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Monsoon by Mazhar Iqbal PIEAS University Islamabad Pakistan
- 1. Muhammad Zeeshan Hassan Hafiz Ali Muhammad Shahid Waqas Khan Mazhar Iqbal
- 2. • Introduction • Process • Summer Monsoon • Winter Monsoon • Regions • Asia • Africa • Australia • Europe • North America • Impacts • Conclusion
- 3. o Comes from an Arabic word “mausim” means season. o A seasonal change of strongest winds of a region. o Usually rainy phase of a seasonally changing pattern.
- 4. o Often associated with Indian Ocean. o A way of life in most of the Asia, Africa and Australia. o It is a common seasonal event in Europe and North America as well.
- 5. • Water has high heat capacity than land. • Water absorbs a lot of heat before it begins to get warm. • Also it does not emit heat rapidly when temperature drops in surroundings. • Land has more variable temperature than water. • When air warms up, it expands. • Air rises upward and an area of low pressure develops. • So pressure drops at that place and wind flows from cooler place (high pressure to lower pressure)
- 6. o Summer Monsoon o From April to October o Winter Monsoon o From October to April
- 7. Regions of Monsoons • A land which receives a good amount of rainfall during a particular season • Monsoon regions lie from 80 – 350 on either side of equator.
- 8. • Subsystems • South-Asian monsoon • South-West monsoon • North-East monsoon • East-Asian monsoon
- 9. • From June to September in almost whole Pakistan • The winds from Indian Ocean blow towards subcontinent. • These winds splits into two branches • Arabian Sea branch • The Bay of Bengal Branch Source: pakweather.com
- 10. • Around October, the temperature of the Northern landmass drop rapidly. • The cool winds below from Himalaya to Indian Ocean. • These winds cause rain in parts of Srilanka and India
- 11. • Put its influence on large part of Indo- China, Philippines, China, Korea and Japan. • The pattern of monsoon is similar to south Asian monsoon • From May through August, rain belt moves northward causing a series of dry and rainy phase over Indo-China and South China Sea in May.
- 12. • In Africa, great seasonal temperature and humidity difference between Sahara and equatorial Atlantic Ocean causes the monsoon. • The semiarid Sahel and Sudan depends upon this pattern of monsoon rains.
- 13. • Starts in late June or early July and end in September. • Affected Areas • Arizona • California • Nevada • Gulf of Mexico.
- 14. • Known as Indo-Australian Monsoon. • The rainy season spans from September to February. • This produces a cyclonic circulation vortex over Borneo which cause significant weather change in the region.
- 15. o European monsoon is due to the revival of westerly winds from Atlantic o It is also known as the “Return of Westerly's”. o It is not classified into traditional monsoon as it does not meet all the requirements of monsoon. o Rain usually arrives in two waves. o First wave at the beginning of June o the second at the mid to late June. o The areas affected o Europe’s North Atlantic coastline, Ireland, Great Britain, the Benelux countries, western Germany, Northern France and parts of Scandinavia
- 18. • Without water no life is possible. • Enhances the underground storage of water. • Also the water in the dams is refilled. • Refreshes human minds.
- 19. • Fuel savings due to higher rain fall • Contributes towards the economy • Cools the earth
- 20. • Heavy rains cause floods. • Floods cause : • death of people, • wash away buildings and • destroy the crops • ( July, 2010 floods 1,781 deaths and $43 billion damages).
- 21. • Heavy rains also cause road accidents • Poisonous insects and reptiles
- 23. • http://www.low-insurance.org/top/monsoon-seasons-in-arizona/ • http://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2012/11/indian-monsoon-failure- more-frequent.html • http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05- 06/news/31588216_1_normal-rainfall-monsoons-food-grain-production • http://blog.globe.gov/sciblog/2011/12/21/what-exactly-is-the-monsoon/ • http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/geography/weather-conditions/revise-it/types-of- monsoons • www.pakweather.com • www.samirbharadwaj.com
Editor's Notes
- Monsoons are large scale breezes which occur due to differential heating of land and ocean surface. Sun heats the land and ocean. Over the ocean, air temperature remains relatively stable. This is because water has high heat capacity and land masses lower. High heat capacity makes the water to absorb a lot of heat before it begins to get warm. Also it does not emit heat rapidly when temperature drops in surroundings. In contrast earth has lower heat capacity so land has more variable temperature than bodies of water. When air warms up, it expands. It rises upward and an area of low pressure develops. So pressure drops at that place and wind flows from cooler place which is at high pressure to lower pressure. It replaces the warm air that has risen up earlier.
- I’ll be continuing the presentation from this point, by briefing you the process of Summer and Winter monsoon. Summer monsoon spans from April to October. As explained by Ali Muhammad, due to the difference of heat capacities there is difference of temperature and hence pressure difference. Due to this difference of pressure cool breeze blows from sea towards the land. And to complete the cycle air also travels from land towards sea and when it reaches to higher altitudes, it cools and causes rain on land. While in winter, this cycle is reversed because the temperature of land decreases rapidly. It spans from October to April. These winds do not cause considerable amount of rain on land.
- What is meant by Monsoon region? It is basically a land which receives a good amount of rainfall during a particular season And on equator it lies from 80 – 350 .
- The Asian Region is further divided into subsystems that are:
- Southwest monsoon: It is from June to September in almost all areas of Pakistan. During this the winds blow from Indian Ocean towards the Sub-continent. These winds are further split into Arabian Sea branch and Bay of Bengal branch.
- The next one is North East monsoon. In this region the temperature drops quickly in October and cool winds below from Himalaya to Indian Ocean. These winds causes rain in Sri lanka and India
- The East Asian monsoon has a major effect Philippines, China, Korea and Japan. This monsoon is very similar to south Asian monsoon. Now I’ll call Mr. Shahid Waqas to continue the presentation.
- The North American monsoon (NAM) starts in late June or early July and end in September. During winter, Arizona monsoon is from west or northwest i.e. from California and Nevada. As we go into summer, winds shifts to southerly or southeasterly direction. Moisture streams from Gulf of Mexico and Pacific Ocean. This produce change in moisture contents in the state. Such change with heating in day time is the key to Arizona monsoon. The southeast winds push the moisture north-ward from Mexico. The exact source region of this moisture is unknown. Researcher think the Gulf of Mexico and/or Gulf of California as the source region but it is not proved yet
- It is also known as Indo-Australian Monsoon. The rainy season spans from September to February. It occurs due to development of Siberian High and the movement of heating maxima from Northern Hemisphere to Southern Hemisphere. The winds from northeast flow down Southeast Asia. Borneo topography turns these winds to north-westerly towards Australia. This produces a cyclonic circulation vortex over Borneo which cause significant weather change in the region.
- European monsoon is due to the revival of westerly winds from Atlantic where they become loaded with wind and rain. It is also known as the “Return of Westerly”. It is not classified into traditional monsoon as it does not meet all the requirements of monsoon. Rain usually arrives in two waves. First wave at the beginning of June and the second at the mid to late June. Return of Westerly's regarded as a conveyor belt that delivers a series of low pressure centers to Western Europe where they create unsettled weather. The areas affected by Return of Westerly's are Europe’s North Atlantic coastline, Ireland, Great Britain, the Benelux countries, western Germany, Northern France and parts of Scandinavia
- Without water no life is possible and monsoon provides us fresh, enhancing the underground storage of water. Also the water in the dams is refilled.
- The demand for fuel in agriculture is remarkably cut due to higher rain fall that contributes towards the economy of the country. Agriculture is the largest employer in Pakistan about 43% of our population is dependent on agriculture for employment and livelihood. Moreover, monsoon cools the earth and refreshes human minds.
- Excess of everything is bad. Heavy rains cause floods. Floods cause death of people, wash away buildings and destroy the crops. For example Pakistan economy was extensively harmed by July, 2010 floods (1,781 deaths and $43 billion damages).
- Heavy rains also cause road accidents due to decreased friction. Some poisonous insects and reptiles are also seen in monsoon season