The document discusses the greenhouse effect and global warming, explaining how greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to higher global temperatures. It outlines the causes, including fossil fuel burning, deforestation, and population growth, as well as the consequences such as rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and threats to biodiversity. To combat these issues, the document emphasizes the importance of reducing emissions, using renewable energy, and promoting ecological awareness.

1. Mawlana Bhashani Science & Technology University
Santosh, Tangail-1902
Department of Textile Engineering
Course Title : Environment & Pollution Control
Course Code : TXE 443
Assignment No : 01
Assignment On : Greenhouse Effect & Global Warming.
Date of Performance :07 .04.2019
Date of Submission : 19.04.2019
Submitted by,
Md. Fahimuzzaman
ID: TE 14025
Dept. Of Textile Engineering, MBSTU
Year: 4th Semester: 2nd
Submitted To,
Dr. M. Mahbubul Bashar
Associate Professor,
Dept. of Textile Engineering, MBSTU
Santosh,Tangail-1902

2. Greenhouse Effect & Global Warming
Introduction:
Earth’s atmosphere works something like a giant glass greenhouse. As the sun’s rays enter our
atmosphere, most continue right down to the planet’s surface. As they hit the soil and surface
waters, those rays release much of their energy as heat. Some of the heat then radiates back out
into space.
However, certain gases in our atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor,
work like a blanket to retain much of that heat. This helps to warm our atmosphere. The gases
do this by absorbing the heat and radiating it back to Earth’s surface. These gases are
nicknamed “greenhouse gases” because of their heat-trapping effect. Without the “greenhouse
effect,” Earth would be too cold to support most forms of life.
But there can be too much of a good thing. Carbon dioxide is released when we use fossil fuels,
such as coal, oil and natural gas. We burn these fuels, made from the ancient remains of plants
and animals, to run electricity-generating plants that power factories, homes and schools.
Products of these fossil fuels, such as gasoline and diesel fuel, power most of the engines that
drive cars, airplanes and ships.
By examining air bubbles in ice cores taken from Antarctica, scientists can go back and
calculate what the concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have been throughout
the last 650,000 years. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been climbing to
where today it is 30 percent greater than 650,000 years ago. That rise in carbon dioxide “is
essentially entirely due to the burning of fuels,” Susan Solomon says. She’s a senior scientist
with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, in Boulder, Colo., and studies
factors that affect climate.
Humans have further increased the levels of greenhouse gases in the air by changing the
landscape. Plants take up carbon dioxide to make food in a process called photosynthesis. Once
cut down, they can no longer take in carbon dioxide, and this gas begins building up in the air
instead of fueling the growth of plants. So by cutting down trees and forests for farmland and
other human uses, more carbon dioxide is also added into the atmosphere.
Greenhouse Effect:
The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface. When the Sun’s
energy reaches the Earth’s atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to space and the rest is
absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases.
• The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms
the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without its atmosphere

3. Fig: Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse gases:
A warming of Earth’s surface and troposphere (the lowest layer of the atmosphere) caused by
the presence of water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, and certain other gases in the air. Of
those gases, known as greenhouse gases, water vapour has the largest effect.
Greenhouse gases surround the Earth like a blanket. As we use burn more coal, natural gas,
and oil, the blanket becomes excessively thick, dense, and less likely to allow heat to escape.
Heat gets trapped inside the blanket of greenhouse gases and the Earth becomes too warm.
How does Greenhouse Effect works?
 Step 1: Solar radiation reaches the Earth's atmosphere - some of this is reflected back
into space.
 Step 2: The rest of the sun's energy is absorbed by the land and the oceans, heating the
Earth.
 Step 3: Heat radiates from Earth towards space.
 Step 4: Some of this heat is trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, keeping
the Earth warm enough to sustain life.
 Step 5: Human activities such as burning fossil fuels, agriculture and land clearing are
increasing the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere.
 Step 6: This is trapping extra heat, and causing the Earth's temperature to rise.
Causes of greenhouse effect:
1. Burning of Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas have become an
integral part of our life. They are used on large basis to produce electricity and for
transportation. When they are burnt, the carbon stored inside them is released which
combines with oxygen in the air to create carbon dioxide. With the increase in the
population, the number of vehicles have also increased and this has resulted in increase
in the pollution in the atmosphere. When these vehicles run, they release carbon
dioxide, which is one the main gas responsible for increase in greenhouse effect.

4. 2. Deforestation: Forests hold a major green area on the planet Earth. Plants and trees
intake carbon dioxide and release oxygen, through the process of photosynthesis, which
is required by humans and animals to survive. Large scale development has resulted in
cutting down of trees and forests which has forced people to look for alternate places
for living. When the wood is burnt, the stored carbon in converted back into carbon
dioxide.
3. Increase in Population: Over the last few decades, there have been huge increase in
the population. Now, this has resulted in increased demand for food, cloth and shelter.
New manufacturing hubs have come up cities and towns that release some harmful
gases into the atmosphere which increases the greenhouse effect. Also, more people
means more usage of fossil fuels which in turn has aggravated the problem.
4. Farming: Nitrous oxide is one the greenhouse gas that is used in fertilizer and
contributes to greenhouse effect which in turn leads to global warming.
5. Industrial Waste and Landfills: Industries which are involved in cement production,
fertilizers, coal mining activities, oil extraction produce harmful greenhouse gases.
Also, landfills filled with garbage produce carbon dioxide and methane gas contributing
significantly to greenhouse effect.
Consequences of greenhouse effect:
The main consequences of greenhouse effect are: -
 Thawing of glacial masses
 Flooding of islands and coastal cities
 Hurricanes will be more devastating
 Migration of species
 Desertification of fertile areas
 Impact on agriculture and livestock
Consequences of greenhouse effect on human health:
The greenhouse effect is also directly affecting human health through:
Food shortages
The United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) states that climate change is
raising serious doubts about food availability: in its last biennial report on the state of world
food and agriculture, it warns that a decline in agricultural production would result in food
shortages, most severely affecting sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
The spread of diseases and pandemics
In addition to the problems derived directly from pollution, the World Health Organization
(WHO) states that global warming will cause infectious diseases such as malaria, cholera or

5. dengue to spread to many more areas of the planet. On the other hand, extreme heat will
increase and aggravate cardiovascular and respiratory problems.
HOW TO SOLVE THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Reducing emissions of the so-called greenhouse gases, such as CO2 or CH4 is not the only
solution to curb the greenhouse effect. International organizations also agree on the following
recommendations:
 Use renewable energy.
 Use public transport and other non-polluting means, such as electric vehicles or
bicycles.
 Promote ecological awareness among citizens and different administrations.
 Commit to recycling and the circular economy.
 Reduce the consumption of meat.
 Consume organic products.
Global Warming
The changes in the global temperature, brought about by thegreen house effect which is induced
by enhanced greenhouse gases into the air.This can be termed asglobal warming.
Causes Of Global Warming:
1. Deforestation:
Climate change is a severe outcome of excessive cutting down of trees. It results in an
increase in the amount of carbon and other greenhouse gases in the environment.
2. Greenhouse Gases
Greenhouse gases are the gases which trap the solar radiations and trigger a rise in
Temperature levels on the planet.
3. Landfill
Landfills also produce greenhouse gases, both by methane gas escaping, and by burning
the waste to save space on landfills.
4. Pollution
Pollution is a serious threat to the environment and a culprit for global warming. It is
one of the causes of the greenhouse effect, which traps in the suns heat and doesn't let
it escape.
Impact of global warming:
Global warming, caused by greenhouse gas pollution, is causing immediate and direct changes
to the planet. the impact of global warming are given bellow:
1. Rising sea levels:
Increased ocean temperatures are melting glaciers and ice caps all over the world. Melted ice
increases the volume of water in our oceans. Warmer temperatures also result in the expansion
of the water's mass, which causes sea levels to rise, threatening low-lying islands and coastal
cities.

6. 2. More frequent and intense extreme weather events:
Extreme weather events like bushfires, cyclones, droughts and floods are becoming more
frequent and more intense as a result of global warming.
3. Oceans are warming and acidifying:
The oceans have absorbed most of extra heat and carbon dioxide (CO2) so far – more than the
air – making the seas both warmer and more acidic. Warming waters are bleaching coral reefs
and driving stronger storms. Rising ocean acidity threatens shellfish, including the tiny
crustaceans without which marine food chains would collapse.
4. Effects on Animals
A large number of animal species will disappear from the planet as a result of the loss of habitat
triggered by global warming. In fact, it's feared that sooner or later it will trigger a mass
extinction, and one-third of the species will become extinct by 2050 itself.
Polar Bears: Polar bears depend on ice formed on the sea when hunting. If the ice melts, their
range will decrease to a great extent, and this loss of habitat will, in turn, lead to a decline in
their population.
Penguins: Melting sea ice will also result in a decline in the growth of algae, which, in turn,
will affect the population of tiny organisms like krill and shrimp, which constitute an important
part of the penguin diet. The resultant scarcity of food and loss of habitat will eventually drive
the penguins to extinction.
Arctic Fox: Warm temperature has been driving the Arctic fox further north in search of cooler
habitat, but the rate at which we are losing colder regions, the animal is bound to lose the battle
for survival sometime in the near future.
These were just a few animals which are threatened by global warming. The considerably long
list includes caribou, frogs, butterflies, hibernating animals like bears and squirrels, migratory
birds, and several species of fish.
Conclusion
The scientific and environmental community is on the same page regarding the bitter reality of
global warming and the involvement of human factor in it. The paper discussed here has only
dented the surface of what is a very intricate line of scientific and engineering exploration.
Global warming is a big hazard and appropriate measures must be taken to tackle this serious
problem. This problem is not only causing trouble to the human beings but also to animals and
plants. Melting of polar ice caps will lead to floods which can cause mayhem everywhere. Rise
of sea levels will devastate agricultural and fishing activities. To embark upon these problems,
some remedial steps must be timely taken which include but are not limited to the use of
renewable sources of energy and stopping deforestation. Innovative solutions must be brought
forward to end this hazard once and forever.