Medial nasal process from
above also grows downwards and towards
midline as a result by the 7th
week fusion
between maxillary and frontonasal process
occurs and this time embryo is 14.5mm in
length. www.indiandentalacademy.com
47. • Now eye starts migrating towards midline
Mesenchymal of cranial and brachial arch
differentiates into cartilage (CHONDRIFICATION)
• Cartilage in the base of skull thins to join with
nasal and optic capsules. Same time centers for
endochondral ossification appears in the
cartilage of base of skull, also, mesenchymal
condensation in intramembranous bone is seen.
At 8th
week nasal septum further narrows to
become a prominent structure ,also external ear
starts its development. Nasal pit breaks down to
form nostrils. Demarcation seen between lateral
nasal and maxillary to form nasolacrimal groove
which in future closes to form nasolacrimal duct .www.indiandentalacademy.com
49. • Primary palate starts its development at
8th
week. So till this time their occurs a
direct communication between oral and
nasal cavity. Lidless eyes increase their
movement towards midline. Both lateral
halves of mandibular process fuse by 8th
week. at this time embryo is 18mm in
length.
• Rough head and face shape is almost
completed by 8th
week . By end of 8th
week embryo increases in length almost
by 4 times to that of 7th week
www.indiandentalacademy.com
50. main structures formed in the embryonic
period are
neural plate –2, buccopharyngeal
membrane -2
mandibular arch –3
hypoglossal muscle—5, median and
lateral nasal process-5, lens of eye-5,
retina—5
external carotid artery-6, middle ear-6,
larynx –6, maxillary process –6, external
ear –7,
nasal septum-8, palatal shelves-8.www.indiandentalacademy.com
51. FETAL PERIOD
(56days--9 months )
• Eye lid formation occurs .eyes get close .
nostrils are formed.
• This period shows accelerated rate of
craniofacial growth resulting in an increase
size and proportion In 8th
to 12 weeks fetus
increases in length by 22—60mm.
• Mandible increases in size and
anteroposterior relationship of both jaws
develop as it is seen at birth.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
52. • Development of tongue
• Appears in embryo at 4th
week of IUL . in the
form of two lateral swellings and one median
swelling that is tubercular impar. All are from
1st
pharyngeal arch.
• Another median swelling copula
(hypobranchial eminence) from 2,3 and 4th
arch. Posterior part of 4th
arch gives rise to
epiglottis.
• Two lateral swellings grows medially and
anteriorly and overgrows on TI. both half
meet each other to form anterior two third of
tongue.
• Muscles of tongue develop from occipital
myotomes. www.indiandentalacademy.com
54. Thyroid gland
• Thyroid appears as epithelial
proliferation of in the floor of tongue
between TI and HE.
• Then it descends in front of pharyngeal
gut and forms bilobed diverticulum's
which forms two lobes.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
55. GROWTH OF CRANIAL BASE
• As we have seen that by 4th
to 8th
week of
IUL evidence of cranial base formation is
seen. The Mesenchymal form is derived
from primitive streak of neural crest and
occipital schlerotomes.
• Condensed mesenchyma forms capsule
around brain called ectomenix basal
portion of this capsule gives rise future
cranial base. The process by which
ectomeningeal capsule get convert into
cartilage is called chondrification .
• It mainly occurs in 4 regions.www.indiandentalacademy.com
56. Para chordal—around cranial end of
notochord
Hypophyseal—it occurs in 4 centers
• post sphenoid—body of
sphenoid
• pre sphenoid –body of sphenoid
• mesethmoid---plate of ethmoid
cristagalli orbito sphenoid---lesser
wing
• ali sphenoid – greater wing
• Nasal-nostril
• Otic-mastoid
www.indiandentalacademy.com
57. OCCIPITAL BONE
It ossifies both endochondrally and
intramembranously. It has 2 intra
membranous centers and 5 endochondral
centers.
supra nuchal sq. part – one pair ---8th
week
infra nuchal sq.part --1 pair -------10th
week
basilar part –single median center --
11th
week
foramen magnum occipital condyle ---1
pair –12th
weekwww.indiandentalacademy.com
58. TEMPORAL BONE
It has 11 centers of ossification
Sq, part –1 center (IM)—8TH
week
Tympanic ring 4 centers (IM)------12th
week
Petrous temporal bone ---4 centers
(EC)-----5th
month
Styloid 2 centers (EC) 5th
month
ETHMOID BONE
Its an endochondral bone with 3 centers
Median floor of anterior cranial
fossa –1 centers
Nasal capsule 2 lateral centerswww.indiandentalacademy.com
59. • SPHENOID BONE
• It has 15 centers of ossification
• Lesser wing –2 orbito sphenoidal
cartilage
• Greater wing ,lateral pterygoid plate-
2(IM)1alisphenoid
• Median pterygoid plate -2 secondary
cartilage of hamular process
• Anterior part of body of sphenoid- 5
(EC)
• Posterior part body of sphenoid - 4
(EC)
• Cranial base chndrocraniam is
relatively stable during growth compared
www.indiandentalacademy.com
60. • FLEXURE OF CRANIAL BASE
• In early fetal period cranial base becomes
flexed in the region between pituitary fossa
and sphenooccipital junction this is
accompanied by developing brain stem so
that spinal chord and foramen magnum
directed downwards from their initial position
of backwards this adaptation only seen in
human beings
• It increases neurocranial capacity
• It facilitates predominant downward growth
of face
• At 10th
week of intrauterine life flexure angle is
65 degrees with then flattens. anterior and
posterior part of cranial base grows at
different rates that is between 10th
to 40th
week
anterior cranial base increase in width by 7
www.indiandentalacademy.com
61. • Development of palate
• Main part of palate arise from maxillary
process & small premaxilla is formed by
deeper part of medial nasal process.
initially medial nasal process gives rise to
small triangular projection which forms
futer premaxilla .then from maxillary
process lateral segments arise which are
placed vertically. In this period mandible
is small & already formed tongue is
pushed upwards in nasal cavity so lateral
segments of maxillary process grow
vertically .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
62. • Nasal septum from above starts growing
downwards & backwards by 7th
week of IUL
. Mandible shows accelerated growth so
tongue falls back & transformation of
position of palatal selves occurs from
vertical to horizontal this transformation
takes place within hrs .
• Both palatal selves properly approximate
by 8 ½ to form hard palate & posterior part
use to form sot palate entire palate does
not close at once . initial contact occurs in
central region of secondary palate
posteriorly to pre maxilla from this point
closure occurs both anteriorly
&posteriorly also from above end of nasal
septum fuses with palate .
th
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67. • development o maxillary sinus
• It is formed around at 3rd month of
IUL It develops by expansion of
nasal mucous membrane into
maxillary bone
• It enlarges later by internal
resorption of wall of maxilla
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68. • meckels cartilage
• it derived from first brachial arch on 41st
to
45th
day of IUL .extends from cartilaginous
otic capsule to sysmphysis .it acts as
template and guide for growth of mandible
. a major portion of this disappears and
remaining part develops in to
• mental ossicle
• incus, malleus
• spine of sphenoid
• ant. Ligament of malleus
• sphenomandibular ligament
• 1st
structure that develops in promordia of
man. Is mandibular division of 5th
nerve
this is followed by osteogenesis
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71. • on 6th
week of IUL single ossification
center for each man. Arise in the region of
bifurcation of inferior alveolar nerve in to
mental and incisive. ossifying membrane
is located lateral to meckels cartilage .IM
ossification spreads dorsally and ventrally
to form body and ramus of man.
Ossification continues till region of future
linguala. meckels cartilage continues into
middle ear and develops in to auditory
ossicle that is malleus and incus and SML
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72. • Endochondral bone formation in man.
Seen in3 areas
• condylar process
• mental region
• coronoid process
• condylar process; at 5th
week of IUL
mesanchymal condensation seen above
ventral part of man. By 10th
week it
develops into cone shaped cartilage. by
14th
week it starts ossifying. it then
migrates inferiorly and fuse with man.
Ramus by4th months . by 6-7 th month of
IUL much of cartilage ossifies except
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73. • mental region
• on either of symphysis 2 small cartilage
appears in 7th
month of IUL .it then
incorporates into body . symphysis
ossifies after 1yr after birth
• coronoid process
• it is formed by secondary cartilage.
appears at 10-14th
week of IUL. it grows as
response to temporalis muscle. it then join
with ramus
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74. •TMJ
• In IUL it develops in three phases
• Blastamic stage (7—8th
week)
corresponds with organization of
condyle ,articular disc and capsule
• Cavitations stage (9—11th
week) initial
formation of inferior joint cavity
• Maturation stage (from 12thweek)
• At birth articular disc is flat but it then
transforms into S shape
• Articular disc at birth is 1.5mm thick. it
then thins down and replaced by
endochondral ossification
• It grows in post . sup. Lat. Direction
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75. • POST NATAL DEVELOPMENT
AND GROWTH
• Maxilla and mandible are attached to
cranial base by means of sutures
and TMJ respectively. so any growth
change in CB affect growth of jaw
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76. • cranial base
• CB grows post natally by complex interaction
between
• 1) cortical drift and remodeling
• 2) elongation at synchondrosis
• 3) sutural growth
• cortical drift and remodeling ; remodeling is
apposition or resorption of bone which bring
about change in size shape and relationship of
bone
• cranial base is divided into many components
by bony elevations called ridges .These ridges
show bony deposition and other part show
resorption by this process CB develops
• in the area where blood vessels and nerves pass
CB ,show cortical drift ie by bone deposiotion and
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77. • elongation of synchondrosis
•
• cartilage at various junction of bone
called SY
• they act as important growth sites as
they are primary cartilages
• main synchondrosis are
• sphenooccipital
• sphenoethmoid
• intra sphenoid
• intra occipital
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78. • spheno occipital SY ; it is active up to age
12—15years .these segments fuse in
midline by 20yrs . it shows pressure
adapted bone growth. direction of bone
growth at SY is upwards so it carries ant.
Part of cranium bodily forwards closure of
this SY occurs at 13-15yrs
• spheno ethmoid : it ossifies at 5-25yrs
• intra sphenoid : it ossifies at birth
• intra occipital:ossifies at 3–5yrs
•
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79. • sutural growth : --
• growth seen sutures are
• spheno frontal
• fronto temporal
• sphenoethmoid
• frontoethmoid
• frntozygomatic
• main timing of CB growth
• by birth 55%-60%
• 4—7yrs 94%
• 8—1yrs 98%
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80. »post natal growth of
maxilla
– nasomaxillary complex grows by
• displacement
• growth at suture
• surface remodeling
• displacement: as before discussed maxilla
attached attached CB by sutures so as CB
grows secondary displacement is seen in
NMC in downwards and forwards
direction . it mainly seen at 6—12yrs age.
growth at tuberosity seen in postrior
direction to shift maxilla in forwards
direction
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81. • growth at suture
• main sutures at which growth seen are
• frontonasal
• frontomaxillary
• zygomaticotemporal
• zygomaticomaxillary
• pterygopalatine
• these sutures are obliquely placed and by
this maxilla grows in forwards and
downwards direction . soft tissues carry
maxilla also in same direction
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82. • surface remodeling ;
• the remodeling changes seen in NMC.
• resorption occurs on lat. Surface of orbital region
so that eye moves laterally .on medial rim
deposition seen
• floor of orbit due to remodeling grows in sup .lat.
and ant. Direction
• bone deposition occurs on posterior margin of
maxillary tuberosity which causes lengthening of
dental arch and enlargement of antero posterior
dimension of entire maxilla
• bone resorption seen on lateral wall of nose to
increase size of nasal cavity
• bone resorption seen in floor of nasal cavity and
deposition in palatal side so net downward shift
occurs leading to increase in maxillary height
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83. • zygomatic bone moves in posterior
direction by resorption on anterior surface
and deposition on posterior surface
• face enlarges in width by formation of
lateral surface of zygomatic arch and
resorption on medial surface
• anterior nasal spine increase in
prominence by deposition
• tooth eruption ,increase maxillary height
by alveolar bone deposition
• entire wall of sinus except mesial wall
undergoes resorption by which maxillary
sinus increase in size
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84. • post. Natal growth of man.
• Of facial bone man. Has largest amount of
growth post natally
• Ramus : it moves posteriorly by bone
remodeling
• Resorption occurs in anterior part and
deposition occurs in posterior region so it
results in post . drift
• Body of man.: its growth depends on
remodeling growth of ramus so former
ramus converts into posterior body
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85. • Angle of mandible
• On lingual side of angle resorption takes place on
posteroinferior aspect and deposition occurs in
anterosuperior aspect on buccal side exactly
opposite process occurs this results in flaring of
angle of mandible as age advances
• Lingual tuberosity : it is vary similar to maxillary
tuberosity grows posteriorly and lingually
• Alveolar bone grows as tooth erupts in oral cavity
• Chin in infancy is under developed due to position
of head and precordial bulge its growth mainly
influenced by sexual and specific genetic factor
• Males have prominent chin
• In childhood mental protuberance forms and
ossifies its prominence is accelerated by bone
resorption that occurs in alveolar region which
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86. • Condyle : it is main growth site its growth has 2
schools of thought
• Earlier it was believed that growth occurs at
surface of condyle by bone deposition so condyle
grows towards CB condyle pushes against CB
.so entire man. Is displaced forwards and
downwards
• Now it is believed that growth of soft tissue that
is muscle and CT carry man. forwards away from
CB ( carry away phenomenon) and bone grows
secondarily to maintain contact with CB .
condylar growth which peak at 12—14yrs and
stops at 20yrs
• Coronoid process : it follows enlows V principle
, deposition occurs on lingual surface and with it
vertical dimension also increase so it gets a
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