GLP

1. Forensics Laboratory
Group No. 3
1
Submitted By
Rijaab Akhtar (17-Arid-2099)
Asif Nawaz ( 17-Arid 2071)
Misbah Zeb Kiani (17-Arid-2090)
Wajeeha Abbasi (17-Arid-2111)
Javaria Amjad ( 17-Arid-2081)
Nimra Qureshi (17-Arid-2098)
Ayesha Sarwar (17-Arid-2074)
BCH-7th Morning

2. Introduction
Asif Nawaz
17-Arid-2071
2

3. What is Forensic science ?
• It is a scientific method of gathering and examining information about
an accident or incident happened in past.
• Process used as part of a criminal investigation is considered forensic
science.
• The word forensic comes from the Latin word “Forensis”.
• Forensis means forum.
• So forensic is effectively used as synonym for legal or matters related
to court. 3

4. History Of Forensic Science
• Bernard Spilsbury
• Fist documented use of physical evidence. (1784)
• In 1850s fist time blood tests and photographs were used in criminal
investigations.
• Galton’s contribution. (1892)
• K.Landsteiner’s blood groups identification. (1900)
• Fist Forensic Lab in world by French Scientist Locard. (1910)
• Advancement likes chromatography, spectroscopy, electrophoresis
and DNA data bases.
4

5. Forensic Labs
Forensic Labs or crime labs are
scientific laboratories which
primarily use forensic
science for the purpose of
examining evidence from
criminal cases.
5

6. Classification of forensic labs
Forensic labs can be divided into four main different
areas of investigations.
• Biology
• Chemistry
• DNA
• Drugs and Toxicology
6

7. Classification of forensic labs
Forensic labs can also be divided on the basis of many areas of
investigations:
• Fingerprint lab
• Trace evidence lab
• Serology /DNA labs
• Photography lab
• Chemistry lab
• Firearm lab
• Material lab
7

8. Forensic Laboratory Design
and
Crime Scene To Forensic Lab
Journey
Misbah Zeb Kiani
17-Arid-2090
8

9. Considerations while designing
Laboratory design defines spatial requirements of the laboratory. General forensic laboratory
design is;
• Adaptable
• Flexible for interior and exterior changes
• Modular casework and furnishing to scale up or down
• Safe for the occupants and lab materials
• Collaborative layout
• Zoned between non-lab and lab sections
• High performance levels of cleanliness, temperature, and humidity controls
9

10. No one universally correct plan for forensic laboratory design. Design varies with each
laboratory unit and its specific needs. It depends on;
• Type of analysis being conducted
• Functional requirements
• Space and instruments needed
• Sample size
10

11. Lab construction
• Design team has forensic consultants that give a layout of the laboratory according to the
needs.
• Construction team consists of contractors and engineers who will physically construct the
laboratory.
• Design team work with the user group having lab directors and then construction team to
plan and construct the laboratory layout.
• Design is analyzed and reviewed.
11

12. • Lab design is constructed on the principles given by various organizations like;
International organization for standardization (ISO)
Environmental protection agency (EPA)
Occupational safety and health administration (OSHA)
• After design approval by internal laboratory authorities, it is approved for external
capabilities like funding. Now, a statement of work (SOW) and a request for proposals
(RFP) is made.
• Building information modelling (BIM) is also done to represent a digital design of the
building and facilities.
• Work is started after approval.
12

13. General forensic lab design
• Specialized lab units and rooms for evidence investigation and result storing
• Separate evidence examination and evidence storing rooms
• Secure workstation to avoid sample and result tampering
• Separate chambers for victim and suspect away from lab working area
• Compartmentalized laboratory units
• Building systems reliability
13

14. Building and interior design
• Exterior wall material should be bullet-resistant
• Reflective and bullet-resistant glazing windows
• Class 2 biological safety cabinets
• HEPA Filters
• PCR amplification rooms
• Vacuum system for lab gases
• Fume hood exhaust, separate from building exhaust system
14

15. • Lab waste water systems, chemical waste should be separate
• Temperature Controls
• Fire and security alarms
• Closed circuit television (CCTV) system
• Emergency eyewash units
• Epoxy resin countertops are preferred for work as they are fire, and chemical
resistance required for heavy-duty usage
15

16. Crime scene to Forensic lab
On report of a crime, police seals the area and a crime scene investigator is called
first. He works to examine the scene and gather evidence. He works by taking;
• photographs
• physical evidence
Crime scene investigation technicians work under the supervision of a crime scene
investigator to gather evidence.
16

17. Crime Scene Investigation
1) Establish the scene dimensions
2) Establish security
3) Plan, communicate and coordinate
4) Conduct a primary survey/walkthrough
5) Document and process the scene
6) Conduct a secondary survey/review
7) Record and preserve evidence
17

18. Evidence collected
• Biological evidence (e.g., blood, body fluids, hair and other tissues)
• Latent print evidence (e.g., fingerprints, palm prints, foot prints)
• Footwear and tire track evidence
• Trace evidence (e.g., fibers, soil, vegetation, glass fragments)
• Digital evidence (e.g., cell phone records, Internet logs, email messages)
• Firearm evidence (e.g., gun, shell casings, bullets)
• Drug evidence
18

19. Criminal detective
The criminal detective works with a team of crime scene investigators. He is
responsible for;
• Interviewing persons of interest and victims
• Piecing together the information from evidence collected
Gathered evidences and information is sealed and sent to forensic laboratory
for forensic process.
19

20. THE FORENSIC
PROCESS
Nimra Qureshi
17-Arid-2098
20

21. The team of forensic investigation
• The Forensic laboratory activities are a carried by a set of personnels
who apply the body of knowledge related to laboratory methods,
policies, procedures, regulations, and practices when processing evidence
for criminal and civil investigations.
• The responsibility of this team is to collect, preserve, analyze scientific
evidence and record the results and data during an investigation.
• A forensic investigation team develop objective findings that can assist in
the investigation and prosecution of perpetrators of crime or absolve an
innocent person from suspicion.

22. Forensic team overview
22

23. Laboratory Manager
• The Forensic Laboratory relies upon the Laboratory Manager to develop and
maintain an efficient, high-quality forensic laboratory.
• The person has an important a role to maintain a balance in the scientific
principles, requirements of the Criminal Justice System, and the effects on the lives
of individuals that are a subject of the investigation.
First Responder
• Is the first individual on the crime or he can be the first Forensic Analyst on the site
of the incident.
23

24. Forensic Analyst
• Is the person responsible for performing forensic work on a case in the Forensic
Laboratory.
Forensic Team
• Group of Forensic Analysts deployed on a given case.
Information processing system
• Any system capable of processing digital information .
• This covers computers of all types e.g .
, desktops ,laptops ,and servers as well as
PDAs ,smart phones ,and other computer-related peripherals
24

25. Lead Forensic Analyst
• Is the person who oversees a team of Forensic Analysts
• When there is only one Forensic Analyst, he or she is the Lead Forensic Analyst for
the case.
Incident Manager
• The person managing an incident irrespective of what organization they are from.
25

26. Working of a forensic laboratory
• The main function of a Forensic Science
Laboratory is to provide an unbiased
scientific report to the investigating
agencies and thus help the judiciary
system.
• The process is based on scientific
principles and follows defined scientific
methodologies.
• These processes are repeatable,
reviewable, refinable, and recordable. 26

27. Phases of a forensic process
• The first phase is the Identification phase,
where evidence is acquired with an approval
from the authorities and checked for its
authenticity.
• It is followed by the Acquisition phase where
the evidence is brought under the forensic
backup.
• The Analysis phase comprises the tasks of
forensic analysis of the acquired evidence.
• The final phase is the reporting phase where all
extracted results are documented, and the
evidence is retained
27

28. Identification phase
• This phase is the complete
analysis of the site of
incident and the collection
of all the evidences in every
potential form followed by
their appropriate packaging
for their transport.
• Evidences can be physical,
chemical, biological.
28

29. • All the evidences should
be collected and packed in
appropriate packaging and
should be transported in
special containers
according to their type.
29

30. • The packaged evidence should be labelled
with formal details that can include,
• Agency case number
• Item number.
• Date recovered or received.
• Evidence type.
• Collecting officer and etc.
• The labelling is a proof that the items
of evidence collected at the crime scene is the
same evidence that is being presented in a
court of law. 30

31. Acquisition phase
• The samples are acquired by
specific personnel's of the
laboratory that are responsible for
their chain of custody of the
evidence.
• The personnel's verify the samples
and place them in appropriate
locations within the laboratory.
• The chain of custody ensures the
sample security and protects the
evidence from sample tampering.
31

32. ANALYSIS PHASE
For their analysis, the evidences are sent to different units of a forensic laboratory for
appropriate analysis where special tests are performed to investigate the evidence.
REPORTING PHASE
• A forensic report simply and succinctly summarizes the substantive evidence in a
criminal case.
• A complied forensic report consists of the following.
Title page.
Table of contents.
Reason for the investigation.
Signature page.
Evidence examined.
Description of your investigation.
Details of your findings.
32

33. Documentation of the forensic report.
“Forensic Documentation & Reports " refers to the document or paper
trail showing the seizure, custody, control, transfer, analysis, and
disposition of physical and electronic evidence. It is the process of
validating how any kind of evidence has been gathered, tracked and
protected.
33

34. UNITS OF
FORENSIC
LABORATORIES
Rijaab Akhtar
17-Arid-2099
34

35. • Forensic laboratory has many units providing different areas of investigation
• After collecting evidence it is assigned a unique laboratory/unit
• The units available in different labs will vary from one to the other
• However, the need for certain analyses and the budget of each lab
determines the availability of the departments.
35

36. Trace evidence Unit
• In forensic labs the Trace Evidence
Unit (TEU) identifies and compares
specific types of trace materials.
• These trace materials could be transferred
during the commission of a violent crime.
36

37. • This unit analyzes evidence such as fibers, hair, fabric, dust, skeletal remains,
explosive residues, glass, soils, paints and coatings, and other materials
• Infrared spectroscopy can be used to identify the structure of substances.
• Like it can be used to analyze paint or fibers and allows forensic technicians to
match trace evidence from a crime scene or body.
• Trace evidence from arson investigations can be analyzed by using gas
chromatography to determine the accelerants used to start the fire.
37

38. Photography Unit
• Photography plays a vital role in the
forensic laboratory.
• Photography is used to document crime
scene evidence.
• It examines and records physical
evidence.
38

39. • Processing resources allow specialists to analyze photographs and bring
the evidence to light
• Photographic evidence including film, video, digital images and prints
can be examined
• They are examined to determine whether the image is the result of a
composite, an alteration, or a copy
39

40. Toxicology Unit
• Forensic--toxicologists evaluate organs and bodily fluids to determine the
presence of any substances that could have caused or contributed to death.
• It identifies and quantifies drugs, alcohols, and poisons in biological
samples such as blood, urine, or tissue
• Specialists in the area of toxicology rely on gas chromatographs, mass
spectrometers, atomic absorption and microscopes to identify chemicals.
40

41. • They are also responsible for
determining the alcohol concentration
in blood in drunk-driving cases.
• The information is used by law
enforcement and the courts to help
determine if laws have been broken
and/or if criminal charges are
warranted.
41

42. Document Examination Units
• Traditionally, forensic document
examination units are part of
a forensic science laboratory.
• These units examine and compare
handwriting, type-writing, printing
processes, inks.
• It does the study to ascertain
authenticity and or source on
questioned documents. 42

43. • A typical documents unit in a forensics laboratory is equipped with microscopes,
digital imaging instrumentation, infrared and ultraviolet light sources, video analysis
tools and specialized equipment including electrostatic detection devices (EDD) and
materials to perform analytical chemistry.
• Many forensic document examiners use only non-destructive techniques that use
light and/or electrostatics to examine documents for indented impression evidence or
ink differentiation.
• However, a few examination techniques, such as liquid chromatography, are
considered destructive because they require removal of small samples of ink from
the documents.
43

44. UNITS OF
FORENSIC
LABORATORIES
Ayesha Sarwar
17-Arid-2074
44

45. Fingerprint Unit
• Fingerprints are unique patterns of lines on hands and
fingertips
• Do not change throughout life unless subjected to damage
• Identification of a suspect’s fingerprint is strong evidence
from which the court can draw inference that the suspect is
connected to the crime
• Fingerprint unit processes both latent and
patent fingerprints
45

46. Latent fingerprints
• Not visible to the naked eye
• Formed from oil residue left behind from a person's fingertips
• The oil adheres to smooth surface thus transferring these fingerprint impressions
to those surfaces
Patent fingerprints
• These fingerprints are clear to the naked eye
• left on a surface with blood, ink or other liquid substance
• Can be formed as an moulded impression of fingerprint
• Like a fingerprint on cheese or clay 46

47. Fingerprint Detection Techniques
Powders
• The powder particles adhere to the humid, or greasy
substances in the latent fingerprint deposit
• Example include carbon black, graphite, and metal
oxides but aluminium flake is considered the most
sensitive powder.
• Its qualities are flat plate-like structure of each particle
and better adherence powder
47

48. Gentian violet
• A staining solution containing gentian violet
• detect fatty components in the latent fingerprint deposit.
• solution contains phenol to aid the absorption intense purple coloration results
Ninhydrin
• widely used chemical reagent for the detection of latent fingermarks on porous surfaces such
as paper and cardboard
• The compound reacts with the amino acid component of the fingerprint deposit
• give a dark purple product known as Ruhemann’s purple
48

49. Cyanoacrylate fuming
• Cyanoacrylate esters are colorless, quick-setting, high-
strength adhesives
• Cyanoacrylate vapor, polymerizes on latent fingerprint to
form a solid white image of the fingermark
• The moisture and alcohols present in the latent deposit
catalyze the polymerization
Cyanoacrylate
fuming chamber
49

50. Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)
• Biometric scanning process, automatically
matches unknown fingerprints against a
database of known prints.
• In the United States Fingerprint examiners
have access to Integrated Automated
Fingerprint Identification System.
• Containing the fingerprints of more than
70 million criminals 34 million civilian
fingerprints.
50

51. Firearm Unit
• Examines all types of ammunitions like
firearms, discharged bullets, cartridge cases
• examines firearms discharge residue
• identify the bullet marks
• approximate distance from a target at which a
weapon was fired
51

52. Trajectory Analysis
• trajectory of bullet is path it travels from the time it
leaves the barrel of the gun to when it comes to rest
• flight of a bullet can be very short, or it can be very
distant
• the bullet has a distinct angle of entry into the target and
help to estimate the geographic location of the originating
shot
• In cases of drive-by shootings, the pattern of trajectories
can show the movement of shooter and its direction
52

53. Serology Unit
• This unit searched for biological evidence
containing potential DNA
• identification and analysis of Bloodstains, Bodily
fluids
• cases include sexual assaults, burglaries,
homicides, assaults, and robberies.
• Bloodstain analysis covers the following questions
• Is the stain blood?
• Is the stain animal or human blood?
• If human blood, what type?
53

54. Blood spatter analysis
• careful examination of how blood is distributed inside the
crime scene
• blood spatter patterns can help locate the point of attack
• what sort of weapon was used
• For instance, a person being struck with a baseball bat will
begin to bleed and droplet spatter pattern will be observed in
the direction of the strike
• Helps to determine number of strikes
• Direction of strikes
54

55. DNA analysis
• the source of a body fluid can be identified
through DNA testing
• The samples can be skin tissue, hair, blood
etc.
• If the DNA matches, then the suspect was at
the scene of the crime
• Helps to exonerate persons wrongly accused
of crimes
• Establish paternity and other family
relationships
55

56. Quality
Control
and
Quality
Assurance
Javaria Amjad
17-ARID-2081
56

57. Quality Assurance (QA)
• Quality assurance uses a broad methodology of compiling and following
written procedures for the collection, handling, preservation,
transportation and laboratory analysis of materials to ensure reliability
and accuracy.
• A well-developed quality assurance program should address any action
in an investigation where error or inconsistencies can be introduced.
Quality Control (QC)
• Quality control identifies the on-going mechanisms used to achieve
those goals.
• Quality control monitors and confirms the precision and accuracy of the
results.
57

58. Current QC and QA Guidelines
The 1992 report (NRC 1992) outlined many features of desirable QC and
QA as part of a proposed regulatory program
• ''Individual analysts have education, training, and experience
commensurate with the analysis performed and testimony provided.
• "Analysts have a thorough understanding of the principles, use, and
limitations of methods and procedures applied to the tests performed.
• "Analysts successfully complete periodic proficiency tests and their
equipment and procedures meet specified criteria.
• "Reagents and equipment are properly maintained and monitored.
58

59. • "Procedures used are generally accepted in the field and supported by published,
reviewed data that were gathered and recorded in a scientific manner.
• "Appropriate controls are specified in procedures and are used.
• "New technical procedures are thoroughly tested to demonstrate their efficacy and
reliability for examining evidence material before being implemented in casework.
• "Clearly written and well-understood procedures exist for handling and preserving
the integrity of evidence, for laboratory safety, and for laboratory security.
• "Each laboratory participates in a program of external proficiency testing that
periodically measures the capability of its analysts and the reliability of its analytic
results.
• "Case records—such as notes, worksheets, autoradiographs, and population data
banks—and other data or records that support examiners' conclusions are prepared,
retained by the laboratory, and made available for inspection on court order after
review of the reasonableness of a request."
59

60. Proficiency-Testing and Audits
• Assessment mechanisms for critical self-evaluation of laboratory
performance
• Proficiency-testing entails the testing of specimens are in the same form
as evidence samples
• Audits are independent reviews to determine whether the laboratory is
performing according to a defined standard
• Good QA programs have a mixture of regular internal and external
assessment.
• The inspection body shall conduct periodic internal audits in a planned
and systematic manner at least once every 12 months.
60

61. Safeguarding against Error
• There are potential sources of error at every stage in the processing of
physical evidence,
• from collection in the field through laboratory analysis to interpretation
of results of analysis.
• Not all lapses have deleterious consequences; many have no
consequences.
• Many are readily identified and can be corrected.
• There is no single solution to the problem of error.
• To achieve accurate results, care and attention to detail and independent
checks must be used at all stages of the analytical process.
61

62. Sample Mishandling and Data-Recording Errors
Mix-ups or mislabeling of samples or results can occur at any point where evidence is handled
or data recorded, that is,
• From the time of evidence collection in the field
• To the writing of the final report
Safeguards against sample mishandling in the field include
• Proper training of personnel involved in sample collection
• submission of complete evidence items to the laboratory
Mix-ups in the laboratory as samples are being removed from evidence items for analysis can
be minimized by sample-handling policies that allow only one evidence item to be handled at a
time.
62

63. Faulty Reagents, Equipment, Controls, or Technique
• Regular monitoring of reagents and equipment is part of any standard QA program.
• Use of appropriate QC standards and of positive and negative controls is part of
routine testing
• Regular monitoring of test outcomes with standards and controls allows recognition
of gradually emerging problems with reagents, equipment, controls, standards, and
overall procedure that might otherwise be overlooked
• North American forensic laboratories perform VNTR analysis use DNA from the
human cell line K562 as a positive typing control.
• Monitoring of K562 fragment-size measurements within a laboratory over time and
comparison of measurements between laboratories allow identification of "drift" due
to procedural modification, reagent variation, or equipment deterioration.
63

64. Evidence Contamination
Different kinds of contamination have different consequences for analysis.
• Contamination with nonbiological materials
• Nonhuman biological materials can result in test failures but not in genetic
typing errors.
These contamination can be
• Inadvertent contamination
• Mixed samples are contaminated by their very nature
• Carryover contamination
64

65. Accreditation and Certification
The Laboratory Manager shall achieve and maintain whichever certifications and
accreditation that the Top Management deem necessary.
ANAB has provided accreditation of forensic service providers based on ISO
standards for forensic agencies in the United States.
Accreditation is based on assessment of an agency's technical qualifications and
competence for conducting specific testing, calibration, and/or inspection activities
within the scope of ISO/IEC 17025 or ISO/IEC 17020 and any relevant field-
specific standards included in amplification documents.
65

66. ISO Certifications For Different Units
• ISO 15489—Information, documentation, and record management
• ISO 17020—Conformity assessment, requirements for the operation of various types of
bodies performing inspection
• ISO 17025—General requirements for the testing and calibration laboratories
• ISO 22301—Societal security, Business continuity, and management systems
• ISO 27001—Information technology, Security techniques, Information security
management systems and requirements
• ISO 9001—Quality management systems requirements
• OHSAS 18001—Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems;l In-house digital
forensic procedures 66

67. Forensic
Laboratories In
Pakistan
Wajeeha Abbasi
17-ARID-2111
67

68. Forensic Laboratories In Pakistan
• In Pakistan forensic has been ignored for a long time. Due to increase
in terrorism efforts were made for the establishing and proper
functioning of the forensic laboratory to help criminal investigations.
• The forensic labs in Pakistan are discussed in following slides.
68

69. National Forensic Science Agency
• It is the latest and well equipped lab in Pakistan .
• It was approved by the Executive Committee of the National Economic Council as an
autonomous body in 2002and have departments of crime scene Investigation trace chemistry,
questioned documents and digital forensics.
Objective:
• To help establish other forensic science laboratories across the country. .
• To provide quick, credible and timely forensic science services with approach and
affordability to all those seeking truth and justice
• To prepare, validate and implement a proper evidence management system
• To establish state of the art forensic labs at Islamabad and to assist GB, AJK and different
provinces of the country to establish similar facilities
• To establish training institute for production of highly skilled technical staff and forensic
experts
• To promote cooperation among forensic science laboratories.
69

70. Punjab Forensic Science Agency
• The Punjab Forensic Science Agency is an agency under the Home Department, of
the provincial Government of Punjab of Pakistan.
• It provides forensic science services primarily to law enforcement in the Province.
• The Punjab Forensic Science Agency (PFSA) Act was passed on October 2007 for
the establishment of the Forensic Science Agency which ultimately lead to the
establishment of the Punjab Forensic Science Agency on 2012.
• Some services the Agency provides are
70

71. • Computer Forensic Unit
• Crime & Death Scene
• DNA & Serology
• Forensic Photography
• Firarm & Tool Marks
• Narcotics
• Latent Finger Prints
• Pathology
• Polygraph
• Questioned Document
• Toxicology
• Trace Chemistry
71

72. Sindh Forensic DNAAnd Serology Laboratory
The Sindh Forensic DNA and Serology laboratory (SFDL) is a futuristic laboratory in
the province of Sindh which provides all DNA and Serology services.
Objective:
• It is build to help police and prosecution departments during investigations with the
modern technology.
• Proper investigation of the crime scene is very crucial step in forensic DNA
analysis.
• For the collection of forensic evidence from crime scene SFDL has also intending
to train the Investigating officers, Medico legal Officers and prosecutors. 72

73. Liaqat University Of Medical And Health Science
• In 2004 the Higher Education commission sponsored a project for Rs. 14.7
million to establish Forensic Science Laboratory in the Department of
Forensic Medicine.
• It is build training of the undergraduates/ post gradates
• to help the public for the injustice done to them in Medicolegal practice.
73

74. Institute Of Forensic Science KPK
• KP police have developed an Institute of Forensic Science (IFS) in Peshawar with
assistance from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the
Australian Federal Police. The institute now houses the Forensic Science Laboratory
established in 1976.
• It consists of six specialized units for analysis of chemicals and narcotics, latent
fingerprints, firearms and toolmarks, questionable documents, forensic photography,
and digital forensics.
• The lab provides forensic services to the Pakistan Customs, the Excise and Taxation
Department, the Anti-Narcotics Force, the National Accountability Bureau, the Anti-
Corruption Establishment, the Frontier Corps, the FATA administration, and
Malakand Levies.
74

75. Current Status Of Forensic Science In Pakistan
• The first forensic laboratory was established before Partition in1906 .
• In 2001 federal government decided to improve forensic science infrastructure to upgrade
the existing one and establish more laboratories in the different regions.
• In 2002, NFSA is approved as an autonomous body having different departments.
• The agency became functional in 2006 with the initial budget of Rs 1.29 billion.
• In 2007 PSFA act was passed.
• PSFA was established in 2012 having 14 different well equipped forensic laboratories.
crimes. The advent of DNA data base recently at PFSA has proved a major breakthrough
in solving crimes through DNA profile comparison, to identify the real culprit.
75

76. • Khyber Pakhtunkhwa police has established Forensic Science Laboratory and
Institute of Forensic Science in Peshawar on December, 2017 to provide preliminary
forensic facilities.
• There is a crucial need to establish forensic labs in other provinces of Pakistan to
solve cases on merit.
• A huge amount of cases are pending in our police department and the police
personnel are unfamiliar to Personal Protective Equipment and not trained to secure
the crime scene and to collect the physical evidence without contamination.
• Apart from Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan have not well
developed and satisfactory forensic investigation facilities and responsible chain of
custody.
76

77. Conclusion
Forensic sciences is in a unique position among all other scientific field
because of its important social impact. Forensic science is at the
interface of natural sciences and law implications in civil and criminal
cases. In Pakistan this field was ignored. Pakistan need to build more
forensic laboratories in different regions of the country to ensure peace
and justice.
77

78. THE END
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