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Group 7 - Post Translational Modifications.pptx
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- 2. Group Members Introduction Sajid Khan 01 Post-TranslationalModifications in Prokaryotes Bukhtawar Gul 02 Post-Translational Modifications in Eukaryotes Mehrab Azram 03 04 05 06 Maimoona Anjum Role of Post-Translational Modifications in Prokaryotes Hira Nawaz Tayyaba Ali Role of Post-Translational Modifications in Eukaryotes Comparative Analysis and Conclusion
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- 4. Overview of PostTranslational Modifications Introductio n to PTMs Importance in Cellular Processes Impact on Proteins
- 5. Overview of PostTranslational Modifications
- 6. Introduction PTMs are enzymatic,covalent chemical modifications of proteins that typically occur after the translation of mRNAs. These modifications are relevant because they can potentially change a protein's physical or chemical properties, activity, localization, or stability. A B C D
- 7. Importance in Cellular Processes ProteinDiversity Beyond Genetic Code • PTMs expand functional diversity. • Modifications alter protein functions. Regulation of Protein Activity • Modulate enzymatic activity. • Control protein-protein interactions. Protein Stability and Folding • Influence proper protein folding. • Impact protein stability and structure. Cellular Localization Regulation • Determine protein location within the cell. • Regulate function in specific organelles.
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- 9. Types of PTMsin Prokaryotes phosphorylation is the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion. This process and its inverse, dephosphorylation, are common in biology. Protein phosphorylation often activates many enzymes. Phosphorylation Methylation Methylation, in the chemical sciences, is the addition of a methyl group on a substrate, or the substitution of an atom by a methyl group. Methylation is a form of alkylation, with a methyl group replacing a hydrogen atom. Acetylation Glycosylation acetylation is an organic esterification reaction with acetic acid. It introduces an acetyl group into a chemical compound. Such compounds are termed acetate esters or simply acetates. Glycosylation is the reaction in which a carbohydrate, i.e. a glycosyl donor, is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group of another molecule in order to form a glycoconjugate.
- 10. Functional Implications ofPTMs Protein Stability Subcellular Localization Activity
- 11. Techniques For StudyingPTMs in Prokaryotes 01 02 Mass Spectrometry Western Blotting
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- 13. Pre-phosphorylation protein Amino acid ofa protein is phosphorylated by addition of covalently bonded phosphate group Phosphorylation of casein.
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- 17. EI SH Ub Ubiquitinactivating enzyme E1 Attachment of polypeptide ubiquitin to a polypeptide.
- 18. EI SH UbEI S Ub E2 SH Ubiquitin conjugating enzyme ATP AMP
- 19. EI SH UbEI S Ub E2 S Ub E3 Ubiquitin protein ligase E3
- 20. EI SH UbEI S Ub E2 S Ub E3
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- 22. Addition of methylgroup to a protein amino aicd Following are the amino acids that undergo methylation in eukaryotes; • Arginine • Lysine • Histidine • Methionine • Cysteine • Glutamine • Glutamic acid • Aspartic acid
- 24. 1 2 3 4 5 N LINKED GLYCOSYLATION OLINKED GLYCOSYLATION C MANNOSYLATION PHOSPHOGLYCOSYLATION GLYPIATATION
- 27. In HUMANS 80-90%of all proteins become cotranslationally acetylated, at their N-terminus. Acetylation of microtubules. N- PROTEIN Co A AC
- 28. In HUMANS 80-90%of all proteins become cotranslationally acetylated, at their N-terminus. N- PROTEIN Co A AC NAT
- 29. N- In HUMANS 80-90%of all proteins become cotranslationally acetylated, at their N-terminus. N- PROTEIN Co A AC NAT PROTEIN
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- 33. Removal of aminoacid from a protein chain. Amino acid with enzymetic activity. In proteins; • Exeins • Inteins The inteins are removed. Inteins are self removing.
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- 35. Role of Post-Translational Modificationsin Prokaryotes
- 36. Role of PTMsin Prokaryotes Enzyme Activation & Inhibition Cellular Signaling Protein Turnover and Degradation Proteolytic Cleavage
- 37. Role of PTMsin Prokaryotes Membrane Anchoring & Sorting Cell Division and Cytokeletal Dynamics DNA Binding & DNA- protein Interactions Virulence & Pathogenesis
- 38. Role of Post-Translational Modificationsin Eukaryotes
- 39. Functional Significance Influence oncellular functions: signal transduction, cellular trafficking, cell cycle regulation. Importance in maintaining cellular homeostasis and functionality.
- 40. Impact on CellularFunctions Signal Transduction Role of phosphorylation in cellular signalling. Examples: Activation of kinases in response to external stimuli. Cellular Trafficking Contribution of PTMs to protein sorting and trafficking. Examples: Glycosylation guiding proteins to specific cellular locations. Cell Cycle Regulation Control of cell cycle checkpoints through PTMs. Examples: Ubiquitination in regulating cell cycle protein degradation.
- 41. 01 02 Association with Diseases Disease mechanisms Link toHuman Diseases • Connection between malfunctioning modifications and diseases. • Examples: Cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic diseases. • How PTMs contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases. • Examples: Dysregulated signalling, protein misfolding, and altered cell cycle control.
- 42. 01 02 Protentional Interventions Advancements in Treatments Therapeutic Implications •Targeting specific modifications for therapeutic benefits. • Examples: Developing drugs to modulate aberrant PTMs in diseases. • Recent advancements and ongoing research in targeting PTMs for therapeutic purposes.
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- 44. POST TRANSLATIONAL PROCESSING Cytoplasmic processing. Limited chaperone involvement. Simpler glycosylation. Infrequent disulfide bond formation. Limited proteolytic cleavage. Lack of ubiquitination E Eukaryotes Prokaryotes P Extensive processing in ER, Golgi. Abundant chaperone proteins. Complex glycosylation crucial for stability. Common disulfide bond formation. Extensive proteolytic cleavage. Presence of ubiquitination system
- 45. Significance Regulatory Precision Adaptability Disease Implications Homeostasis Maintenance Environmental Response
- 46. Conclusion Post-translational processing causally shapesprotein functionality, influencing cellular dynamics and contributing significantly to disease pathways. Its dynamic nature plays a pivotal role in cellular responses, underscoring its impact on the intricacies of biological systems.. A B C D
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